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2 Organic Spectroscopic Analysis
From Figure 1.2 we can see that nuclear niagnetic resonance transitions
(NMR), which correspond to wavelengths in the radiowave region of the
spectrum, are those with the smallest gap between the energy levels, and
electronic transitions in the ultra\ iolet-\ isible (UV-Vis) region have the
General Principles 3
X-rays have such high energy that they are capable of ionizing atoms
and molecules, but they are also important in terms of structure
determination using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. This technique is
the ultimate in structure determination since it provides a “map” of the
molecule in the crystal, e.g. Figure 1.4, but it is highly specialized, is
limited to crystals and is not routinely available for all organic chemists,
so it will not be discussed any further here.
0-
I
N+
Finally, one technique that does not rely upon electromagnetic radiation,
mass spectrometry, will be discussed in detail in Chapter 5.
NH*
1.2
6 Organic Spectroscopic Analysis