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Fabrication of Gas Sensors based on Carbon Nanotube for CH4 and CO2 Detection
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B. Gas Sensing Set up
Two types of gas (CH4 and CO2) were employed for gas
sensing application. Electrical contacts were made to the
sensors by connecting two copper wires using silver paste.
Fig. 2 Shows that the silver paste contact were made directly
to the top of the nanotubes grown over quartz. Also, the
wires from the CNTs film were connected to the digital
Multimeter( ESCORT, 3145A) used to obtain and
monitoring the values of resistance every second on the
computer.
The sensors were placed in a sealed plexiglas chamber of
0.027 m3 volume with electrical feedthrough. Argon gas was
used continuously as the carrier gas throughout the work.
After purging of chamber with pure argon when the
resistance of CNTs gave constant results, the tested gas, CH4
or CO2, was injected into the chamber with concentration of
369 ppm.
The resistance of CNTs was recorded before and after
injection at every one second. The experiments have been
repeated three times with four times injection for each gas to
get the precise results. All the measurements were taken at
room temperature of 25C.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Morphology Observations
CNTs grown on quartz substrate were examined by
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission
Electron Microscope (TEM) to get the general view of the
product formed such as morphology (alignment), topology
(uniformity) and diameter.
Fig. 3a shows the SEM micrograph of synthesized CNTs
on quartz. From SEM image, we can clearly see that the
CNTs are mostly entangled and exhibit high accumulation
with the shape of matchstick.
TEM image (Fig. 3b) indicates the presence of multi-
walled CNTs type at reaction condition. Also, the image
shows that the grown CNTs are long and uniform with
relatively thick diameters of about 25-65 nm. Long reaction
time of 45 minutes can be caused to synthesize large
diameters in CNTs due to the fact that catalyst particles have
sufficient time for more collisions, resulting in the increase
Figure 3. Synthesized CNTs on quartz (a) SEM image (b) TEM image.
of the Fe nanoparticles size and CNTs diameter [12].
B. Sensor Characteristics
In general, these sensors were reliable and exhibited good
performance in terms of response time and sensitivity in the
overall resistance.
Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 show the electrical resistance variations
of p-type semiconductor CNTs [15] upon exposure to CH4
and CO2 filling and pumping environment, respectively.
For both gases, sensors showed a fast response of ca. 30
second. This indicates that the sensors are highly sensitive
towards CO2 and CH4 adsorption at room temperature of
25C. Also, it can be seen that the resistance of CNTs
increases at the first injection of target gas. The same
increment can be observed for the second, third and fourth
Figure 2. Connected copper wires directly to the top of the grown
nanotubes by using silver paste. injection.
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In the case of CO2, the recovery of sensor is not complete.
It can be as a result of high adsorption energy between CO2
molecules and CNTs molecules resulting in the incomplete
CO2 desorption in the short time [16]. Fabricated sensors
have been highly electrical resistance, in the range of 1200
ohm. The increasing of resistance can be described as
follows:
As we know CH4 and CO2 are reducing gases [17].
Exposure to these gases, impressively causes to move the
valence band of CNTs away from the Fermi level thereby,
the positive hole carrier of p-type semiconductor depleted
and the electrical resistance increases [9].
The sensor sensitivity (S) is calculated using (1) [15]:
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