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2 Diagram 19 shows water exudes from the special pore at the edge of leaves.
What is the name of the process?
A Translocation B Transpiration
C Guttation D Root pressure
S1 The adult human heart has a mass of between 250 and 350 grams and is about the size of a fist. It is
located anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum. The septum of the heart is the
dividing wall between the right and left sides of the heart. The sinoatrial node is the impulse - generating
tissue (pacemaker) located in the right atrium of the heart, and thus the generator of normal sinus rhythm.
Diagram 1.1 shows a cross section of human heart
(d) Suggest the steps that you should do to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. [3 marks]
S2 Diagram 2.3 shows a type of white blood cell which is important in the body defense mechanism.
(b) State the types of body defence shown in Diagram 2.3. [1 mark]
The information below is stated in a pamphlet about HIV during World AIDS Day.
T cell is a cell that helps lymphocytes in the immune response by recognizing foreign antigens.
If the T cell is infected by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), it may cause Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
S3 Diagram 4 shows the apparatus used in an experiment to determine the rate of transpiration in a plant.
(d) If a table fan is placed 2 metres away from the apparatus and is switched on, predict how the rate of
transpiration changes. Explain your answer. [3 marks]
E1 Diagram 5.1 shows two surface views of stomata in the lower epidermis of a leaf.
(a) State an environmental condition which would have caused the change in the size of the stoma as
shown in the diagram. What is the significance of this change to the plant? [6 marks]
(b) Stoma open when guard cells absorb water. Explain how changes in of guard cells bring about
stomatal opening. [4 marks]
(c) Diagram 7.2 outlines the mechanism in the regulation of blood pressure.
Based on the diagram, explain how blood pressure is regulated. [10 marks]
Based on these statements, explain why the lymphatic system is considered complementary to the
blood circulatory system. [10 marks]
(b) Multicellular animals need a specific transport system to survive. The main factor is large organisms
have a small total surface area to the volume ratio (TSA/V).
With reference to respiration, nutrition and excretion, describe how the structures involved are
adapted to carry out their functions efficiently in multicellular organisms. [10 marks]
(a) In your opinion, justify why the procedure has to be carried out. [5 marks]
(b) Suggest what can be done as preventive measures to avoid blockage of the coronary artery
[15 marks]
BioF5C1-Answers
1 (a) P1: Septum prevents oxygenated blood in left side of heart from mixing with deoxygenated blood in
right side of heart.
P2 : To ensure that enough amount of oxygen is supplied to body cells.
5 (a) One of the functions of blood circulatory system is to transport products of digestion.
In small intestine, products of carbohydrate & protein digestion are absorbed into blood capillaries
of the intestinal villi.
Fatty acids & glycerol from lipid digestion are first transported into the lacteals in villi.
Lacteals fuse to form larger lymphatic vessels and enter lymphatic system.
Lymphatic fluid carrying the products of lipid digestion eventually drains into the thoracic duct.
Thoracic duct merges into left subclavian vein which is part of blood circulatory system.
Lymphatic system complements the circulatory system in transporting the products of digestion.
Tissue fluid formed at capillary networks must be returned to circulatory system.
only ~90% of this fluid re-enters blood vessels.
10% flows into blind-ended lymph capillaries which are found in capillary networks.
These lymph capillaries drain into larger lymph vessels which eventually drain back into blood
system via thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.
Lymphatic system complements the circulatory system in ensuring that the volume of blood in
blood vessels is kept constant.
(b) Large respiratory surface area is ensured by highly-specialised organs such as gills and lungs.
These organs are located in a particular part of the animals body -the respiratory gases must be
transported to body tissues and back.
Respiratory surface is covered by network of blood capillaries.
Exchange of gases is made easier by thin walls of respiratory surface and capillaries.
Blood has respiratory pigment which has strong affinity for oxygen.
Blood carries oxygen to all parts of body and transports carbon dioxide back to lungs/gills
Products of digestion in alimentary canal are carried to other parts of the body by blood.
Intestinal villi have capillary networks - these capillaries fuse to form larger vessels and finally
form the hepatic portal vein.
Close relationship between digestive and circulatory systems ensures that body cells obtain
adequate nutrients for metabolic processes.
Excretion
Waste products of metabolism are transported by blood from body tissues to excretory organs
such as kidneys, lungs and skin.
In kidneys, each nephron is closely associated with capillary networks.