Herod the Great
Herod (/hrd/; Hebrew: , Hordos, Greek: whose ancestors had converted to Judaism. Herod was
, Hrds; 74/73 BCE 4 BCE),[1][2][3][4][5] raised as a Jew.[14][15][16][17][18]
also known as Herod the Great and Herod I, was a
Roman client king of Judea,[6][7][8] referred to as the
Herodian kingdom. He has been described as a mad-
man who murdered his own family and a great many
rabbis",[9] the evil genius of the Judean nation,[10] pre-
pared to commit any crime in order to gratify his un-
bounded ambition,[11] and the greatest builder in Jewish
history.[9] He is known for his colossal building projects
throughout Judea, including his expansion of the Second
Temple in Jerusalem (Herods Temple), the construction
of the port at Caesarea Maritima, the fortress at Masada
and Herodium.
Vital details of his life are recorded in the works of the
1st century CE RomanJewish historian Josephus. Herod
also appears in the Christian New Testament as the ruler
of Judea at the time of the birth of Jesus, who orders the
Massacre of the Innocents.
Upon Herods death, the Romans divided his kingdom
among three of his sons and his sisterArchelaus be-
came ethnarch of the tetrarchy of Judea, Herod Antipas
became tetrarch of Galilee and Peraea, Philip became
tetrarch of territories east of the Jordan, and Salome I was
given a toparchy including the cities of Jabneh, Ashdod,
Phasaelis.
1 Biography
Copper coin of Herod, bearing the legend "
" ("Basiles Hrdou) on the obverse
It is generally accepted that Herod was born around 74
BCE in Idumea, south of Judea.[12] However, some au-
thors think that he was born in about 72/71 BC.[13] He
was the second son of Antipater the Idumaean, a high-
ranked ocial under ethnarch Hyrcanus II, and Cypros,
a Nabatean. Herods father was by descent an Edomite
1
A loyal supporter of Hyrcanus II, Antipater appointed
his son governor of Galilee in 47 BCE, when Herod was
either about 25 or 28 years old.[19] His elder brother,
Phasael, was appointed governor of Jerusalem. Herod
enjoyed the backing of Rome, but his brutality was con-
demned by the Sanhedrin.[20]
In 41 BCE, Herod and his brother Phasael, were named
as tetrarchs by the Roman leader Mark Antony. They
were placed in this role to support Hyrcanus II. Later,
Antigonus, Hyrcanus nephew, took the throne from his
uncle with the help of the Parthians. Herod ed to
Rome to plead with the Romans to restore Hyrcanus II
to power. The Romans had a special interest in Judea
because their general Pompey the Great had conquered
Jerusalem in 63 BCE, thus placing the region in the Ro-
man sphere of inuence. In Rome, Herod was unex-
pectedly appointed King of the Jews by the Roman Sen-
ate.[21] Josephus puts this in the year of the consulship
of Calvinus and Pollio (40 BCE), but Appian places it in
39 BCE.[22] Herod went back to Judea to win his king-
dom from Antigonus. Toward the end of the campaign
against Antigonus, Herod married the granddaughter of
Hyrcanus II, Mariamne (known as Mariamne I), who was
also a niece of Antigonus. Herod did this in an attempt to
secure his claim to the throne and gain some Jewish favor.
However, Herod already had a wife, Doris, and a young
son, Antipater, and chose therefore to banish Doris and
her child.
After three years of conict, Herod and the Romans -
nally captured Jerusalem and Herod sent Antigonus for
execution to Marc Antony. Herod took the role as sole
ruler of Judea and the title of basileus (, king)
for himself, ushering in the Herodian Dynasty and end-
ing the Hasmonean Dynasty. Josephus reports this as be-
ing in the year of the consulship of Agrippa and Gallus
(37 BCE), but also says that it was exactly 27 years after
Jerusalem fell to Pompey, which would indicate 36 BCE.
Cassius Dio also reports that in 37 BCE the Romans ac-
complished nothing worthy of note in the area.[23] Ac-
cording to Josephus, Herod ruled for 37 years, 34 of them
after capturing Jerusalem.
As Herods family were converts to Judaism, his religious
commitment was questioned by some elements of Jewish
society.[24] When John Hyrcanus conquered the region
of Idumaea (the Edom of the Hebrew Bible) in 140130
BCE, he required all Idumaeans to obey Jewish law or to
2 2 REIGN IN JUDEA
Model of Herods Temple
leave; most Idumaeans thus converted to Judaism, which
meant that they had to be circumcised,[25] and many had
intermarried with the Jews and adopted their customs.[26]
While Herod publicly identied himself as a Jew and
was considered as such by some,[27] this religious iden-
tication was undermined by the decadent lifestyle of the
Herodians, which would have earned them the antipathy
of observant Jews.[28]
Herod later executed several members of his own family,
including his wife Mariamne I.[18]
2 Reign in Judea
Herods rule marked a new beginning in the history
of Judea. Judea had been ruled autonomously by the
Hasmonean kings from 140 BCE until 63 BCE. The Has-
moneans retained their titles, but became clients of Rome
after the conquest by Pompey in 63 BCE. Herod over-
threw the Hasmonean Antigonus in a three-year long war
between 40 and 37 BCE, ruled under Roman overlord-
ship until his death in 4 BCE, and passed on the throne
to his sons, thus establishing his own, so-called Herodian
dynasty.
Herod was granted the title of King of Judea by the
Roman Senate,[29] as such he was a vassal of the Roman
Empire, expected to support the interests of his Roman
patrons. Not long after he assumed control of Judea,
Herod needed to show his worthiness to be king of Judea
to the new emperor Augustus (who was still known as Oc-
tavian), as he had previously showed support for Augus-
tus opponent Mark Antony. Herod won the trust of Au-
gustus and continued to rule his people as he saw t. De-
spite the freedom aorded to Herod in his internal reign
over Judea, restrictions were placed upon him in his for-
eign policies towards other kingdoms.[30]
Herods support from the Roman Empire was a ma-
jor factor allowing him to maintain his authority over
Judea. There have been mixed interpretations concern-
ing Herods popularity during his reign. In The Jewish
War, Josephus characterizes Herods rule generally in fa-
vorable terms, and gives Herod the benet of the doubt
for the infamous events that took place during his reign.
However, in his later work, Jewish Antiquities, Josephus
emphasizes the tyrannical authority that many scholars
have come to associate with Herods reign.[31]
Herods tyrannical authority has been demonstrated by
many of his security measures aimed at suppressing the
contempt his people, especially Jews, had towards him.
For instance, it has been suggested that Herod used secret
police to monitor and report the feelings of the general
populace towards him. He sought to prohibit protests,
and had opponents removed by force.[31] He had a body-
guard of 2,000 soldiers.[32] Josephus describes various
units of Herods personal guard taking part in Herods fu-
neral, including the Doryphnoroi, and a Thracian, Celtic
(probably Gallic) and Germanic contingent.[32] While the
term Doryphnoroi does not have an ethnic connotation,
the unit was probably composed of distinguished veteran
soldiers and young men from the most inuential Jewish
families.[32] Thracians had served in the Jewish armies
since the Hasmonean dynasty, while the Celtic contin-
gent were former bodyguards of Cleopatra given as a gift
by Augustus to Herod following the Battle of Actium.[32]
The Germanic contingent was modeled upon Augustuss
personal bodyguard, the Germani Corporis Custodes, re-
sponsible for guarding the palace.[32]
Herod spent lavish sums on his various building projects
and generous gifts to other kingdoms, including Rome.
His buildings were very large, ambitious projects. Herod
was responsible for the construction of the Temple
Mount, a portion of which remains today as the West-
ern Wall. In addition, Herod also built the harbor at
Caesarea. While Herods zeal for building transformed
Judea, his motives were far from seless. All these vast
projects were aimed at gaining the support of the Jews
and improving his reputation as a leader.[33] However,
in order to fund these expenses, Herod utilized a Has-
monean taxation system that weighed heavily on the peo-
ple of Judea. Despite the burden that paying for Herods
building projects and gifts caused, the employment they
created also brought opportunities for people to provide
for themselves and their families.[34] In some instances,
Herod took it upon himself to provide for his people dur-
ing times of need, such as during a severe famine that
occurred in 25 BCE.[35]
In regard to religious policies, Herod experienced a
mixed response from the Jewish populace. Although
Herod considered himself king of the Jews, he let it be
known that he also represented the non-Jews living in
Judea, building temples for other religions outside of the
Jewish areas of his kingdom. Many Jews questioned
whether he was truly Jewish due to his Idumean back-
ground and his infamous murders of members of his fam-
ily. However, he generally respected traditional Jewish
observances in his public life. For instance, he minted
coins without human images to be used in Jewish areas
and acknowledged the sanctity of the Second Temple by
employing priests in the construction of the Temple.[36]

Despite some of Herods attempts at conforming to tra-
ditional Jewish laws, there were many instances where
Herod was insensitive to these laws. As highlighted in
Jewish Antiquities, one of the major complaints from
Jews towards Herod was exactly this. In Jerusalem, he
introduced foreign forms of entertainment, and had a
golden eagle erected at the entrance of the Temple, sug-
gesting he did not truly represent the interests of the Jew-
ish populace.[34] Herods taxes also earned him a bad rep-
utation. Because of his constant concern for his repu-
tation, Herod often gave expensive gifts, spending large
amounts of money. Herods leadership methods upset
the Jews because they were forced to pay for his lav-
ish spending.[33] The two major Jewish sects during his
reign, the Pharisees and the Sadducees, also showed op-
position to Herod. The Pharisees were angry with Herod
because he disregarded many of their demands for the
construction of the Temple. At the same time the Sad-
ducees, who were known for their priestly responsibili-
ties in the Temple, opposed Herod because he replaced
the high priests with priests from Babylonia and Alexan-
dria (to try to gain support from Jews in the diaspora).[37]
Unfortunately for Herod, his eorts did not satisfy his
intentions. At the end of Herods reign, anger and dis-
satisfaction were common amongst the Jews. Heavy out-
breaks of violence (such as riots) followed Herods death,
in many cities including Jerusalem. All the grievances the
Jews had toward Herods actions during his reign, such as
heavy taxes and violating Jewish observances, had built
up during the years before he died. Because of the treat-
ment the Jews were receiving, they were ready to break
free from Roman rule. Herods leadership sparked such
anger that eventually it became one of the causes of the
Great Revolt of 70 C.E.[33]
3 Architectural achievements
Main article: Herodian architecture
Herods most famous and ambitious project was the ex-
pansion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem. Recent nd-
ings suggest that the Temple Mount walls and Robinsons
Arch may not have been completed until at least 20 years
after his death, during the reign of Herod Agrippa II.[38]
In the 18th year of his reign (2019 BCE), Herod re-
built the Temple on a more magnicent scale.[39] Al- might not have exceeded 20.[42] Of recent biographers of
though work on out-buildings and courts continued for
another 80 years, the new Temple was nished in a year
and a half.[40] To comply with religious law, Herod em-
ployed 1,000 priests as masons and carpenters in the
rebuilding.[39] The nished temple, which was destroyed
in 70 CE, is sometimes referred to as Herods Temple.
Today, only the four retaining walls remain standing, in-
cluding the Western Wall. These walls created a at plat-
form (the Temple Mount) upon which the Temple was
then constructed.
3
Herods other achievements include the development of
water supplies for Jerusalem, building fortresses such as
Masada and Herodium, and founding new cities such as
Caesarea Maritima and the enclosures of Cave of the Pa-
triarchs and Mamre in Hebron. He and Cleopatra owned
a monopoly over the extraction of asphalt from the Dead
Sea, which was used in shipbuilding. He leased copper
mines on Cyprus from the Roman emperor.
4 New Testament references
Main article: Massacre of the Innocents
Herod appears in the Gospel according to Matthew (2:1-
23), which describes an event known as the Massacre of
the Innocents. According to this account, after the birth
of Jesus, some magi (astrologers) from the East" visited
Herod to inquire the whereabouts of the one having been
born king of the Jews, because they had seen his star in
the east (or, according to certain translations, at its ris-
ing) and therefore wanted to pay him homage. Herod,
as King of the Jews, was alarmed at the prospect of a
usurper. Herod assembled the chief priests and scribes
of the people and asked them where the Anointed One
(the Messiah, Greek: , ho Christos) was to be
born. They answered, in Bethlehem, citing Micah 5:2.
Herod therefore sent the magi to Bethlehem, instructing
them to search for the child and, after they had found him,
to report to me, so that I too may go and worship him.
However, after they had found Jesus, they were warned
in a dream not to report back to Herod. Similarly, Joseph
was warned in a dream that Herod intended to kill Jesus,
so he and his family ed to Egypt. When Herod real-
ized he had been outwitted, he gave orders to kill all boys
of the age of two and under in Bethlehem and its vicinity.
Joseph and his family stayed in Egypt until Herods death,
then moved to Nazareth in Galilee to avoid living under
Herods son Archelaus.
Regarding the Massacre of the Innocents, although Herod
was guilty of many brutal acts including the killing of
his wife and two of his sons, no other contemporary
source refers to the massacre.[41] One reason that has
been put forward for the lack of other sources for the al-
leged massacre is that Bethlehem was a small village, and
thus the number of male children under the age of two
Herod, most doubt the event took place,[43] with one ex-
ception, Stewart Perowne, who deems the killing wholly
in keeping with all that we know of him.[44] Further, the
at declarations, by those biographers who call the mas-
sacre a legend and not historical, include no documen-
tation for such claims and provide only slender support
based on argumentation.[45] Other scholars such as Jack
Finegan,[46] A. Schalit,[47] and Richard T. France[48] sup-
port the historicity of the event, or at least state there is
nothing impossible about this command from Herod.[49]
4 6 HERODS TOMB

5 Death

Coin of Herod the Great

Herod died in Jericho.[12] Since the work of Emil Schrer

in 1896[50] most scholars have agreed that Herod died at
the end of March or early April in 4 BCE.[51][52]
Evidence for the 4 BCE date is provided by the fact that
Herods sons, between whom his kingdom was divided,
dated their rule from 4 BCE,[53] and Archelaus apparently
also exercised royal authority during Herods lifetime.[54]
Josephus states that Philip the Tetrarch's death took place
after a 37-year reign, in the 20th year of Tiberius (34
CE).[55] Other scholars have continued to support the tra-
ditional date of 1 BCE.[56][57][58][59][60] Filmer and Stein-
mann in particular have thought that Herod was named
king by the Roman Senate in 39 BCE, but he died in 1
BCE, and Herods heirs backdated their reigns to 4 or 3
BC.[22][61]
Josephus tells us that Herod died after a lunar eclipse.[62]
He gives an account of events between this eclipse and his
death, and between his death and Passover. An eclipse[63]
took place on March 13, 4 BCE, about 29 days before
Passover, and this eclipse is usually taken to be the one
referred to by Josephus.[52] There were however three
other total eclipses around this time, and there are pro-
ponents of both 5 BCE[51] with two total eclipses,[64]
and 1 BCE.[61][65]
Josephus wrote that Herods nal illnesssometimes
named Herods Evil[66] was excruciating.[67] Based
on Josephus descriptions, one medical expert has diag-
nosed Herods cause of death as chronic kidney disease
complicated by Fourniers gangrene.[68] Similar symp-
toms accompanied the death of his grandson Agrippa I
in 44 CE.
Modern scholars agree Herod suered throughout his
lifetime from depression and paranoia.[69] Josephus
stated that Herod was so concerned that no one would
mourn his death, that he commanded a large group of dis-
tinguished men to come to Jericho, and he gave an order
that they should be killed at the time of his death so that
the displays of grief that he craved would take place.[70]
Fortunately for them, Herods son Archelaus and sister
Salome did not carry out this wish.[71]
After Herods death, his kingdom was divided among
three of his sons by Augustus, as was called for by
Bronze coin of Herod the Great, minted at Samaria.
Herods will.[72] The Romans made Herods son, Herod
Archelaus, ethnarch of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea
from 4 BCE to 6 CE, referred to as the tetrarchy
of Judea. Archelaus was judged incompetent by the
Roman emperor Augustus, who then combined the very
same provinces (Samaria, Judea proper and Idumea) into
Iudaea province[73] under rule of a prefect until the year
41. As to Herods other sons, Herod Antipas was tetrarch
of Galilee from 4 BCE39 CE and Philip became tetrarch
of territories east of the Jordan.
5.1 Suicide of Herod
Josephus records that the pain of his illness made Herod
attempt to kill himself by stabbing, but he was seen
and prevented by a cousin.[74] Other much later accounts
recorded that Herod had successfully committed suicide,
and this was sometimes depicted in medieval art (for ex-
ample the 12th-century Eadwine Psalter[75] ) and drama,
although other depictions follow Josephus in making it
merely an attempt,[76] as in the Ordo Rachelis.
6 Herods tomb
The location of Herods tomb is documented by Josephus,
who writes, And the body was carried two hundred
furlongs, to Herodium, where he had given order to be
buried.[77] Josephus provides more clues about Herods
tomb which he calls Herods monuments:
So they threw down all the hedges and
walls which the inhabitants had made about
their gardens and groves of trees, and cut down
all the fruit trees that lay between them and

7 Chronology
Further information: Herodian kingdom
7.1 30s BCE
Aerial photo of Herodium from the southwest
the wall of the city, and lled up all the hol-
low places and the chasms, and demolished
the rocky precipices with iron instruments; and
thereby made all the place level from Scopus
to Herods monuments, which adjoined to the
pool called the Serpents Pool.[78]
Professor Ehud Netzer, an archaeologist from the Hebrew
University, read the writings of Josephus and focused his
search on the vicinity of the pool and its surroundings.
An article of the New York Times states,
7.2 20s BCE
Lower Herodium consists of the remains
of a large palace, a race track, service quar-
ters, and a monumental building whose func-
tion is still a mystery. Perhaps, says Ehud
Netzer, who excavated the site, it is Herods
mausoleum. Next to it is a pool, almost twice
as large as modern Olympic-size pools.[79]
It took thirty-ve years for Netzer to identify the ex-
act location, but on May 7, 2007, an Israeli team of
archaeologists of Hebrew University led by Netzer, an-
nounced they had discovered the tomb.[80][81][82][83] The
site is located at the exact location given by Josephus,
atop of tunnels and water pools, at a attened desert
site, halfway up the hill to Herodium, 12 kilometers (7.5
mi) south of Jerusalem.[84] The tomb contained a broken
sarcophagus but no remains of a body.
The Israel Nature and Parks Authority and the Gush Et-
zion Regional Council intend to recreate the tomb out of
a light plastic material.[85]
In October 2013, archaeologists Joseph Patrich and Ben-
jamin Arubas challenged the identication of the tomb
as that of Herod.[86] According to Patrich and Arubas,
the tomb is too modest to be Herods and has several
unlikely features.[86] Roi Porat, who replaced Netzer as
excavation leader after the latters death, stood by the
identication.[86]
5
3937 BCE War against Antigonus. After the
conquest of Jerusalem and victory over Antigonus,
Mark Antony executes him.
36 BCE Herod makes his 17-year-old brother-in-
law, Aristobulus III, high priest, fearing that the Jews
would appoint Aristobulus III as King of the Jews
in his place.
35 BCE Aristobulus III is drowned at a party on
Herods orders.
32 BCE The war against Nabatea begins, with vic-
tory one year later.
31 BCE Judea suers a devastating earthquake.
Octavian defeats Mark Antony, so Herod switches
allegiance to Octavian, later known as Augustus.
30 BCE Herod is shown great favor by Octavian,
who at Rhodes conrms him as King of Judea.
29 BCE Josephus writes that Herod had great pas-
sion and also great jealousy concerning his wife,
Mariamne I. She learns of Herods plans to mur-
der her, and stops sleeping with him. Herod puts
her on trial on a charge of adultery. His sister,
Salome I, was chief witness against her. Mariamne
Is mother Alexandra made an appearance and in-
criminated her own daughter. Historians say her
mother was next on Herods list to be executed and
did this only to save her own life. Mariamne was ex-
ecuted, and Alexandra declared herself Queen, stat-
ing that Herod was mentally unt to serve. Josephus
wrote that this was Alexandras strategic mistake;
Herod executed her without trial.
28 BCE Herod executed his brother-in-law
Kostobar[87] (husband of Salome, father to
Berenice) for conspiracy. Large festival in
Jerusalem, as Herod had built a theatre and an
amphitheatre.
27 BCE An assassination attempt on Herod was
foiled. To honor Augustus, Herod rebuilt Samaria
and renamed it Sebaste.
25 BCE Herod imported grain from Egypt and
started an aid program to combat the widespread
hunger and disease that followed a massive drought.
He also waives a third of the taxes.
6 7 CHRONOLOGY

23 BCE Herod built a palace in Jerusalem and the

fortress Herodion (Herodium) in Judea. He mar-
ried his third wife, Mariamne II, the daughter of
the priest Simon Boethus; immediately Herodes de-
prived Jesus the son of Phabet, of the high priest-
hood, and conferred that dignity on Simon.[88]

22 BCE Herod began construction on Caesarea

Maritima and its harbor. The Roman emperor
Augustus granted him the regions Trachonitis,
Batanaea, and Auranitis to the northeast.

Circa 20 BCE Expansion started on the Temple

Mount; Herod completely rebuilt the Second Tem-
ple of Jerusalem.

7.3 10s BCE

Circa 18 BCE Herod traveled for the second time
to Rome.

14 BCE Herod supported the Jews in Anatolia

and Cyrene. Owing to the prosperity in Judaea he
waived a quarter of the taxes.
Tomb of Herod
13 BCE Herod made his rst-born son Antipater
(his son by Doris) rst heir in his will.

12 BCE Herod suspected his sons from his mar-
riage to Mariamne I, Alexander and Aristobulus, of
threatening his life. He took them to Aquileia to be
tried. Augustus reconciled the three. Herod sup-
ported the nancially strapped Olympic Games and
ensured their future. Herod amended his will so that
Alexander and Aristobulus rose in the royal succes-
sion, but Antipater would be higher in the succes-
sion.
Circa 10 BCE The newly expanded temple
in Jerusalem was inaugurated. War against the
Nabateans began.
7.4 First decade BCE
9 BCE Caesarea Maritima was inaugurated. Ow-
ing to the course of the war against the Nabateans,
Herod fell into disgrace with Augustus. Herod again
suspected Alexander of plotting to kill him.
8 BCE Herod accused his sons Alexander and
Aristobulus of high treason. Herod reconciled with
Augustus, who also gave him the permission to pro-
ceed legally against his sons.
7 BCE The court hearing took place in Berytos
(Beirut) before a Roman court. His sons Alexan-
der and Aristobulus were found guilty and executed.
The succession changed so that Antipater was the
exclusive successor to the throne. In second place
the succession incorporated (Herod) Philip, his son
by Mariamne II.
6 BCE Herod proceeded against the Pharisees.
5 BCE Antipater was brought before the court
charged with the intended murder of Herod. Herod,
by now seriously ill, named his son (Herod) Antipas
(from his fourth marriage with Malthace) as his suc-
cessor.
4 BCE Young disciples smashed the golden eagle
over the main entrance of the Temple of Jerusalem
after the Pharisee teachers claimed it was an idola-
trous Roman symbol. Herod arrested them, brought
them to court, and sentenced them. Augustus ap-
proved the death penalty for Antipater. Herod
then executed his son, and again changed his will:
Archelaus (from the marriage with Malthace) would
rule as ethnarch over the tetrachy of Judea, while
Antipas (by Malthace) and Philip (from the fth
marriage with Cleopatra of Jerusalem) would rule as
tetrarchs over Galilee and Peraea (Transjordan), also
over Gaulanitis (Golan), Trachonitis (Hebrew: Ar-
gob), Batanaea (now Ard-el-Bathanyeh) and Panias.
Salome I was also given a small toparchy in the Gaza
region. As Augustus did not conrm his will, no one
received the title of King; however, the three sons
were granted rule of the stated territories.

8 Wives and children
It is very probable that Herod had more children, es-
pecially with the last wives, and also that he had more
daughters, as female births at that time were often not
recorded.[89]
9 Family trees
9.1 Ancestors
9.2 Marriages and descendants
Notes.
Family Tree of Herod
10 See also
Cultural depictions of Herod the Great
Herods Palace
Herodium
Judean date palm: Germination of 2000-year-old
seed
11 References
[1] Richardson, Peter. Herod: King of the Jews and friend of
the Romans, (Continuum International Publishing Group,
1999) pp. xvxx.
[2] Knoblet, Jerry. Herod the Great (University Press of
America, 2005), p. 179.
[3] Rocca, Samuel. Herods Judaea: a Mediterranean state in
the classical world (Mohr Siebeck, 2008) p. 159.
[4] Millar, Fergus; Schrer, Emil; Vermes, Geza. The History
of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (Continuum
International Publishing Group, 1973) p. 327.
[5] Wright, N. T. The New Testament and the People of God
(SPCK, 1992), p. 172.
[6] McGonigle, Thomas C.; McGonigle, Thomas D.;
Quigley, James F. (1988). A History of the Christian Tra-
dition: From its Jewish Origins to the Reformation Volume
1 of A History of the Christian Tradition. Paulist Press.
[7] Peters, Francis E. (2005). The Monotheists: Jews, Chris-
tians, and Muslims in Conict and Competition, Volume II:
The Words and Will of God The Words And Will of God.
Princeton University Press.
7
[8] Kasher, Aryeh; Witztum, Eliezer (2007). King Herod: a
persecuted persecutor : a case study in psychohistory and
psychobiography. Translation by Karen Gold. Walter de
Gruyter.
[9] Spino, Ken (Rabbi) (2010). History Crash Course #31:
Herod the Great (online)". Crash Course in Jewish His-
tory. Targum Press. ISBN 978-1-5687-1532-2. Re-
trieved 7 May 2013.
[10] Tierney, John. Herod: Herod the Great, Catholic Ency-
clopedia (1910): Herod, surnamed the Great, called by
Grtz the evil genius of the Judean nation (Hist., v. II,
p. 77).
[11] Herod I at Jewish Encyclopedia: above all, he was pre-
pared to commit any crime in order to gratify his un-
bounded ambition
[12] Perowne, Stewart H. (2013). Herod. Encyclopdia Bri-
tannica. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
[13] Steinmann, Andrew When Did Herod the Great Reign?",
Novum Testamentum, Volume 51, Number 1, 2009, pp.
129.
Andrew Steinmann, From Abraham to Paul: A Biblical
Chronology. (St. Louis, MO: Concordia Pub. House,
2011), pp. 219-256.
Filmer, W. E. Chronology of the Reign of Herod the
Great, Journal of Theological Studies ns 17 (1966), 283
298.
[14] Herod at Encyclopdia Britannica: "...thus, Herod was,
although a practicing Jew, of Arab origin on both sides.
[15] http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2008/12/
herod/mueller-text
[16] Aryeh Kasher and Eliezer Witztum, King Herod: A Perse-
cuted Persecutor: A Case Study in Psychohistory, pp 19-23
[17] Jan Rets,The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the
Assyrians to the Umayyads, Routledge (2013), p. 374
[18] Richard R. Losch, All the People in the Bible, Wm. B.
Eerdmans Publishing (2008), p. 155
[19] Schrer, Emil, T. Alec. Burkill, Geza Vermes, and Fer-
gus Millar. The History of the Jewish People in the Age
of Jesus Christ (175 B.C.-A.D. 135). Edinburgh: Clark,
1973. pp. 270-275.
[20] Herod I at Jewish Encyclopedia: He was of commanding
presence; he excelled in physical exercises; he was a skill-
ful diplomatist; and, above all, he was prepared to commit
any crime in order to gratify his unbounded ambition.
[21] Josephus. The Wars of the Jews 1.14.4: Mark Antony
then resolved to get him made king of the Jewstold
them that it was for their advantage in the Parthian war
that Herod should be king; so they all gave their votes for
it. And when the senate was separated, Antony and Caesar
went out, with Herod between them; while the consul and
the rest of the magistrates went before them, in order to
oer sacrices [to the Roman gods], and to lay the decree
in the Capitol. Antony also made a feast for Herod on the
rst day of his reign.
8 11
[22] Steinmann, Andrew When Did Herod the Great Reign?",
Novum Testamentum, Volume 51, Number 1, 2009, pp.
129.
[23] Dio, Roman History 49.23.12.
[24] Atkinson, Kenneth (October 1996). Herod the Great,
Sosius, and the Siege of Jerusalem (37 B.C.E.) in Psalm of
Solomon 17. Novum Testamentum (Brill) 38: 312322.
doi:10.1163/1568536962613216. JSTOR 1560892.
[25] Circumcision: Circumcision Necessary or Not? at Jewish
Encyclopedia: The rigorous Shammaite view, voiced in
the Book of Jubilees (l.c.), prevailed in the time of King
John Hyrcanus, who forced the Abrahamic rite upon the
Idumeans, and in that of King Aristobulus, who made the
Itureans undergo circumcision (Josephus, Ant. xiii. 9,
1; 11, 3).
[26] Herod I. Encyclopaedia Judaica. (CD-ROM Edition
Version 1.0). Ed. Cecil Roth. Keter Publishing House.
ISBN 965-07-0665-8
[27] Josephus, Wars, 2.13. There was also another distur-
bance at Caesarea, - those Jews who were mixed with the
Syrians that lived there rising a tumult against them. The
Jews pretended that the city was theirs, and said that he
who built it was a Jew, meaning King Herod. The Syri-
ans confessed also that its builder was a Jew; but they still
said, however, that the city was a Grecian city; for that he
who set up statues and temples in it could not design it for
Jews.
[28] Herod I: Opposition of the Pious at Jewish Encyclopedia:
All the worldly pomp and splendor which made Herod
popular among the pagans, however, rendered him ab-
horrent to the Jews, who could not forgive him for insult-
ing their religious feelings by forcing upon them heathen
games and combats with wild animals.
[29] Jewish War 1.14.4: Mark Antony " ...then resolved to get
him made king of the Jews ... told them that it was for
their advantage in the Parthian war that Herod should be
king; so they all gave their votes for it. And when the
senate was separated, Antony and Caesar went out, with
Herod between them; while the consul and the rest of the
magistrates went before them, in order to oer sacrices
[to the Roman gods], and to lay the decree in the Capitol.
Antony also made a feast for Herod on the rst day of his
reign.
[30] Cohen, Shaye. Roman Domination: The Jewish Revolt
and the Destruction of the Second Temple, in Ancient Is-
rael, ed. Hershel Shanks. (Biblical Archaeology Society,
1999), p. 270.
[31] Cohen, Shaye. Roman Domination: The Jewish Revolt
and the Destruction of the Second Temple, in Ancient Is-
rael, ed. Hershel Shanks. (Biblical Archaeology Society,
1999), p. 271.
[32] Rocca, Samuel (2009). The Army of Herod the Great.
Osprey Publishing. pp. 1516. ISBN 1-8460-3206-7.
Retrieved 2 November 2013.
REFERENCES
[33] Cohen, Shaye. Roman Domination: The Jewish Revolt
and the Destruction of the Second Temple, in Ancient Is-
rael, ed. Hershel Shanks. (Biblical Archaeology Society,
1999), p. 269-273.
[34] Levine, Amy-Jill. Visions of Kingdoms: From Pompey
to the First Jewish Revolt, in The Oxford History of the
Biblical World, ed. Michael D. Coogan. (New York: Ox-
ford University Press, 1998), p. 357.
[35] Jagersma, Henk. A History of Israel from Alexander the
Great to Bar Kochba, trans. John Bowden (London: SCM
Press Ltd, 1985), p. 107.
[36] Cohen, Shaye. Roman Domination: The Jewish Revolt
and the Destruction of the Second Temple, in Ancient Is-
rael, ed. Hershel Shanks. (Biblical Archaeology Society,
1999), p. 272.
[37] Schiman, Lawrence H. The Jewish-Christian Schism,
in From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple
and Rabbinic Judaism (Hoboken: Ktav Publishing House,
1991), p. 145.
[38] Building the Western Wall: Herod Began it but Didnt
Finish it (december 2011)". Israel Antiquities Authority.
Retrieved 9 November 2014.
[39] Temple of Herod at Jewish Encyclopedia
[40] Graetz, Heinrich (1893) History of the Jews: From the
Reign of Hyrcanus (135 B.C.E.) to the Completion of
the Babylonian Talmud (500 C.E.)", Cosimo Books, New
York, Volume 2, 2009 ed, p.109
[41] Sanders, E. P. (1994). The Historical Figure of Jesus.
Viking Adult. pp. 8788.
[42] Hagner, Donald A. (1993). Matthew 113, Word Biblical
Commentary, Vol. 33a. Thomas Nelson. p. 35.
[43] Maier, Paul L. (1998). Herod and the Infants of Beth-
lehem. Chronos, Kairos, Christos II. Mercer University
Press. p. 170. most recent biographies of Herod the Great
deny it entirely
[44] Perowne, Stewart (1956). The Life and Times of Herod
the Great. Nashville: Abingdon. p. 172.
[45] Maier, Paul L. (1998). Herod and the Infants of Bethle-
hem. In Vardaman, E. Jerry. Chronos, Kairos, Christos
II. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press. p. 172.
ISBN 0865545820. In any case, the at declarations by
these authors that the massacre is legend and not histor-
ical has slender support based on argumentation and no
real documentation.
[46] Finegan, Jack (1992). The Archaeology of the New Testa-
ment. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 26.
[47] Schalit, A. (1969). Konig Herodes: der Mann und sein
Werk. Studia Judaica 4 (Berlin: de Gruyter): 648.
[48] France, Richard T. (1979). Herod and the Children of
Bethlehem. Novum Testamentum (21): 98120.

[49] Pesch, Rudolf (2009). Die matthischen Weihnachts-
geschichten: die Magier aus dem Osten, Knig Herodes
und der bethlehemitische Kindermord ; Mt 2 neu ber-
setzt und ausgelegt. Paderborn: Bonifatius. p. 72. ISBN
9783897104488.
[50] Schrer, Emil. A History of the Jewish People in the Time
of Jesus Christ, 5 vols. New York, Scribners, 1896.
[51] Barnes, Timothy David. The Date of Herods Death,
Journal of Theological Studies ns 19 (1968), 204219
[52] Bernegger, P. M. Armation of Herods Death in 4
B.C., Journal of Theological Studies ns 34 (1983), 526
531.
[53] Josephus, Wars, 1.631632.
[54] Josephus, Wars, 2.26.
[55] Hoehner, Harold. Herod Antipas, (Zondervan, 1980)
p.251.
[56] Edwards, Ormond. Herodian Chronology, Palestine Ex-
ploration Quarterly 114 (1982) 2942
[57] Keresztes, Paul. Imperial Rome and the Christians: From
Herod the Great to About 200 AD (Lanham, Maryland:
University Press of America, 1989), pp.143.
[58] Vardaman, Jerry; Yamauchi, Edwin M., eds. (1989).
The Nativity and Herods Death. Chronos, Kairos,
Christos: Nativity and Chronological Studies Presented to
Jack Finegan (Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns): 85
92.
[59] Finegan, Jack. Handbook of Biblical Chronology, Rev.
ed. (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998) 300, 516.
[60] B. MAHIEU Between Rome and Jerusalem. Herod the
Great and his Sons in their Struggle for Recognition in:
Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 208 (Brill 2012) pp. 235-
243.
[61] Filmer, W. E. Chronology of the Reign of Herod the
Great, Journal of Theological Studies ns 17 (1966), 283
298.
[62] Josephus, Antiquities, 17.6.4
[63] Lunar eclipse of March 13, 4 BC
[64] NASA lunar eclipse catalog Lunar Eclipses: 0099 to
0000 (100 BCE to 1 BCE)
[65] Steinmann, Andrew. When Did Herod the Great
Reign?", Novum Testamentum, Volume 51, Number 1,
2009, pp. 129.
[66] What loathsome disease did King Herod die of?, The
Straight Dope, November 23, 1979
[67] Josephus, Antiquities, 17.6.5
[68] CNN.com Health (25 January 2002). Mystery of
Herods death 'solved' CNN Archives, 2002. Accessed 30
January 2013.
[69] http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/876330.htm
Archived December 23, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
9
[70] Josephus, Antiquities, 17.6.174175.
[71] Josephus, Antiquities, 17.8.193.
[72] Josephus, Antiquities, 17.12.317319. Augustus ap-
pointed Archelaus, not indeed to be the king of the whole
country, but ethnarch of one half of that which had been
subject to Herod, and promised to give him the royal dig-
nity hereafter, if he governed his part virtuously. But as
for the other half, he divided it into two parts, and gave it
to two other of Herods sons, to Philip and to Herod An-
tipas, that Herod Antipas who disputed with Archelaus
for the whole kingdom. Now, to him it was that Perea
and Galilee paid their tribute, which amounted annually
to two hundred talents, while Batanea with Trachonitis, as
well as Auranitis, with a certain part of what was called
House of Lenodorus, paid the tribute of one hundred tal-
ents to Philip; but Idumea, and Judea, and the country of
Samaria, paid tribute to Archelaus, but had now a fourth
part of that tribute taken o by the order of Caesar, who
decreed them that mitigation, because they did not join in
this revolt with the rest of the multitude.
[73] Ben-Sasson, H. H. A History of the Jewish People, Harvard
University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-674-39731-2, p. 246:
When Archelaus was deposed from the ethnarchy in 6
CE, Judea proper, Samaria and Idumea were converted
into a Roman province under the name Iudaea.
[74] Josephus, Antiquities, 17.7
[75] Zarnecki, George and others; English Romanesque Art,
10661200, p. 111, 1984, Arts Council of Great Britain,
ISBN 0728703866
[76] Murray, Alexander, Suicide in the Middle Ages: Volume 2:
The Curse on Self-Murder, 2000, Oxford University Press,
ISBN 0191613991, 9780191613999
[77] Josephus, Wars, 5.33.1.
[78] Josephus, Wars, 5.3.2.
[79] Rosovsky, Nitza. (24 April 1983) Discovering Herods
Israel, The New York Times. Accessed 7 May 2013.
[80] Haaretz Sta; Barkat, Amiram (7 May 2007).
Archeologist: King Herods tomb desecrated, but
discovery 'high point'". Haaretz. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
[81] Associated Press (7 May 2007). Israeli Archaeologist
Finds Tomb of King Herod, FOX News, Accessed 7 May
2013.
[82] Herods Tomb Discovered IsraCast, May 8, 2007. Ac-
cessed 7 May 2013.
[83] Kalman, Matthew (8 May 2007). Herods tomb report-
edly found inside his desert palace The Boston Globe, Ac-
cessed 7 May 2013.
[84] Weizman, Steve (8 May 2007). Archaeologists Find
Tomb of King Herod. USA Today. Associated Press.
Retrieved 7 May 2013.
[85] Hasson, Nir (29 January 2012). Top archaeologists con-
demn Israeli plan to rebuild ancient tomb, Haaretz. Ac-
cessed 8 May 2013.
10 13 EXTERNAL LINKS

[86] Nir Hasson (October 11, 2013). Archaeological stunner:
Not Herods Tomb after all?". Haaretz.
[87] Josephus, Antiquities, 15.7.8
[88] Josephus, Antiquities, 15.9.3
[89] Josephus, Antiquities, 18.1.23.
Zeitlin, Solomon (1963). Herod: A Malevo-
lent Maniac. Jewish Quarterly Review 54: 127.
doi:10.2307/1453457.
Zeitlin, Solomon (19621978). The Rise and Fall
of the Judean State. Philadelphia: The Jewish Pub-
lication Society.

12 Further reading 13 External links

Brandon, S. G. F. (1962). Herod the Great: Ju-
daeas Most Able but Most Hated King. History
Today 12: 234242.
Grant, Michael (1971). Herod the Great. New York:
American Heritage Press. ISBN 0-07-024073-6.
Gnther, Linda-Marie (hg.) Herodes und Jerusalem
(Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2009).
Herod the Great: The Kings Final Journey, The
Israel Museum, Jerusalem, February 13, 2013 Oc-
tober 5, 2013. Curators: Dudi Mevorach and Silvia
Rozenberg.
Herod and the Herodian Dynasty The Jewish His-
tory Resource Center - Project of the Dinur Center
for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew Uni-
versity of Jerusalem

Gnther, Linda-Marie (hg.) Herodes und Rom Herod I in the Jewish Encyclopedia.
(Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2007).

Jacobson, David M. and Nikos Kokkinos (ds).

Herod and Augustus: Papers Held at the Institute of
Jewish Studies Conference, University College Lon-
don, 2123 June 2005 (Leiden, Brill, 2009) (IJS
Studies in Judaica, 6).

Kokkinos, Nikos. The Herodian Dynasty: Origins,

Role in Society and Eclipse (Sheeld: Sheeld Aca-
demic,1998).

Marshak, Adam Kolman (2006). The Dated Coins

of Herod the Great: Towards a New Chronology.
Journal for the Study of Judaism 37 (2): 212240.
doi:10.1163/157006306776564700.

Netzer, Ehud. The Architecture of Herod, the Great

Builder (Tbingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006).

Perowne, Stewart (1956). The Life and Times of

Herod the Great. New York: Abingdon Press.

Richardson, Peter. Herod the King of the Jews and

Friend of the Romans (Edinburgh: 1999).

Roller, Duane W. (1998). The Building Program of

Herod the Great. Berkeley: University of California
Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91935-8.

Sandmel, Samuel (1967). Herod: Prole of a

Tyrant. Philadelphia: Lippincott.

Schwentzel, Christian-Georges (2011). Hrode le

Grand. Paris: Pygmalion.

Witztum, Eliezer. King Herod: A Persecuted Perse-

cutor. A Case Study in Psychohistory and Psychobi-
ography (Berlin and New York, Walter de Gruyter,
2006).
 11

14 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

14.1 Text
Herod the Great Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_the_Great?oldid=700675601 Contributors: Derek Ross, Zundark, Slruben-
stein, Andre Engels, Roadrunner, SimonP, Olivier, Leandrod, Mrwojo, Frecklefoot, Bdesham, Paul Barlow, LenBudney, IZAK, Delir-
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EmphasisMine, RickK, Tpbradbury, Furrykef, Topbanana, Wetman, Pollinator, Carlossuarez46, Huangdi, KuatofKDY, Nufy8, Modu-
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Dbachmann, Paul August, Bender235, Steerpike, MisterSheik, CanisRufus, Jpgordon, Bobo192, Jguk 2, Jerryseinfeld, Jonathunder, Or-
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Mr. Lefty, 041744, The Man in Question, Filanca, Ems2, SimonATL, Invisifan, Neddyseagoon, Bhaveer, Midnightblueowl, EdC~enwiki,
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14.2 Images
File:Bronze_coin_of_Herod_the_Star_minted_at_Samaria.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/
Bronze_coin_of_Herod_the_Star_minted_at_Samaria.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work by uploader, photographed at
the British Museum Original artist: PHGCOM
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by-
sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Herod_IMG_0594.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Herod_IMG_0594.JPG License: CC BY-
SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Deror avi
12 14 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Herod_coin.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Herod_coin.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contrib-

utors: Own work Original artist: Ingsoc
File:Herod_coin1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Herod_coin1.jpg License: Public domain Contrib-
utors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Herodium_from_above_2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Herodium_from_above_2.jpg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Source: Hebrew Wikipedia. Then moved to en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Edited by
Xavax 2007-05-10. Original artist: Asaf T.
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