C1

Summary

Powers

Negative powers = The reciprocal of the positive power

4 4
2 1 x y
e.g. 1 x = 2 e.g.2 =
x y x

Fractional Powers = roots

1

1
x 2 = x
1
x 3 = 3 x x
12
=
x

3
x2 = ( x)
3
= x 3

Surds

Simplifying 45 = 9 5 = 9 5 = 3 5

2 2 3 2 3
Rationalising = =
3 3 3 3


2 2 (1 5 ) 22 5 22 5
= = =
(1 + 5 ) (1 + 5) (1 5 ) 1 5 + 5 5 4

Quadratics

Nature of roots

2 real roots b 2 4ac > 0

Equal roots b 2 4ac = 0

No real roots b 2 4ac < 0



Completing the square

x 2 + 6 x + 1
( x + 3) 2 32 + 1 y
( x + 3) 2 8



3 left
8 down

x
-3


Least value = -8
-8
when x=-3





For coefficients of x2 larger than 1.

y
2 x 2 + 20 x 1 take out a factor of 2
2( x 2 + 10 x 0.5) complete the square
(
2 ( x + 5) 2 5 2 0.5 )
2(( x + 5) 2
)
25.5
2
2(x + 5) 51

x
-5

Least value = -51
Steeper
5 left 51 down -51
when x=-5






Solving quadratic equations

By Factorising

Method 1 Trial and error/common sense

Must always equal zero. If it doesnt, make it.
Look at possible ways of achieving the desired coefficient of x2.
Look at the constant and signs (negative or positive).
Check to see if achieve the desired coefficient of x.

e.g. Solve by factorising

6 x 2 11x 7 = 0 Try 3x and 2x if not try 6x and x

(3x 7)(2 x + 1)
-7 (Negative x positive)
x = 73 or 12
7 is prime (7 x 1)

Think logically and check it works




Method 2 Time consuming but always works (If you want it, use which ever method works for
you)

e.g. Solve by factorising

6 x 2 11x 7 = 0


6 7 = 42
Find 2 numbers with a product -42 and sum of -11. (This is -14 and 3)

Rewrite quadratic as: (-14 and 3 can be in any order, it will still work)

6 x 2 14 x + 3x 7

Now factorise first 2 terms and last 2 terms

2 x(3x 7) + 1(3x 7)


These should always be the same
Hence we have:

(3x 7)(2 x + 1) = 0
 Or use the quadratic formula:

! 4
=
2

for ax 2 + bx + c = 0




Solving Simultaneous Equations (One linear and one quadratic)

y = 2 x + 1

2 x 2 + y 2 = 3

Substitute linear into the quadratic

2 x 2 + (2 x 2 + 1) 2 = 3
2 x 2 + 4 x 2 + 4 x + 1 = 3
6 x 2 + 4 x + 1 = 3
6 x 2 + 4 x 2 = 0
3x 2 + 2 x 1 = 0
(3x 1)( x + 1) = 0
x = 13 or 1

Now find y by substituting back in:

When :

x = 13 x = 1

y = 2 13 + 1 y = 2 (1) + 1
5
y = y = 1
3


Inequalities

a) Linear
3x + 1 < 6
3 x < 5
x < 53
b) Quadratic y
x 2 6 x + 8 0
( x 2)( x 4) 0

Sketch curve


2 4 x

Therefore if
2
x 6 x + 8 0
Above the x axis when
x < 2
x > 4

Graphs of Functions
y = x 2 y = x 3
y y







x x







Transformations
y = f ( x) + a ( up a) y = f ( x + a) (left a) y = af (x) (y coords xa)
y = f ( x) a (down a) y = f ( x a) (right a) y = f (ax ) (x coords a)

Coordinate Geometry

x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 y 2 y1
Midpoint: , gradient =
2 2 x2 x1

Parallel lines have the same gradient m1 = m2

1
Perpendicular lines m1m2 = 1 m1 =
m2

Equation of a straight line

y y1 = m( x x1 ) or y = mx + c

Length of a line AB AB = ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2

Factor Theorem

If (x a) is a factor of f(x) then f(a) = 0

If (x + a) is a factor of f(x) then f(-a) = 0

To find other 2 factors use equating coefficients.

Remainder Theorem

When f(x) is divided by (x + a) the remainder will be f(-a)

Factor Theorem Example

Solve by factorising:

2 x 3 7 x 2 + 2 x + 3 = 0
f (1) = 2(1) 3 7(1) 2 + 2(1) + 3
f (1) = 0
So we know that (x - 1) is a factor.
( x 1)(ax 2 + bx + c) = 2 x 3 7 x 2 + 2 x + 3
ax 3 = 2x 3 a = 2
bx 2 x = 7 x 2
2 2

bx 2 = 5x 2 b = 5
c = 3 c = 3
 ( x 1)(2 x 2 5x 3) = 0
( x 1)(2 x + 1)( x 3) = 0
x = 1, 12 or 3
Binomial Expansion

a) If bracket starts with a 1

n(n 1) x 2 n(n 1)(n 2) x 3
(1 + x) n = 1 + nx + + + ....... + x n
2! 3!

b) If bracket starts with something else. Powers of a decrease, powers of b increase and
use Pascals triangle for the coefficients.


(a + b) 4 = a 4 + 4a 3b + 6a 2 b 2 + 4ab 3 + b 4
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1


Differentiation

y = x n y = 3x 2 4 x + 1

dy dy
= nx n 1 = 6 x 4
dx dx

Stationary Points

Max/Min/Point of inflection

At stationary points:
dy
= 0
dx

To find out the nature of the stationary points use the second derivative test.

If:
d2y
= positive MIN
dx 2

d2y
= negative MAX
dx 2


d2y
= 0 Further inspection required
dx 2

(Usually point of inflection, but check points either side of stationary point. If gradient
changes from positive to negative then MAX. Negative to positive then MIN. If it is the
same sign then it is a point of inflection).

Equation of Tangent

dy
Find
dx
Put value of x from point in to get m.
Use m and point in:
y y1 = m( x x1 )

Equation of Normal

As above, but use:

m1 m2 = 1

To find the gradient of the normal. (i.e. the gradient of the normal is the negative reciprocal
of the gradient of the tangent).

Increasing and Decreasing Functions

dy
Increasing function always has a positive
dx

dy
Decreasing function always has a negative
dx

Differentiation from first principles

dy f ( x + h) f ( x)
= lim
dx h0 h