Fin All Lele

A PROPOSED DAVAO ATHLETE DEVELOPMENT CENTER
A Study on Universal Designed Development Center for Athletes with Physical

Injuries
1.1 Introduction
In every part of the world, there will always be people who pursue sports and
desire to be an athlete. An athlete performs on intensive physical sports which have
risks for injuries whether severe or not. A persons opportunity to be an athlete does
not limit on having a temporary disability like having torn muscles and other injuries.
Because of technological advancements, the treatment for injuries improved and
became the new source of hope for these athletes.
An Athlete Development Centre is a sports complex for people who are

professionals and also for people who simply want to develop their abilities. Physical
rehabilitation also known as physical therapy. Physical therapy is the preservation,
enhancement or restoration of physical movement or function that is cause by
disability, injury, or disease that uses therapeutic exercises, assistive devices or
physical modalities like massages. (Definition of PHYSICAL THERAPY, 2015) and
since this athlete development center are for those who are injured, universal design
will be able to help ease the patients movements. Therapeutic landscape will also
be helpful to lessen stress or depression of patients cause by their injuries.
Universal design is design where an environment can be accessed,

understood and used by all people no matter what their size, ability, age or disability.
The environment should be able to give the needs of the users. If an environment
can benefit everyone it is a good design and in universal design, it meets the
peoples needs thus universal design is a good design. (What is Universal Design,
2014). Universal design is used in the athlete development center because the
people who go to the center are injured and that injury becomes a barrier for them to
achieve their goals.
According to the Philippine Information Agency (PIA), Davao athletes will

have more opportunities with sports academy located in Tagum. The 1 st District
Congressman Anthony del Rosario said that the sports academy will be the main
facility for training center and sports development in the region of Davao. (More
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opportunities for Davao athletes with sports academy in Tagum, 2016). This shows
that athletes are becoming prominent and of course injuries cannot be extinguished,
so the need of the athlete development center arises.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Davao City is becoming one of the fast growing developing cities. Due to
increase of investments in Davao, creating this athlete development center will help
increase Davaos popularity and also help aspiring athletes all over the world. In the
Philippines, development centers rarely accommodate rehabilitation for sport-related
injuries. In the future, injuries that are caused by sports are still common and this
athlete development center will provide services for those who were injured. This
facility is important because it provides opportunities for the injured athletes to be
healed and to perform their sports in better physical condition.
Developing an athlete development center is Davao City is important because

Davao City is becoming one of the fastest growing cities. And there is population
growth which includes local migration. (Carillo, 2016). Part of the local immigrants
can be athletes thus athletes in Davao increases thus it is important to have an
athlete development center alongside two physical therapy centers like KAAKBAY
Rehabilitation Center and Peak Orthopedic & Sports Physical Therapy.
This athlete development center is a universally designed center with

therapeutic landscape to rehabilitate athletes with physical injuries.
On this study, the following questions will be answered:

1.2.1 What facilities/spaces are affiliated in the athlete development center?
1.2.2 What sports will be accommodated for the athlete development center?
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1.2.3 How to make facilities be equitable and flexible for the ease of user
adaptation?
1.2.4 What are the physical conditions of athletes and what blocks the
development of athletes?
1.2.5 What are the strategies in design to improve the physical condition of
the athletes?
1.3 Framework of the Study
Independent Intervening Variable Dependent Variable

Variable
Facilities/Spaces needed for the A universal designed

Athlete athlete development center athlete development
Development Sports that will be accommodated center for users with
Center Equitable and flexible facilities temporary disabilities.
Physical conditions of athletes.
Improve physical condition through
design
Table 1.3.1
The proposal project is the Davao Athlete Development Center with a study
that integrates universal design for the rehabilitation of athletes with different
physical injuries.
There are many intervening factors that should be considered to formulate a

universally designed athlete development center. One important factor will be the
knowledge on facilities/spaces and sports that is needed in an athlete development
center to know the different kinds of activities within the center so that barriers that
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hinders the user will be determined and be figured. Once the barriers are
determined, solutions that can accommodate users with temporary disabilities will be
integrated.
Reviewing the universal design principle is also important in the design phase
for the proposal.
1.4 Goals and Objectives
The goal of the study is to rehabilitate athletes with physical injuries in the
athlete development center through universally design.
The study aims to accomplish the following objectives:
1.4.1 To know the facilities/spaces in the athlete development center
1.4.2 To know the sports that will be accommodated in the athlete

development center
1.4.3 To know principles in designing equitable and flexible facilities for ease
of user adaptation
1.4.4 To be able to design a simple yet barrier free environment for the
users
1.4.5 To know and distinguish different physical conditions of athletes and

barriers that blocks their development.
1.5 Assumptions
For the study on an athlete development center, the subjects are assumed to
be both local and foreign people. It is also assumed that this project needs a vast
site because many people will use it. All materials that will be used for construction
will be available in the Philippines.
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1.6 Hypothesis
An athlete development center will be most efficient when universal design is

integrated as it is planned for all types of user. Having a comfortable environment to
athletes with injuries becomes an efficient place for rehabilitating. Thus, the
application of universal design principles will be helpful for the injured athletes and
for the workers as it provides satisfaction and comfortability within the center.
1.7 Scope and Limitations
This proposed project will be restricted for athletes who are in need for
treatment of their temporary disabilities. There many kinds of temporary injuries but
the study discussions will be limited to injuries related to sports that ranges from
severe injury to less severe injury but this injuries can still be rehabilitated.
As for the architectural translations, electrical, plumbing, structural, and

mechanical systems will be designed only according to their arrangement and not to
their last detail. The study will only deal with architectural solutions and the medical
programs and strategies for developing and treating physical condition of the
athletes will not be part of the study. The DSWD will initiate this project.
1.7.1 Definition of Terms
1.71.1 Accessibility A term that is used to represents an area

whether accessible or not without minding physical
situations. (Merriam-Webster, 2015)
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1.7.1.2 Architecture Profession of planning, designing, and

constructing structures and its surroundings (Merriam-
Webster, 2015)
1.7.1.3 Athletes a person who is trained in or good at sports

that require physical skill and strength (Merriam-
Webster, 2015)
1.7.1.4 Barrier spatial constraint that avoids the user to engage

in activities (Merriam-Webster, 2015)
1.7.1.5 Development enhancement in physical and mental

aspects (Merriam-Webster, 2015)
1.7.1.6 Profession specialized sport of a certain or particular

athlete (Merriam-Webster, 2015)
1.7.1.7 Sustainable Design type of design that concerns about

the environment and surroundings of structures (Merriam-
Webster, 2015)
1.7.1.8 Physical Injury An injury that limits a person enjoyment

physically. (Merriam-Webster,2015)
1.7.1.9 Universal Design a versatile design that can

accommodate any user regardless of age, gender, race,
and disabilities (Merriam-Webster, 2015)
1.7.1.10 Temporary Injury Injuries that can still be rehabilitated.
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1.8 Significance of the Study
The significance of the study is that gives efficient and innovative design
solutions in a development center with a healing environment. Having this type of
environment will imply to the people that universal design broadens its accessibility
for the different types of users and that it is important to apply universal design
principles than seeing it as a center for rehabilitating injuries.
Most importantly, this study desires to seek the role architecture as a bridge
for creating environments that would lessen handicap experiences of the people
because a persons environment have great impacts on the persons experience
concerning injuries.
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Chapter 2
2.1 Athletes
A professional athletes main priority is their health. A healthy lifestyle for them
helps them to perform their sports better. Fatigue for athletes helps them to their
profession without affecting them metabolically and psychologically. (Ranieri, 2012)
Athletes are required to have a strict diet wherein they must be aware of what
they eat. They must know how much proteins, carbohydrates, or calories of the
things they eat. It is also important for them to have an eating schedule, knowing
what kind of meal they should eat on a specific time. (Ranieri, 2012)
Cardio Exercises for athletes is a requirement for it improves their aerobic

capacity. Exercises such as fast walking, jogging, treadmill, bike, swimming can
improve an athletes endurance. Knowing the right workout for athletes is also
important wherein theyll have the right strength and flexibility to perform their
profession. (Ranieri, 2012)
2.2 Injuries
An injury is any damage to your body. It can be cause by accidents, falls, hits,
weapons, and many more. Injuries ranges from minor injuries to life-threatening
injuries and it can happen anywhere. It can be in your workplace, or while playing, it
can be indoors or in outdoors, or while driving a car or even walking in the streets.
(Wounds and injuries, 2016)
2.2.1 Sports Injuries
Sports injuries are divided into to two kinds: acute and chronic.
Acute sports injuries are injuries that happen instantly like bone
fractures and sprains. Unlike acute injuries, chronic sports injuries are
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injuries which develop through time. Most common types of chronic

injuries will be overuse injuries because such do not cause discomfort
that will cause the athlete to stop participating the sports. An example
will be the over use of the forearm of tennis athletes. Another type of
chronic injuries will be the stress fracture where it starts as a small
crack in the bone. They usually develop in the feet and legs amongst
athletes who do running and jumping. This sports give a repetitive
impact to the legs and feet of the athletes. (Parks, 2013)
Figure 2.2.1.1
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2.2.2 Common Sports Injuries
According to (sources) the following injuries are most common

on sports:
-Sprains:
A sprain occurs when the ligaments are stretched or torn. These

ligaments connect the end of one bone with another. A person would
experience vulnerability to his or her ankles, knees or wrists when he
or she has a sprain. Sprains are caused by trauma to the body that
knocks a joint out of position. (Physical therapy essential to sports
injury recovery, 2009)
There are affects that could lead from ankle sprains such as
damage to the lateral ligament structures after a stress on an inverted
and plantar-flexed foot. Ankle sprains happens to an athlete when he
or she outperform while playing sport such as trauma at heel strike
during running, stressing the foot while in a fixed position, landing from
jumps, and landing or stepping on another athlete's foot. (Ferran NA,
Maffulli N., 2006)
-Strains:
Strains are noncontact injuries and these different types of

injuries, such as muscle spasm, occur when a muscle or tendon is torn,
twisted, or pulled. Strains can happen to while doing their everyday
tasks such as exercising, and playing sports (Physical therapy
essential to sports injury recovery, 2009)
Lower back and the hamstring muscles are two of the common
sites for a strain. Strains are also common to endurance sports.
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Performing contact sports have a higher risk for athletes to have

strains. Hand and forearm strains happen when an athlete perform
sports that require extensive gripping. Elbow strains sometimes occur
in sports that consist of contact and throwing. (Massachusetts General
Hospital, n.d.)
-Knee injuries
The knee is the most commonly injured part of the body

according to the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Surgeons with Orthopedic specialty see more than 5.5 million people
annually for knee injuries. Bone bruises or damage to the cartilage or
ligaments can be included as severe knee injuries. (Physical therapy
essential to sports injury recovery, 2009)
-Pain Syndromes
Pattellofemoral pain syndrome involves pain in front of the knee

which is related to over use of the patellofemoral joint. This joint is
located between the knee cap and the thighbone. This type of pain
syndrome is one of the most common causes of knee pain. (Physical
therapy essential to sports injury recovery, 2009)
Another cause of pain in front of the knee can be the patellar

tendinitis. This type of pain can be located at the patellar tendon which
connects the patella to the shinbone. Fine, K. (n.d.).
-Ligament and Cartilage Injuries
The sprain in the MCL, also known as the medial collateral

ligament, is one of the most common ligament knee injuries. All sprains
are graded on a scale of one to three; complete tears are referred to
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grade three sprains. This type of sprain can be located inside or medial
side of the knee, or sometimes happens when there is a collision to the
outer or medial part of the knee. Most MCL sprains can be treated
without surgery. (Physical therapy essential to sports injury recovery,
2009)
A twisting or pivoting motion of the ligament is preferably known

as an injury to the ACL, also known as anterior cruciate ligament. This
type of injury often requires surgery for it may cause of higher risk of
repeating of injuries and instability to the knee. Occasionally, the cause
of this type of injury is a twisting or hyperextension force to the
ligament, where the ligament attaches is pulled off. This fracture often
requires surgery but may be treated in a cast.
All knees have two meniscithe medial meniscus on the inside of the
knee and the lateral meniscus on the outside of the knee. Meniscal
tears usually result from a forceful injury and often accompany ligament
tears such as ACL tears. These injuries usually require surgery. In
addition, some children are born with an abnormal meniscus, known as
a discoid meniscus, which is bigger than a normal meniscus and more
prone to tearing. Fine, K. (n.d.).
-Growth Plate Injuries, Fractures, and Dislocations
Therefore, a knee injury that impedes a childs ability to bear

weight or does not improve within a few days should be evaluated by a
physician. Any of the bones of the knee joint can be broken particularly
the bottom of the thighbone, the top of the shinbone, and the kneecap.
One particularly vulnerable area in a growing child is the tibial
tuberosity, which is the bump on the front of the knee where the
patellar tendon attaches. Fractures to the growth plate in this area
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often require surgery. (Physical therapy essential to sports injury

recovery, 2009)
Dislocations of the kneecap occasionally occur in children and

adolescents. When this type of injury happens, the patella should be
placed back in the correct position as soon as possible. Fine, K. (n.d.).
-Shin splints
Shin splints are the types of injury that occurs when there is pain
along the large bone in the front of the lower leg. This type of injury is
known as the tibia or shin bone. Shin splints most commonly occur in
runners, especially those who are just starting a running program.
(Physical therapy essential to sports injury recovery, 2009)
2.2.3 Treating Sports Injuries

Athletes will need to discuss a plan of rehabilitation
for severe sports injuries that require a doctor's care and supervision. Physical
therapy might be enough, for less severe injuries that do not require surgery.
While this isn't the case with all sports injuries.
2.2.3.1 Rehabilitation:
Rehabilitation is designed to return the injured body part back to

normal and this is often rooted in a gradual exercise program. An early
part of most rehabilitation will focus on getting the injured body part to a
healing process as soon as possible regardless of what type of injury it
is. This type of healing process involves proper and sensitive exercises
which require flexibility, endurance and strength, until the patient
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completely recovered from his or her injury. The length of recovery

depends on the type of injury the patient has.
Treatment for Sprains and Strains
If the injury is minor, the patient can look after himself or herself
by using "PRICE therapy" and avoiding HARM". These are described
below:
PRICE Therapy:
PRICE stands for: (Sprains and strains - Treatment - NHS Choices,

2016)
Protection the patient should protect the affected area from

further injury by using a support or, in the case of an injury, wearing
shoes that enclose and support the patients feet, such as lace-ups.
Rest the patient should stop the activities that caused the
injury and the rest the affected joint or muscle. Avoid those type of
activities for the first 48 to 72 hours after being injured. The patient
would be recommended using crutches.
Ice for the first 48 to 72 hours after the injury; the patient
should apply ice wrapped in a damp towel to the injured area for 15 to
20 minutes every two to three hours during the day. Dont leave the ice
on while youre asleep, and dont allow the ice to touch your skin
directly because it could cause a cold burn.
Compression the patient should compress or bandage the
injured area to limit any swelling and movement that could damage it
further. You can use a simple elastic bandage or an elasticized tubular
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bandage available from a pharmacy. It should be wrapped snugly

around the affected area, but not so tightly that it restricts blood flow.
Remove the bandage you got to sleep.
Elevation the patient should keep the injured area raised and
supported on a pillow to help reduce swelling. If the patient leg is
injured, avoid long periods of time where your leg isnt raised.
Avoiding HARM
For the first 72 hours after a sprain or muscle strain, you should
avoid HARM. This means you should avoid: (Sprains and strains -
Treatment - NHS Choices, 2016)
Heat such as hot baths, saunas or heat packs

Alcohol drinking alcohol will increase bleeding, swelling, and
slow healing.
Running or any other form of exercise that could cause more
damage.
Massage which may increase bleeding and swelling.
Moving sprained joints
Most healthcare professionals recommend their patients to

consistently use sprained joints. The injury will quickly recover if the
patient begins to move the joint as soon as the patient is able to do so
without experiencing significant pain.
The doctor may be able to teach the patient exercises that are
necessary in order to let the patients improve their joints functionality.
If the patient has a severe ankle sprain, he or she may be

advised not to use the sprained joint for a while. Instead, the patient is
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recommended to use a cast for a week or so. (Sprains and strains -

Treatment - NHS Choices, 2016)
Immobilising strained muscles
Depending on the patients injury, the advice for muscle strains

can vary. The patient may be advised to keep his or her injured muscle
still for the first few days. The doctor may recommend the patient to
use a brace, cast or splint to help keep it as still as possible.
The aim of immobilising the muscle is to allow it to start healing,

so the patient can move his or her strained muscle without tearing or
pulling it again in the same place. After a few days, the patient will
probably be advised to start using the muscle again. (Sprains and
strains - Treatment - NHS Choices, 2016)
Physiotherapy
For more severe injuries, particularly muscle strains, the doctor

may consider referring the patient for physiotherapy.
Physiotherapy aims to restore movement and function to an

injured area of the body. The physiotherapist may show you exercises
to help improve the range in motion and return normal function to the
injured area.
This may reduce the patients risk of experiencing long-term

problems or injuring the area again. (Sprains and strains - Treatment -
NHS Choices, 2016)
Treatment for Cartilage Damage
Initial treatment and self-care
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If the patient injured his or her joint and his or her

symptoms are not too severe, the patient can often look after
himself or herself using Price therapy.
PRICE Therapy
PRICE stands for: (Cartilage damage - Treatment - NHS

Choices, 2016)
Protection the patient should protect the affected area

from further injury by using a support, such as a knee brace.
Rest the patient should rest the affected joint as much
as possible during the first two or three days. Then the patient
should try gradually returning to light activities over the next few
days and weeks.
Ice the patient should apply an ice pack or bag of f
rozen vegetables wrapped in a towel to the injured area for 15 to
20 minutes every two to three hours during the first two or three
days.
Compression the patient should compress or bandage
the injured area to limit any swelling and movement that could
damage it further. The patient can use a simple elastic bandage
or an elasticized tubular bandage available from a pharmacy.
Elevation the patient should keep the injured area
raised and supported on a pillow whenever you can help reduce
swelling.
2.2.3.2 Recovery
The length of time it takes to recover from a sprain or strain

depends on how severe the injury is.
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Generally, after an ankle sprain, the patient will probably be able

to walk a week or two. The patient may be able to fully use his or her
ankle after six to eight weeks, and he or she will probably able to return
to sporting activities after eight to twelve weeks.
For muscle strains, the time it can take to recover can vary
considerably. Some people recover within a few weeks, whereas
others may not able to return to their normal activities for several
months. (Sprains and strains - Treatment - NHS Choices, 2016)
2.3 Athlete development Center

The Athlete development Center (Physical Rehabilitation Center) is a place
where injuries can be prevented and can be taken cared off. (Prentice, 2010)
2.3.1 Case Study
Queensland Academy of Sport, Australia
The QAS, also known as Queensland Academy of Sport, is an initiative

of the Queensland Government aimed at developing the state's athletes. The
Academy's goal is to ensure that Queensland remains at the forefront of
domestic and international sport. QAS was officially launched in May 1991.
(Queensland Academy of Sport, 2011)
Performance Services:
Physical Performance:
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The QAS gym (Figure 2.3.1.1)
Weightlifting platforms in the QAS gym (Figure 2.3.1.2)
The QAS Strength and Conditioning Unit forms support services,

alongside sport science, Athlete Career and Education (ACE) and sport
medicine. Incorporating five full time coaches, S&C provide specialist services
in planning, monitoring and delivery of individualized training programs for
QAS and Queensland-based AIS athletes.
QAS S&C have access to the latest technology and training

equipments to make sure they are able to maximize the development of the
required physical capacities of every athlete. This is achieved through an
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orderly approach to conditioning, which allows athletes to express their full

potential technically and strategically on their chosen sport.
Specifically, QAS S&C provide services in the areas of speed, agility,

endurance, strength, flexibility, injury prevention, management and
rehabilitation. A systematic understanding of the analysis of international
competition enables the members of the QAS S&C to make programs that not
only maximize long-term athlete development, but also prepare athletes for
their future. This work is performed through consultation with QAS head
coaches, sport scientists, sport medicine practitioners and ACE advisors,
ensuring a coordinated approach to the development of every athlete.
(Physical Performance, 2015)
QAS Recovery Centre:
The hot spa in the Recovery Centre wet therapy room (Figure 2.3.1.3)
The QAS Recovery Centre is a benchmark facility previously open by

appointment only. The Wet Therapy facility incorporates ice baths, hot spa
and sauna, and cold plunge pool. (Physical Performance, 2015)
Performance Health:
The QAS Performance Health unit encompasses: (Performance Health, 2016)
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Sports Medicine
Sports Nutrition
Sports and Exercise Psychology)
Sports Physiotherapy / Massage
Sports Medicine:
The Academy's Sport Medicine department performs a role to help athletes to

be prepared to compete at the highest level on their sport.
QAS sport medicine takes a wide-spanning approach to athlete health and

welfare with services including specialized sports medicine, physiotherapy, nutrition,
psychology and massage. The Academy provides a medical center which consists of
a rehabilitation room, nutrition training centre and consultation rooms. (Sport
Medicine, 2016)
2.3.2 Facilities inside the Athlete Development Center
Sports Facilities
Sports Facilities are spaces or areas where a person can perform
sports.
According to the University of Pittsburgh Medical Centers sports
medicine and rehab experts, the following sports can be used in
special training for athletes. These sports are also based on high demands of
athletes: (UPMC, 2016)
Basketball
Baseball
Football/Soccer
Running
Golf
Tennis
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Lacrosse
The following facilities can be necessary for the athlete development center:
Basketball court
Baseball Arena
Football/Soccer Field
Racing Track
Golf course
Gym
Swimming pool
On the other hand, aquatic physical therapy provides an unique way of
rehabilitation. Water serves as the treatment for the athletes as it reduces joint
stiffness, helps strengthen injured tissues, which is good for those athletes
who are suffered of muscle pain. (UPMC, 2016) This states that a swimming
pool is highly required for the athlete development center.
2.3.2.1 Dimensions of Sports Facilities
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Figure 2.3.2.1.1
Dimensions for a standard competition pool (Swimming, 2015):
Length: 25 or 50 meters
Depth: 1.35 to 6 meters (with starting blocks); 1-6 meters (without starting
blocks)
Walls: 0.8 meters made with non-skid surface
Rest ledges: 1.2 meter below the water surface (for inner ledges); 0.15
meters in width for both inner and outer edges; both acceptable but more
required for the inner part of the pool.
Gutters: installed on all side of the pool; touch panels must be attached 0.3
meters above the water surface (for end wall gutters)
Lanes: quantity of 8 (for FINA rules World Championship; 10 (for Olympic
Games); minimum of 2.5-meter span between each lane
Lane ropes: each lane ropes consists of floats that are extended on both
ends; 0.10 to 0.15 meters in diameter (for floats)
Coloring for the lane groups: lanes 1 & 8 (green); lanes 2,3,6 & 7 (blue); lanes
4 & 5 (yellow)
Each lane has red floats that extend from each end of the pool on a distance
of 5 meters
Starting platforms: 0.5 to 0.75 meters above from the water surface; at least
1.5 square meters in area with a maximum slope of 10 degrees; platforms
must be made with non-skid material to avoid slippage and must not have any
springing effect.
Lane markings: 0.2 to 0.3 meters in width; 46 meters in length (for 50 meter
pools); 21 meters in length (for 25 meter pools); the color of these markings
should be dark which are marked at the middle between each colored lanes
(with floats)
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Dimensions for basketball court:
Figure 2.3.2.1.2
Basketball court a 28-meter-long and 15-meter-wide flat surface

which consists of three-point lines, free throw lines, a center line and
boundary lines. These lines should be clearly visible with a width of 5
centimeters. Every side of the court has its own boundary line, where it
indicates the limit of the playing court. Anything that may cause disturbance
during the game must be at least 2 meters away from the boundary line.
The center line must be perpendicular and located at the

midpoint of both ends of the side lines. Located at the center of the playing
court is the center circle which must have a radius of 1.8 meters wide.
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Figure 2.3.2.1.3
Each of the two ends of the court has a free throw which must
be located 5.8 meters away and parallel from their respective end lines.
Each free throw line also has its own free throw circle which should be
centralized with a radius of 1.8 meters wide. (Official Basketball
Rules,2014)
Any part between the inner edge of the boundary lines and the
outer edge of the three point lines is considered as the three-point field
goal area. The three-point line consists of 2 parallel lines extended
from the end line and must be 0.9 meters away from the inner edge of
their respective side line. Joined on both ends of the parallel line is a
6.75-meter radius arc. (Official Basketball Rules,2014)
The center of the basket must be centralized and located 1.2

meters from the end line. (Official Basketball Rules,2014)
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The no-charge semi-circle consists of a 1.25-meter radius semi-circle

from the center of the basket. Theres should be a 0.375-meter line that
extends from each end of the semi-circle. (Official Basketball Rules,2014)
Dimensions for tennis court (Tennis, 2016):
The court:
Area: 23.77 meters in length by 8.23 meters in width (for singles matches);
23.77 meters in length by 10.97 meters in width (for doubles matches)
A suspended net, attached to a net post on both sides of the court, divides the
court into two equal areas. The net should have a height of 1.07 meter and
should be fully extended on both ends of the net posts. As a white strap holds
down the midpoint of the net, the net center of the net should have a height of
0.914 meters. (applicable on both singles and doubles matches)
Minimum court area requirements (Tennis,2016):
Court Dimensions Club / ITF (pro Stadium

Recreation tour) court
Total area 34.77m x 36.6m x 40.23m x

17.07m 18.3m 20.11m
Run-off back of court 5.48m 6.4m 8.23m
Run-off at side of court to fence 3.05m 3.66m 4.57m
Min distance between 2 courts 3.66m 5.48m N/A

(unfenced)
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Recommended distance between two 4.27m N/A N/A

courts (unfenced)
Table 2.3.2
Line Markings (Tennis,2016):
Figure 2.3.2.1.4
The baselines and the sidelines should have a maximum width of 10

centimeters.
The service line must be parallel and 6.4 meters away from the side of the
net.
The service court is the space between the two service line. The net equally
divides the area to form two opposite sides of service courts.
The center service divides the service court but it is parallel to the side lines.
The width of the center service should be 5 centimeters.
The rest of the lines of the court should have a width of 2.5 to 5 centimeters
wide.
All lines of the playing area should have a uniform color.
The color or contrast of all court measurements should have the same color
with of the surface.
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2.3.3 Facilities
Storage Facilities
Often, Storage Facilities are located far away which becomes

inconvenient. Apart from having cabinets and shelves inside the storage
facility, there should be storage for general supplies, and for the special
equipment. Another would be a large walk in closet for storing big
equipment, medical supplies, adhesive tapes, bandages, and protective
devices. There should also be a refrigerator for storing ice/ frozen water for
ice massages and other treatments. (Prentice, 2010)
Athletic Trainers Office
The office should be placed in a way the it can monitor all facilities.
There should be desks, computer chairs, tackboard, telephones, and record
files. The office should also have an independent lock-and-key system
that only authorized users can enter. (Prentice,2010)
Special Service Areas:
Treatment Area- it is an area used for applying ice packs or

hydrocollator packs, or for applying manual therapy techniques like
massages. It should have at least four to six treatment tables and also three
to four adjustable tools should be ready when used. Ice bags and
hydrocollator units is found in this area. (Prentice, 2010)
Electrotherapy Area- it is an area where treatments like ultrasound,

diathermy, and other electrical stimulating treatments is being applied. Placing
rubber mats is recommended for safety purposes. The area should be locked
when not used. The equipments inside the area should have at least two
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treatments tables, wooden chairs, at least one dispensing tables for placing
supplies and storage cabinets for supplies and equipments. This area should
also have enough grounded outlets that is located feets above the floor.
(Prentice, 2010)
Hydrotherapy Area- it is an area where water is used for treatment. The

water temperature used ranges from thirty-three to thirty-six degrees
Celsius. (What is hydrotherapy? 2016). In this area, the floor should be
slope going to the centralized drain for preventing standing water.
Equipment should provide at least two to three whirlpool baths and one of
the baths allows the whole body to be immersed, many shelves for storage
and lavatories. Some of the equipment use electricity, safety should be
considered. Any wires and cords should not be on the floor to prevent electric
shocks. equipment should not be plugged at the same outlet and outlets
must be grounded and be placed four to five feet above the floor. (Prentice,
2010)
Exercise Rehabilitation area - it is an area where one uses exercise to

rehabilitate and injury reconditioning under the supervision of an athlete
trainer. Equipment like dumbbells and free weights, exercise machines for
knees, ankles, shoulder, hip, and others, isokinetic equipment; a device for
balance. (Prentice, 2010)
Taping, Bandaging, and Orthotics - it is place where one would apply

tapes, bandages and orthotic devices. This area should have at least three to
four taping tables that are adjacent to the sink and storage cabinet. (Prentice,
2010)
Physicians examination room - a place where physicians examine

athletes. This room should have an examining table, sink, locking storage
cabinets, and small desk with a telephone. This room should be locked from
outsiders. (Prentice, 2010)
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Records area - an area where files are kept through papers or

computer. This area should only be accessed by personnel only. (Prentice,
2010)
Additional Areas
Pharmacy area - having a pharmacy area is helpful to secure the
storing and administering medications. All medications, which includes over-
the-counter drugs, should be locked. Only the physician and pharmacist
should be able to access the storage cabinet. Administered medication
records of the patients should also be kept in this area. (Prentice, 2010)
Rehabilitation Pool - pool is an extremely useful rehabilitation tool. It

should be access by individuals with different types of injuries. It should have
a graduated depth to at least seven feet, the deck should be a nonslip
surface, and the filter system should be placed in a different room. (Prentice,
2010)
2.3.3 Strategies on designing facilities
The facilities needed for the development center are based on

the needs of the community and program. For the users, there should expect
proper planning and design quality of every facility they used. Facility planning
consists of guidelines and principles include the following: (Krotee& Bucher,
2007)
The planning for every facility should adapt to the needs/capabilities of the
users.
The facilities should be flexible for it to have many functions and usage and to
be able to adapt to future needs and trends.
Facilities should prioritize the safety, adaptability, accessibility, security,
physical and nonphysical needs of users.
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Facilities must be operable, easy to control, and good maintenance.

Facility planning should consider its surroundings within the community that
even though it is accessible by users, it will not disturb other facilities within
the surrounding
Planning of every facility should apply proper ventilation, sanitary
considerations.
Planning of facilities should be easily accessible for users, especially for those
who have disabilities
Planning for office space and service and storage units should be efficient and
be based on what is only necessary for their design.
2.4 Universal Design

Universal design a continuous development based on available resources
which makes life easier, healthier, and friendlier. It does not focus on the physical
environment alone but recognizes the concept that everyone is equally useful in the
world of information and in delivery services.
2.4.1 Design as Evolution
Most of life is to overcome barriers. Every organism from animals to

humans continue to live by interacting with the environment. Humans are
different from other organisms because when encountering obstacles,
humans adapt to the obstacle and fine other solution to overcome it while
unlike other organism where they make limited behaviors to address to
obstacle given to them. (Steinfeld, Maisel, & Levine, 2012)
Humans developed methods to overcome the obstacles given by

nature through design. Design is the method for people to adjust to the world
based on their needs and through it, humans can remove the barriers and
develop helpful environments, products and system to achieve their goals.
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Design evolved through human experience and technological developments.

(Steinfeld, Maisel, & Levine, 2012)
The purpose of design, based on the human evolution, is to increase

the survivability of the species. It is a tool the make us of the ability of humans
to adapt to its surroundings. Universal design seeks to build environments
and systems that avoids making barriers. (Steinfeld, Maisel, & Levine, 2012)
2.4.2 Barriers as a Universal Experience
The main point of the universal design philosophy is to remove

barriers. Barriers is any obstacle or even resistance the we face to reach our
goal. In everything that we do, there will always be barriers like barriers to
movements, communication, perception and even expression. (Steinfeld,
Maisel, & Levine, 2012)
2.4.3 Social Function of Space
Barriers have a major role in design on all aspects. It is important to

know that same physical feature can both be help or obstruct to achieving
goals. The psychological aspect of barriers can be interpreted differently by
people and understanding these interpretation is the main focus of universal
design. (Steinfeld, Maisel, & Levine, 2012)
One function of barrier is the marking of territorial behavior. People

marks their territories to know the owners and tell their social status. These
marks give a shared understanding which includes legal definitions and social
relations can be seen in both the pattern territory and the marking used. This
pattern and markings tell social relations like its social dominance and roles.
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The second function of barriers is privacy behavior. Privacy is a

process to control the information desired by the self and is linked with
territorial behavior. In the privacy behavior, the physical and virtual
environments are organized in a way that it controls the information that
goes to people and controlling this information is need in many ways like
securing financial information, preventing negative information and even
provide self-reflection. Using the physical boundaries, distance, and spatial
organization in designing the space can control the flow of information and the
level of control is based in the goal in terms of social interaction, emotional
state, and activities. Privacy behavior can also give communication barriers.
The third function of barrier is identity behavior. People exchange

important information to each other according to their social relationship like
friendship. People use identity behavior to tell their status and receive respect.
2.4.4 Emergence of Universal Design
In the last 40 years, great effort was applied to make environments that
are accessible. Accessibility laws was passed such as the Architectural
Barrier Act (1968), Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the Fair
Housing Act Amendments (1988), and the American with Disabilities Act
(1990) which specifies the minimum requirements to guarantee no
discrimination to people with disabilities in a certain environment. Ron Mace,
Ruth Hall Lusher, and others, after experiencing the accessibility laws led
them to recognize the need to change the design approach to the build
environment and termed it the universal design. This new approach
assumes to build environments that is more accessible than the laws could
do. Universal design increases the possibility to develop a better life on a wide
range of people. (Steinfeld, Maisel, & Levine, 2012)
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2.4.5 Principles of Universal Design
These principles of Universal Design, which were established by a

group from the Center of Universal Design at North Carolina State University,
serves as guidelines or considerations for designers for planning for their
product or environment: (Steinfeld, Maisel, & Levine, 2012)
1. Equitable use - The design is based by the needs of the user or

the function of the product or environment.
2. Flexibility in use - The design should be alterable wherein its
function does not limit the user to execute.
3. Simple and intuitive use - The design should be common and be
easily identified by the users.
4. Perceptible information - The design has the ability to
communicate with the users in a way that it disregards the
users disabilities.
5. Tolerance for error - The design must not lead to situations that
pose a level of threat to life, health, or environment.
6. Low physical effort - Comfortability and efficiency are needed for
the design in order for the users to exert less effort.
7. Size and space for approach and use - The design of a product
or environment adjusts to the needs of the user in any scenario.
2.4.6 Benefits of Universal Design
Universal Design gives proper flow and comfort to the users. One of
the benefits of this is it gives people with disabilities and easier way to
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execute not just with products but with his or her surroundings. (Burgstahler,
2015)
This type of design benefits users regardless of age and ability. It is a

way in designing environments or products that are perceptible for all people
without any cost. (Duncan, 2014)
2.5 Therapeutic Garden and Landscape
A therapeutic garden is an outdoor garden to meet the physical,

psychological, social and spiritual needs of a person. It can be found in places like
hospitals, assisted living residences, and other healthcare facilities. (Horowitz, 2012)
2.5.1 Human and Nature
Disregarding the age or culture of humans, humans find nature

as a source of healing. According to Marcus and Barnes research,
they found out that more than two-thirds of the population choose to go
to nature when stressed. In another research, 95% of the people who
were interviewed said that their moods improved when they spend their
time outside and become calm when stressed. (Kreitzer, 2013)
A healing garden leading researcher, Roger Ulrich said We

have a kind biologically prepared disposition to respond favorably to
nature because we evolved in nature. Nature was good to us, and we
tend to positively to environments that were favorable to us. (Kreitzer,
2013)
Another reason on how humans are connected to nature

biologically could be that humans that paid attention to nature found
information from it and became the way for them to survive and so,
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humans now, inherited to seek nature from their genes. (Kreitzer,

2013)
A lot of studies shows that after being stressed, looking at

nature gives a calming effect very fast. Within three to four minutes
after nature is viewed, blood pressure, respiration rate, brain activity,
and stress hormones decrease thus the mood becomes better.
(Kreitzer, 2013)
Viewing nature gives many health benefits. One would be that

nature can become a great distraction. Seeing nature, an individual
becomes distracted from their pain and discomfort. Another would be
that nature, reduces anxiety and stress. When looking at nature, a
person needs no effort to focus because humans find nature
engrossing. This helps reduce mental stresses and thus refreshes the
mind. When a person has reduced stress and anxiety, their physical
health improves. (Kreitzer, 2013)
2.5.2Types of therapeutic landscapes and its advantages

Extensive Landscaped Grounds it is where healthcare
buildings are placed on a
large greenfield. (Marcus &
Sachs, 2014)
Advantages:
- It can become an outdoor walking routes to other healthcare buildings,
or can become an eating, waiting, or exercise area for users.
- The healthcare buildings can turn into campus-like setting.
- It can turn into different types of landscapes like flower beds.
- If it is accessible to the public, it can create a sense that the facility is
part of the community.
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Borrowed Landscape the views from a healthcare facility are

natural landscapes like city parks.
(Marcus & Sachs, 2014)
Advantages:
- There will be no expense of land maintenance and ownership.
- One can experience nature close handedly.
- It can provide assistance in wayfinding by orientation.
Landscaped Setback a green area that separates building

from adjacent streets. (Marcus & Sachs,
2014)
Advantages
- Provides some privacy against vehicles for offices or rooms that are
located at the front of the building.
- It can enhance the appearance of a building.
Front Porch A large and hard area located at the main

entrance of a building. (Marcus & Sachs, 2014)
Advantages
- An overhang can scale down the size of the building.
- Gives a hint where the main entrance is located.
- If placed with seating area, it can be a place for waiting or just looking
around.
Entry Garden it is a landscaped area located close to the

entrance of the building. Unlike the front porch, it
is a green space. (Marcus & Sachs, 2014)
Advantages:
- The garden is visible and accessible.
- It becomes aesthetics than used for parking.
- It provides a garden image upon entering the healthcare facility.
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- It can become a public park.

- For seniors, it can become most used outdoor sitting area.
Backyard Garden it is a garden that is located at the back of

the building. (Marcus & Sachs, 2014)
Advantages:
- It provides a quiet green area different from the front porch or entry
garden where it is busier.
- It can provide pleasing memories for the elders letting them remember
their own backyard they used to live in.
Courtyard - this space is square or rectangular in shape that

forms an empty space in a building complex to let
daylight go in the building. (Marcus & Sachs, 2014)
Advantages:
- It gives natural light into the building.
- It can provide shield against wind and provide necessary shades.
- It can become an outdoor eating area.
- It can provide useful wayfinding hints.
Plaza an outdoor area that is mostly hard-surfaced. It can

include trees, shrubs, flowers, benches, and lighting. The
overall image is made of paved hardened surface.
Advantages:
- Low maintenance and irrigation.
- Though it is a small space, is flexible in use.
- Wheelchairs can provide ease in mobility.
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Roof Garden a type of garden located at the top of the building

Advantages:
- It makes use of unused space.
- It provides an area that is private and secure for the people in the
facility.
- It provides an outdoor space for the patients.
- It can provide views on the surroundings like natural landscapes or city
views.
Roof Terrace it is located at the side of the building unlike roof

garden where it is located at the top of the
building. (Marcus & Sachs, 2014)
Advantages:
- It makes use of unused space.
- There is a possible view beyond the facility that provides a visual
escape.
- It can provide a greener outlook from adjacent rooms when planted
with plants.
- It can become a place for exercise.
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3.1 Research Design
3.1.1 Descriptive Design: Descriptive Status
Descriptive Status method will be the type of research needed for this study.
This will help the proponents gather information or any facts and conditions on
existing rehabilitation centers. It will also allow the proponents to know different types
of spaces that are necessary for the development center.
Descriptive Normative is a method that is also be needed in order for the

proponents to collect data needed by observing the activities and processes inside
the the rehabilitation center.
3.2 Research Subjects
The respondents of the study are the staffs and patients in physical
rehabilitation centers who works and rehabilitated there.
Architects will be the respondents of the study, particularly specializing

universal design and therapeutic landscaping, and they will be also be the
respondents of direct or mailed interview.
Physical Therapists will be the respondents of the study and they will
be also be the respondents of direct or mailed interview, since they are
knowledgeable on the facilities needed and the activities inside the
rehabilitation center.
Trainers will be the respondents of the study, since they are familiar
with the gym equipment and their proper placement, and the different types of
trainings needed for the rehabilitation or development of athletes. Fitness
professionals who are knowledgeable in the field of instruction on fitness and
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exercise will also be the respondents of the study who will be subjected to
personal or mailed interview.
3.3 Research Instruments
These are the following research instruments to be used to gather the

data needed.
3.3.1 Primary Sources
3.3.1.1 Interviews
Interviews are necessary to acquire information first

handedly like their views, suggestions and insights or ideas.The
interviewees are people who have a background on physical
rehabilitation.
3.3.1.2 Ocular Inspection
Ocular inspection will be conducted on physical

rehabilitation centers that is currently found in Davao to be able
to find existing problems and formulate ideas and solutions to fix
those existing problems.
3.3.1.3 Surveys
Surveys will also be conducted to staffs and patients who

went in present physical rehabilitation centers currently found in
Davao. Such surveys will help in terms of finding problems that
the proponents may have overlooked during ocular inspections
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and receive valuable ideas concerning the improvement of their

workplace and can possible be applied for the proponents
proposal.
3.3.2 Secondary Sources
3.3.2.1 Books
Books which relates to physical rehabilitation designs,

and universal design principles will provide the proponents with
information on possible design solutions which also includes
aesthetic design for the proposal.
3.3.2.2 Government Articles
Documents and articles from government institutions that

can present data and other information needed will be used to
supplement other information.
3.3.2.3 Internet
internet will be able to help the proponents gather

additional information and present data that the primary sources
cannot provide and is also updated on present technological and
design innovations and improvements that may be useful for the
study.
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3.4 Data Collecting Procedures
3.4.1 Interviews
The proponents will conduct an interview to Edmund C. Oliveros who is

a professional physical therapist, a doctoral in De La Salle University. He is
the directory of the Peak Orthopedic & Sports Physical Therapy Scoliosis
Wellness Center located in Davao City. The interview will give related
information about physical therapy. The proponents will ask about type of
physical injuries and how each injuries affects a person's mobility.
The proponents will conduct an interview to Arch. Frederick Peter C.

Altavas who graduated in University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon CIty
and is the president of the Philippine Association of Landscape Architects
(PALA). The interview will be related to landscape of rehabilitation facilities.
The Proponents will ask about how to design therapeutic landscapes.
The proponents will conduct an interview to Analyn g. Bautista who is a

professional physical therapist that graduated in San Pedro College of Davao.
The interview will give related information about physical therapy. The
proponents will ask about type of physical injuries and how each injuries
affects a person's mobility.
The proponents will conduct an interview to Arch. Loisa De Guzman, a

member of Archsalz architectural firm. The interview will give information
about integrating universal designs in rehabilitation centers.
3.4.2 Ocular Inspections
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The proponents will conduct an ocular inspection at the Peak

Orthopedic & Sports Physical Therapy Scoliosis Wellness Center located in
Davao City to be able to gather information on physical rehabilitation centers.
3.4.3 Surveys
The proponents will be conducted surveys to staffs and patients who

went in present physical rehabilitation centers currently found in Davao. The
surveys are all about the rating the comfortability of the facility they are in
which includes lacking services, facility improvements and other suggestions.
3.5 Directory Exports and Organization Used as Preferences
3.5.1 Experts
Edmund C. Oliveros PT, DPT

Physical Therapist
Peak Orthopedic & Sports Physical Therapy Scoliosis Wellness Center
F. Torres Street, 2/F inside the Metro Lifestyle Gym Davao City,
Philippines
Analyn G. Bautista, PTRP, CMTP, FP-IASTM

Physical Therapist
Peak Orthopedic & Sports Physical Therapy Scoliosis Wellness Center
F. Torres Street, 2/F inside the Metro Lifestyle Gym Davao City,
Philippines
Arch. Frederick Peter C. Altavas

Landscape Architect
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Self employed
26, Evergreen Drive, Capitol Green Village, Tandang Sora, Quezon
City, 1116 Metro Manila
Arch. Loida de Guzman

Member of Archsalz architectural firm
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Appendix
Survey
Good day! We are John Michael C. Herrera, and Stephen Jake S. Tac-an, 4th
year BS-Architecture students of Ateneo de Davao University. We are currently
working on our research for our subject Research Methods for Architecture in
preparation for our thesis in the upcoming year. Our proposal is entitled A Proposed
Athlete Development Center A Study on Universal Designed Rehabilitation Center
for Athletes with Physical Injuries.
In connection with the said academic endeavor, we would like to request a

survey regarding our proposal. The information gathered shall be used for academic
purposes only. Your support is a fundamental aspect in our study and your
assistance is truly appreciated.
God Bless!
Please answer the following questions by checking the box in the space
provided.
Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly

Agree Disagree
The facility enables me to

socialize with other
patients.
The facility provides

excellent comfort.
The facility provides proper

circulation of activities for
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me
All the necessary facilities

are provided for me
The location of the facility

is convenient for me.
Parking slots are available

for me.
I am satisfied in this facility.
Yes No
Would you like to have an

landscape within facility?
Would you like to transfer

to a new physical
rehabilitation center that is
within a city?
Would you like to have an

outdoor activity?
What facilities do you think are lacking in the rehabilitation center you are in?
What ideas do you have for the improvement of the rehabilitation center?
What services do you think should be included for the rehabilitation center?
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ATENEO DE DAVAO UNIVERSITY

School of Engineering and Architecture
Architecture Division
October 8, 2016
Edmund C. Oliveros PT, DPT

Physical Therapist
Davao City
Dear Sir,
Good day! We are John Michael C. Herrera, and Stephen Jake S. Tac-
an, 4th year BS-Architecture students of Ateneo de Davao University. We are
currently working on our research for our subject Research Methods for
Architecture in preparation for our thesis in the upcoming year. Our proposal is
entitled A Proposed Athlete Development Center A Study on Universal Designed
Rehabilitation Center for Athletes with Physical Injuries.
In connection with the said academic endeavor, we would like to request

assistance of your good office for an email interview regarding our study. Attached to
this request letter is a questionnaire pertaining to the study we conducted. The
information gathered shall be used for academic purposes only. Your support is a
fundamental aspect in our study and your assistance is truly appreciated.
Thank you and God Bless!
Noted,
Arch. Michael Palarpalar
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Thesis Instructor
Questionnaire for Edmund C. Oliveros PT, DPT
What are the necessary spaces for a physical rehabilitation center?
What are the procedures in treating a patient, regarding on what type of injury the
patient has?
What spaces or facilities should be adjacent in a physical rehabilitation center?
What location do you prefer for establishing a new rehabilitation center?
What suggestions or ideas do you have for improving such center?
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October 8, 2016
Analyn G. Bautista, PTRP, CMTP, FP-IASTM

Physical Therapist
Davao City
Dear Sir,

Noted,
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Thesis Instructor
Questionnaire for Analyn G. Bautista, PTRP, CMTP, FP-IASTM
What are the necessary spaces for a physical rehabilitation center?
What are the procedures in treating a patient, regarding on what type of injury the
patient has?
What spaces or facilities should be adjacent in a physical rehabilitation center?
What location do you prefer for establishing a new rehabilitation center?
What suggestions or ideas do you have for improving such center?
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October 8, 2016
Arch. Frederick Peter C. Altavas

Landscape Architect
Davao City
Dear Sir,

Noted,
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Thesis Instructor
Questionnaire for Arch. Frederick Peter C. Altavas
What are to your advices and concepts on designing landscapes?
What are the plants used as landscapes?
How do you design landscapes to provide a healing environment?
In your opinion, what is the best approach in designing a healing environment?
Where do you preferably locate a healing environment in a physical rehabilitation

center?
In what ways can you apply Universal Design on healing environments?
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October 8, 2016
Arch. Loida de Guzman

Architect
Davao City
Dear Sir,

Noted,
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Thesis Instructor
Questionnaire for Arch. Loida de Guzman
What are the factors to be considered in designing a physical rehabilitation center?
How do you apply Universal Design in designing a physical rehabilitation center?
What is the location you prefer in establishing a rehabilitation center?
Are there innovations or ideas you have which concerns designing a rehabilitation
center? If yes, what are those?
How will you integrate sports facilities to the physical rehabilitation center?
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A PROPOSED DAVAO ATHLETE DEVELOPMENT CENTER

A Study on Universal Designed Development Center for Athletes with Physical

An Athlete Development Centre is a sports complex for people who are

Universal design is design where an environment can be accessed,

According to the Philippine Information Agency (PIA), Davao athletes will

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Developing an athlete development center is Davao City is important because

This athlete development center is a universally designed center with

On this study, the following questions will be answered:

1.3 Framework of the Study

Independent Intervening Variable Dependent Variable

Facilities/Spaces needed for the A universal designed

There are many intervening factors that should be considered to formulate a

1.4 Goals and Objectives

The study aims to accomplish the following objectives:

1.4.1 To know the facilities/spaces in the athlete development center

1.4.2 To know the sports that will be accommodated in the athlete

1.4.5 To know and distinguish different physical conditions of athletes and

An athlete development center will be most efficient when universal design is

1.7 Scope and Limitations

As for the architectural translations, electrical, plumbing, structural, and

1.7.1 Definition of Terms

1.71.1 Accessibility A term that is used to represents an area

1.7.1.2 Architecture Profession of planning, designing, and

1.7.1.3 Athletes a person who is trained in or good at sports

1.7.1.4 Barrier spatial constraint that avoids the user to engage

1.7.1.5 Development enhancement in physical and mental

1.7.1.6 Profession specialized sport of a certain or particular

1.7.1.7 Sustainable Design type of design that concerns about

1.7.1.8 Physical Injury An injury that limits a person enjoyment

1.7.1.9 Universal Design a versatile design that can

1.7.1.10 Temporary Injury Injuries that can still be rehabilitated.

1.8 Significance of the Study

Cardio Exercises for athletes is a requirement for it improves their aerobic

2.2.1 Sports Injuries

injuries which develop through time. Most common types of chronic

2.2.2 Common Sports Injuries

According to (sources) the following injuries are most common

A sprain occurs when the ligaments are stretched or torn. These

Strains are noncontact injuries and these different types of

Performing contact sports have a higher risk for athletes to have

The knee is the most commonly injured part of the body

Pattellofemoral pain syndrome involves pain in front of the knee

Another cause of pain in front of the knee can be the patellar

-Ligament and Cartilage Injuries

The sprain in the MCL, also known as the medial collateral

A twisting or pivoting motion of the ligament is preferably known

-Growth Plate Injuries, Fractures, and Dislocations

Therefore, a knee injury that impedes a childs ability to bear

often require surgery. (Physical therapy essential to sports injury

Dislocations of the kneecap occasionally occur in children and

2.2.3 Treating Sports Injuries

Rehabilitation is designed to return the injured body part back to

completely recovered from his or her injury. The length of recovery

Treatment for Sprains and Strains

PRICE stands for: (Sprains and strains - Treatment - NHS Choices,

Protection the patient should protect the affected area from

bandage available from a pharmacy. It should be wrapped snugly

Heat such as hot baths, saunas or heat packs

Moving sprained joints

Most healthcare professionals recommend their patients to

If the patient has a severe ankle sprain, he or she may be

recommended to use a cast for a week or so. (Sprains and strains -

Immobilising strained muscles