1.

SOCIOLOGY

SOCIOLOGY The science of society and the social interactions taking place within it. The outcome of
peoples search for a valid, reliable, and precise knowledge about people and society.

SOCIUS Latin means social or being with others

LOGOS Greek means study or science.

AUGUSTE COMTE (1798-1857) a French philosopher, believe in applying the scientific method to the
study of society and social relations.

KARL MARX (1818 1883) a German economist and philosopher, was one of the influential thinkers of
the nineteenth century whose ideas to persist up to the present time.

EMILE DURKHEIM - (1858-1977) The first French academic sociologist conferred by the University of
Paris a doctors degree in sociology in 1892 and, 6 years later, the first to hold a chair in sociology.

MAX WEBER (1864-1920) a German economist, he studied law and economics at the University of the
Heidelberg, where he obtained his doctorate at the age of twenty-five.

HERBERT SPENCER -

VALENTIN MARIN introduced a course on criminology at ust, using social philosophical approach.

SERAFIN MACARAIG the first Filipino to acquire a doctorate degree in sociology and to write a
sociology textbook, an introduction to sociology, in 1938.

MICRO-ANALYSIS is centered on small groups of individuals interacting with one another.

MACRO-ANALYSIS looks at the broad, large picture such as social institutions and social organizations.

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES IN SOCIOLOGY

STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISM PERSPECTIVE society can be likened to a biological structure

like the human body which is composed of various organs, each with a unique function but
interdependent with one another.
CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE society can best be studied through conflict and power struggle.
SYMBOLIC INTERATION PERSPECTIVE - focuses on the communicative aspect or language that
enables the individual to develop a personal identity within a society with members having
scripted statuses and roles.

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

SOCIAL CHANGE

SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION

HUMAN ECOLOGY
SOCIAL POPULATION

DEMOGRAPHY

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY

SOCIOLOGICAL METHOD

2.

CULTURE the sum total of human creations- intellectual, technical, artistic, physical, and moral. A
peoples social heritage; refers to the customary ways in which groups organize their ways of behaving,
thinking, and feeling. The aspect of our existence which is familiar to some people but different to
others.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE

CULTURE IS LEARNED The norms, skills, values, and knowledge w/c constitute ones culture are
acquired during the course of ones life and not transmitted genetically.
CULTURE IS TRANSMITTED While all animals are capable of learning, only humans can transmit
their acquired habits and knowledge to their offspring.
CULTURE IS SOCIAL, COLLECTIVE, AND LEARNED -
CULTURE IS IDEATIONAL within the culture are group habits considered as ideal patterns of
behavior which the members are expected to follow.
CULTURE IS GRATIFYING culture has provisions to satisfy the biological and sociocultural needs
of people.
CULTURE IS ADAPTIVE all cultures are always changing and these changes represent
adjustments to the environment.
CULTURE IS INTEGRATED WHOLE the various parts of the culture are closely interrelated and
integrated into a whole.

ELEMENTS OF CULTURE

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
CUSTOM & TRADITION

COMPONENTS OF CULTURE

KNOWLEDGE
SOCIAL NORMS -
FOLKWAYS
MORES
LAWS

OTHER COMPONENTS RELATED TO CULTURE

TRADITION BELIEF
LANGUAGE
LAWS
 RELIGION
ART & LITERATURE
DIVERSITY OF CULTURE

COLLECTIVE FORMS OF BEHAVIOR

SANCTIONS a system of reward and punishment.

VALUES abstract concepts of what is important and worthwhile.
BELIEF embody peoples perception of reality and may include the primitive ideas of the
universe as well as the scientists empirical view of the world.

ELEMENTS OF CULTURE

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION -
CUSTOM & TRADITION

ETHNOCENTRISM the tendency to regard ones culture as the best and better than those of others.

XENOCENTRISM when people reject their own group or some part of their culture, we call this reverse
ethnocentrism.

CULTURE SHOCK he or she loses the familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse and experiences
unpleasant sensations or frustrations.

CULTURAL UNIVERSALS similarities in the general features of society, rather than the particular or
specific cultural traits.

DIVERSITY OF CULTURE/ CULTURAL DIVERSITY refers to the wide range of differences in cultural
patterns, ideas, beliefs, knowledge, forms of social organization, and practical responses to the
environment.

VALUES defined culturally as standards by which a people assess desirability, goodness and beauty.

PROCESS UNDERGONE BY VALUES

COGNITIVE -
AFFECTIVE
BEHAVIORAL

FILIPINO VALUES

HARDWORK -
STRONG FAMILY -
RELIGIOUS -
HONESTY -

3.

SOCIALIZATION

ENCULTURATION
TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION

PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION

SECONDARY SOCIALIZATION

DEVELOPMENTAL SOCIALIZATION -

5 VARIOUS STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

ORAL STAGE
ANAL STAGE
PHALLIC STAGE
LATENCY STAGE
GENITAL STAGE

AGENCIES OF SOCIALIZATION

FAMILY
PEER GROUP
CHURCH
MASS MEDIA
SCHOOL
WORKPLACE
COMMUNITY

4. DEVIANT BEHAVIOR

DEVIANT/ DEVIANCE -

DRUG ABUSE a deviant behavior which have aroused a sense of awareness among people of the
danger of such deviance and has developed a common sense of morality.

DRUG any substance that brings about physical, emotional, or behavioral changes in the person taking
it.

DRUG ADDICTION a state of physical or psychological need of a drug which stems from its continued
use.

MOST COMMONLY ABUSED DRUGS LISTED BY THE DANGEROUS DRUGS BOARD IN THE PHILIPPINES:

SEDATIVES which exert calming effects on the nervous system; they reduce anxiety and
excitement.
STIMULANTS -
HALLUCINOGENS
NARCOTICS

5. SOCIAL GROUPS AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS

TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS, SOCIAL INTERACTION & SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP

6. SOCIAL INTERACTION

7.

COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR it is a kind of group behavior characterized by spontaneous development of

form and organization, which contradict or reinterpret the norms of the group.

EXPLANATIONS AND THEORITICAL FORMULATIONS OF COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR

CONVERGENCE PERSPECTIVE
EMERGENT NORM PERSPECTIVE
SMELSERS VALUE ADDED APPROACH

TYPES OF COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
CROWD
MASS
PUBLIC
RUMORS & GOSSIP
FASHION, FADS & CRAZES

TYPES OF CROWD

CASUAL CROWD
CONVENTIONALIZED CROWD
ACTING CROWD
PANICS
EXPRESSIVE CROWD

TYPES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

EXPRESSIVE MOVEMENT

8.

MARRIAGE

FORMS OF MARRIAGE

MONOGAMY
POLYGAMY
POLYGYNY
POLYANDRY
ENDOGAMY
EXOGAMY
LEVIRATE
SORORATE

TYPES OF FAMILY

CONJUGAL FAMILY
 CONSANGUINEAL FAMILY
PATRILINEAL
MATRILINEAL
BILATERAL
PATRILOCAL
MATRILOCAL
BILOCAL
NEOLOCAL
AVUNCOLOCAL
PATRIARCHAL
MATRIARCHAL
EGALITARIAN
MATRICENTRIC

9.

ECONOMY

TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

CAPITALISM
SOCIALISM
COMMUNISM

FUNCTIONS OF ECONOMY