Abatayo, Ariane Lizette B.

Bautista, Kharolina Mae A.

Creus, Blesse Mae B.
Duallo, Via G.

1. Introduction
1.1 Objectives

To design a differentiator circuit.

To be able to evaluate and compare the output of a differentiator operational amplifier on
theoretical and experimental values.

1.2 Equipments & Materials

1.2.1 Simulation:
a.) Computer with a Multisim Software
1.2.2 Experiment:
a.) Equipments: Breadboard, Multitester
b.) Components: IC 741, Capacitor, Resistors, Batteries, Function Generator, Oscilloscope

1.3 Theories and Backgrounds

Differentiator Circuit

A circuit that performs the mathematical differentiation of the input signal is called a differentiator. i.e. the
output of the differentiator is proportional to the rate of change of its input signal. By introducing electrical reactance
(resistance or capacitance) into the feedback loops of op-amp amplifier circuits, we can cause the output to respond to
changes in the input voltage with time. From the figure above, the right-hand side of the capacitor is held to a voltage of
0 volts, due to the virtual ground effect on the non-inverting pin of the op amp. Therefore, current through the
capacitor is solely due to change in the input voltage.

Capacitor current moves through the feedback resistor, producing a drop across it, which is the same as the
output voltage. A linear, positive rate of input voltage change will result in a steady negative voltage at the output of the
op-amp. Conversely, a linear, negative rate of input voltage change will result in a steady positive voltage at the output
of the op-amp. This polarity inversion from input to output is due to the fact that the input signal is being sent
(essentially) to the inverting input of the op-amp, so it acts like the inverting amplifier. The faster the rate of voltage
change at the input (either positive or negative), the greater the voltage at the output. The formula for determining
voltage output for the differentiator is as follows:
 Op-amp Differentiator
Waveforms
If we apply a constantly changing signal such
as a Square-wave, Triangular or Sine-wave type
signal to the input of a differentiator amplifier
circuit the resultant output signal will be changed
and whose final shape is dependent upon the RC
time constant of the Resistor/Capacitor
combination.

2. Methodology
2.1 Simulation
Figure 1 below shows the circuit diagram of the differentiator circuit using a Multisim Software. The XFG1 is used to
provide an input voltage that varies from time to time, since the capacitor acts as an open circuit on DC supply. XSC1 or
the oscilloscope is used to identify the graphical representation of the input and output potential differences with
respect to time, thus, it would be easier to check whether the circuit provides the desired output. With the time set
within the interval 0<t<10ms, the output or Vo is equal to -1.994 volts.

Figure 2 on the other hand shows the oscilloscope. It can be noted from the graph that, with the triangular waveform
input on a differentiator operational amplifier, one can provide an output on a rectangular waveform.

Figure 1 Figure 2
2.2 Calculation

By setting the intervals 1 and 2 (red and blue vertical lines) within the range 0<t<10ms,
we can calculate the output voltage of the op amp with the table as the guide. We first
need to know the equation of function Vin(t).
Slope m=(y2-y1 / x2-x1)
V2-V1 / S2 S1 = 9.318V 37.879mV / 9.659ms 5.019ms
m= 2000.026

Vin = 2000.026t + b from the slope-intercept equation of a line y=mx+b

To get the value of b, plug-in one of the coordinates (v(t) , t) to the equation
Figure 3
b=Vin - 2000.026(t)
b=9.318 2000.026 (9.659ms) using the coordinate (9.659,9.318)as shown in the table
b=-10

Vin= 2000.026(t)- 10
dVin/dt= 2000.026

Since Vout= -RfC (dVin/dt)

Vout= -(1000)(1x10-6)(2000.026)
Vout= -2V

RESULTS:
Both simulation and calculation has the same output value.

CONCLUSION:
It can be concluded that the output voltage of the differentiator operational amplifier is proportional to the input voltages rate of
change with respect to time (dVin/dt).