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Next:RealandReactivePowerUp:FrequencyResponseFunctionsandPrevious:Secondordersystemasa
Amplitide,Phase,andFrequencyModulations
InradioorTVbroadcast,theaudioorvideosignal tobetransmittedisusedtomodulatetheamplitude,phase,orfrequencyofthecarriersignal
AmplitudeModulation(AM)
Theamplitudeofthecarrierismodulatedbythesignal andbecomestimevariant:
where istheamplitudemodulationindex,andweassumetheamplitudeofthesignalisnogreaterthan1.Forexample,ifthesignalissinusoidal
,thenthemodulatedsignalis:
Inordertotransmitallsignalfrequenciesuptothehighestfrequencycomponent inthesignal,abandwidthof
centeredaroundthecarrier(orcentral)frequency isrequired.
PhaseModulation(PM)
Thephaseofthecarrierismodulatedbythesignal andbecomestimevariant:
where isthephasemodulationindex.Thephaseangleofthecarrierismodulatedtovarywithintherangeof .
FrequencyModulation(FM)
Thefrequencyofthecarrierismodulatedbythesignal andbecomestimevariant:
andthemodulatedsignalis:
Forexample,ifthesignalissinusoidal ,thenthemodulatedsignalis:
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9/13/2015 Amplitide,Phase,andFrequencyModulations
Theamplitudemodulatedsignalcanbedemodulatedtorecoveredthesignal fromthetransmittedsignalbyRFamplification,rectification,lowpassfiltering,and
audiosignalamplification.
ofthereceiverneedstobeverycarefullychosen.Itneedstobehighenoughforgoodselectivitybetweendifferentradiostations,but,ontheotherhand,itcannotbetoo
highinordertohaveabandwidthwideenoughtocontainallfrequencycomponentsinthesignal.
Radio/TVBroadcastingandFrequencyAllocation
TheAMradiofrequencyrangeisfrom535kHzto1605kHzwith10kHzfrequencyspacingorbandwidth,i.e.,thehighestsignalfrequencyallowedisabout5kHz
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9/13/2015 Amplitide,Phase,andFrequencyModulations
(whiletheupperlimitoftheaudiblefrequenciesis20kHz).
TheFMradiofrequencyrange(VHF)isfrom88MHzto108MHzwith0.2MHz=200kHzfrequencyspacing,correspondingtoamuchwiderbandwidththat
makeshighfidelityandstereobroadcastingpossible.
TheTVbroadcastingisalsoinMHzfrequencyrangewithamuchwiderspacingof6MHz,neededtocarryvideoaswellasaudiosignals.
VHF:54MHzto210MHz(notcontinuous,forchannels2to13)
UHF:470MHzto884MHz(notcontinuous,forchannels14to83)
TheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)hasveryspecificfrequencyallocationregulations,seetheFCCfrequencyallocationchart.
Example1:
resonateat ,alsofindthebandwidth.
Solutioin:
Thequalityfactoris
Thebandwidthis
or
Example2:
ResonantcircuitiswidelyusedinradioandTVreceiverstoselectadesiredstationfrommanystationsavailable.Thecircuitareshowninthefigurebelow.Assume
,and isavariablecapacitor,whichcanbeadjustedtomatchtheresonantfrequencyofthecircuittothefrequencyofthedesired
station.Assumethefrequencyofthedesiredstationis640kHz,findthevalueof andthebandwidthofthetuningcircuit.Moreover,iftheinducedvoltageinthe
circuitis (rms),findthecurrent(rms)intheresonantcircuit,andtheoutputvoltage(rms)acrossthecapacitor.
Solution:Atthedesiredresonantfrequency ,thereactanceoftheinductoris
andthequalityfactor ofthiscircuitis
Thebandwidthis:
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9/13/2015 Amplitide,Phase,andFrequencyModulations
Theresonantfrequencycanbeexpressedas:
Solvingthisweget
Thecurrentincircuitis
Thevoltageacross is
Theoutputvoltageacross is
Example
Inreality,allinductorshaveanonzeroresistance,thereforeaparallelresonancecircuitshouldbemodeledasshowninthefigure.
Theadmittanceis:
inductorsstillholdapproximately,andtheresonantfrequency canstillbefoundapproximatelybythepreviousapproachbyletting :
For tobereal,wemusthave
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9/13/2015 Amplitide,Phase,andFrequencyModulations
Typicallywehave ,andtheresonantfrequencyis
Note:Forthesamereason,whenconsideringthetransferfunctionofaseriesRCLcircuitwhentheoutputisthevoltageacrosseither or ,thepeakfrequency is
anotherexample
Next:RealandReactivePowerUp:FrequencyResponseFunctionsandPrevious:Secondordersystemasa
RuyeWang20150827
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