E-Book 1

1001
ACRONIMOS EMPLEADOS
EN INVESTIGACION
&
MARKETING
INTERNACIONAL

 (+34) 945-16.70.00
Fax: (+34) 945.27.79.00

dtexport@append.es
www.append.es

Paraguay 23, Esquina Juan de Garay.

1012.Vitoria. Alava.Spain.
Append- Investigacin de Mercados - es un empresa con sede central en la ciudad de
Vitoria - Espaa, y oficinas en Madrid, Zaragoza y Bilbao, que desde 1995 ha centrando su
actividad en el anlisis de mercados nacionales e internacionales.

Append cuenta con capacidad para coordinar, por ejemplo en Espaa, a ms de 400
entrevistadores y responsables de red y toma de datos al mismo tiempo. Este factor ha
hecho posible alcanzar una cifra total que supera ya los 1000 estudios de mercado
realizados a nivel nacional e internacional.

De hecho, Append cuenta en su estructura con un Departamento Internacional

especializado en la coordinacin y ejecucin de investigacin de mercados exteriores.

Append es adems miembro y promotor de UNION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL - y -

COX & ASSOCIATES. Ambas organizaciones aseguran una completa cobertura
internacional en el campo de la Investigacin de Mercados, tanto en Europa como en
Norteamrica, Latinoamrica, Asia y Norte de Africa.

De igual modo, ESOMAR - Organizacin Mundial de Profesionales de la Investigacin

de Mercados, garantiza el cumplimiento de los ms exigentes estndares de calidad en
nuestra labor de investigacin de mercados. De ello da cuenta un cdigo tico y profesional
ratificado por la Cmara de Comercio Internacional. (ICC - International Chamber of
Commerce).

As Append pone a su servicio un equipo interdisciplinar de profesionales del marketing y la

investigacin de mercados, sobre el que depositan su confianza ms de 200 empresas e
instituciones nacionales e internacionales cada ao.

D. Javier Moreno - Director Internacional

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La internacionalizacin es un proceso crtico que afecta a todas y cada una de las funciones de
la empresa.

De hecho, descifrar las claves y especificidades de cada mercado se ha convertido en una

necesidad inevitable para llegar al exito. Pero para ello, las empresas deben mejorar su propia
capacidad profesional, su nivel formativo, y contar al mismo tiempo con herramientas giles de
control y conocimiento del mercado.

Desde esta perspectiva, Append viene realizando un notable esfuerzo para dotar a los
niveles tcnicos y ejecutivos de instrumentos que faciliten el anlisis y la gestin de la
informacin comercial. As, Append pone a disposicin de todas aquellas empresas e
instituciones interesadas en la en investigacin de mercados, un conjunto de textos sencillos y
completos ( e-books), que facilitan esta gestin diaria.

Cada uno de estos manuales recopila y trata un tipo de informacin que en muchos
casos, aunque est ah, no ha sido debidamente presentada y administrada hasta el
momento. Con este primer nmero se inicia un programa de ttulos giles y novedosos,
diseados para dotar a la empresa de recursos tiles en su proceso de internacionalizacin y
compartir as, una parte de nuestro "saber hacer".

Esperamos que encuentre este documento de utilidad y le invitamos a seguir en contacto con
Append a travs de nuevas ediciones, a las que podr acceder en la zona de descarga de
www.append.es, o solicitndolas en info@append.es.

MADRID VITORIA

Lagasca 120. Of. 4. Paraguay 23, Esquina Juan de Garay.

28006. Madrid. 1012.Vitoria. Alava.

 (+34) 91-562 70 95  (+34) 945-16.70.00

ZARAGOZA BILBAO

Josefa Amar y Borbn, 2. 3A Mendibile, 6 Bis Of.B.

50001. Zaragoza. 48940. Lejona. Bizkaia

 (+34) 976-23.88.82  (+34) 94-480.55.71

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 ACRONYM DEFINITION

A/DS Agent Distributor Service, U.S. Department of Commerce

A/P Additional Premium
A/P Accounts Payable
A/R Accounts Receivable
A/V Ad Valorem
AA Average Audience
AAA American Academy of Advertising
AAFC Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
AANA Australian Association of Natural Advertisers
aar Against all risks
AARD Australian Advertising Rate and Data Service
AAU Attitude, Awareness and Usage
ABAP Advanced Business Application Programming
ABC Activity-Based Costing
ABC Audit Bureau of Circulations
ABC Association for Business Communication
ABM Activity-Based Management
ABP American Business Products
ABS Australian Bureau of Stadistics
ABT Agreement on Basic Telecommunications
ACASI Audio computer-aided self-administered interviewing
ACC Administrative Committee on Co-ordination
ACD Automated Call Distribution
ACL Access Control List
ACM Assotiation for Computing Machinery
ACME American Corporate Marketing Empire
ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries
ACP Association of Canadian Publishers

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ACRONYM DEFINITION

ACT Air Cargo Tariff

ACTPN Advisory Committee for Trade Policy and Negotiations
ACTU Australian Council of Trade Unions
ACV All Commodity Volume
AD Antidumping
ADMA Australian Direct Marketing Association
AD VAL Ad Valorem Tariff Rate
ADB Asian Development Bank
ADI Area of Dominant Influence
ADR European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous
Goods by road
Ad-v Ad Valorem
AECA Arms Export Control Act
AFA Advertising Federation of Australia
AFAMI Associate Fellow of the Australian Marketing Institute
AFCO Australian Federation of Consumer Organisations
AFDB African Development Bank
AFDF African Development Fund
AFMA Associate Fellow of the Marketing Association of Australia and New Zealand
AGI Annual Gross Income
AGOA African Growth and Opportunity Act
AGP Agreement on Government Procurement
AICPA American Institute (of) Certified Public Accountants
AID Automatic Interaction Detector
AID Agency for international Development
AIDA Attention, Interest, Desire and Action
AIDCA Awareness, Interest, Desire, Conviction, Action.
AIMU Australian Institute of Marketing
AIMU American Institute of Marine Underwriters
AIT American Institute in Taiwan

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ACRONYM DEFINITION

AIT Agreement on Internal Trade

ALCA Associated Landscape Contractors of America

AMA American Marketing Association
AMBA Association of Master of Business Administration
AMEC Alliance of Manufacturers and Exporters of Canada
AMS Aggregate Measure of Support
ANA Association of National Advertisers
ANCOVA Analysis of Covariance
ANOVA Analysis of Variance
ANS Advanced Networks and Services
ANSI American National Standards Institute
APCAC Asia-Pacific Council of American Chambers of Commerce
APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
API Application Program Interface
APIC Analysis, Planning, Implementation, Control
APIC Asian Pacific Industry Center
APN Australian Product Number
APTA Automotive Products Trade Act
ar Arrival
AR All risks
ARC Augmentation Research Center
ARF Advertising Research Foundation
ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency
ARR Accounting Rate of Return
ASA American Standard Association
ASC Accredited Standards Committee
ASC Australian Standards Council
ASCC Australian Standard Commodity Classification
ASCII American Standards Code for Information Interchange

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ACRONYM DEFINITION

ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations

ASIC Australian Standard Industrial Classification
ASP Application Service Provider
ATA Admission Temporaire (temporary admission)
ATAC(s) Agricultural Technical Advisory Committee(s)
ATC Average Total Cost
ATC Agreement on Textiles and Clothing
ATCA Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft
ATPA Andean Trade Preference Act
AUBER Association of University Business and Economic Research
AUI ASEAN-United States Initiative
AVE Ad Valorem Equivalent
B2B Business-to-Business
B2C Business-to-Consumer
BAPI Business Application Programming Interface
BAR Buy American Restrictions
BAY Buy Another Yearly
BBA Bachelor of Business Administration
BBB Better Business Bureau
BBR Business Book Review
BBS Bulletin Board Service
BBS Bulletin Board System
BCG Boston Consulting Group
BCSB Business Council for Sustainable Development
BDD Business Development Directives
BDI Brand Development Index
BDV Brussels Definition of Value
BEA Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce
BEP Break Even Point
BFA Business Framework Architecture

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ACRONYM DEFINITION

BFC Business Facilitation Center, U.S. Department of Commerce

BHS Buy-Hold-Sell
BIA Best Information Available
BIB Balanced incomplete block
BIOS Basic Input/Output System
BIRPI United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property
BIS Bank for International Settlements
BIS Business Information System
BISNET Business Information Service for the Newly Independent States, U.S.
Department of Commerce
BIT Bilateral Investment Treaty
BMA Business Marketing Association
BMA Bank Marketing Association
BMFO Building Market Focused Organizations
BNA Block Numbering Area
BNC Binational Commission
BOH Balance on Hand
BOM Bill-of-Material
BOMSIG Business Objects Model Special Interests Group
BOND Business Outreach to New Democracies (program)
BOP Balance of Payments
BOS Batch Operations Supervisor
BOT Balance of Trade
BPR Business Process Reengineering
BQM Business Quality Messaging
BRP Business Resumption Plan
BSC Business Service Center
BSP Business Sponsored
BSP Between-show Promotion
BTN Brussels Tariff Nomenclature

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ACRONYM DEFINITION

BXA Bureau of Export Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce

C2C Consumer to Consumer
C&F Cost and Freight (Incoterm)
C&I Cost and Insurance
CA Certificate Authority
CAB Canadian Association of Broadcasters
CACM Central American Common Market
CADIC Comparative Analysis of Domestic Industry's Condition
CAF Currency Adjustment Factor
CAFC Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate
CAI Cooperative Applications Initiative
CAIP Community Adjustment Investment Program
CAM Customer Asset Management
CAMA Canadian Agri-Marketing Association
CAP Common Agricultural Policy (EU)
CAP Country Action Plan
CAPI Computer Aided Personal Interviewing
CARIBCAN Canadian-Caribbean Basin Initiative
CARICOM Caribbean Common Market
CAS Computer Aided Selling
CASI Computer Aided Self-administered Interviewing
CASRO Council of American Survey Research
CATI Computer Aided Telephone Interviewing
CAWI Computer Assisted web interviewing
CBBB Council of Better Business Bureaus
CBD Central Business District
CBD Cash Before Delivery
CBERA Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act
CBI Caribbean Basin Initiative

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ACRONYM DEFINITION

CBO Common Business Object

CBR Commodity Box Rate
CBR Case-Based Reasoning
CBSA Component-Based Solution Assembly
CCA Canadian Conference of the Arts
CCC Canadian Commercial Corporation
CCC Commodity Credit Corporation
CCC Customs Cooperation Council
CCCN Customs Cooperation Council Nomenclature
CCFTA Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement
CCIC Canadian Council for Internatioal Co-operation
CCL Commerce Control List (formerly Commodity Control List)
CCNAA Coordination Council for North American Affairs (Taiwan)
CCPIT China Council for the Promotion of International Trade
CDC Central Distribution Center
CDI Category Development Index
CDIA Canadian direct investment abroad
CDMA Canadian Drug Manufacturers Association
CEA Chinese Economic Area
CEA Council of Economic Advisers
CEC Commission of the European Communities
CED Committee of Economic develop-ment
CEE Central and east European countries
CEO Chief Executive Officer
CEP Constructed Export Price
CER Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations
CERT Computer Emergency Response Team
CESP Centre d'tude des supports publicitaires
CET Common External Tariff
CEX Consumer Expenditure Survey

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ACRONYM DEFINITION

CFE Comisin Federal de Electricidad (Mexico's state electricity firm)

CFIA Canadian Food Inspection Agency
CFIUS Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States
CFM Certified (in) Financial Management
CFO Chief Financial Officer
CFP Certified Financial Planner
CFP Common Fisheries Policy
CFR Cost and Freight (Incoterm)
CFTA United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement
CG-18 Consultative Group of Eighteen (GATT)
CGA Certified General Accountant
CGI Common Gateway Interface
CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
CIBS Canada's International Business Strategy
CIDA Canadian International Development Agency
CIF Cost, Insurance, and Freight (Incoterm)
CIF Pricing Cost, Insurance, and Freight Pricing
CIFTA Canada-Israel Free Trade Agreement
CIM Chartered Institute of Marketing
CIME Committee on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises
(OECD)
CIMS Commercial Information Management System, U.S. Department of
Commerce
CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid (Incoterm)
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States
CIS Customer Information System
CIS Compuserve Information Service
CIT United States Court of International Trade
CITA Committee for the Implementation of Textile Agreements
CITES (UN) Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species

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ACRONYM DEFINITION

CITIC China International Trust and Investment Corporation

CITT Canadian International Trade Tribunal
CIV Customs Import Value
CIX Commercial Internet Exchange Association
CM Configuration Management
CMA Certified Management Accountant
CMP Country Marketing Plan
CMSA Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area
CNUSA Commercial News USA, U.S. Department of Commerce
CO Central Office
COCOM Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls
COD Cash on Delivery
COD Change of Destination
CODEX Codex Alimentarius Commission
COE Council of Europe
COGS Cost of Goods Sold
COMECON Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
COP Conference of Parties
COP Cost of Production
CoSN Consortium of School Networking
COTS Commercial Off The Shelf
CP Competition Policy
CP Capacity Planning
CP Change of Plan (insurance)
CP Commercial Paper
Cp Consumer Products
CPA Cost Per Action
CPA Critical Path Analysis
CpC Cost per Contact
CPC Canadian Publishers' Council

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ACRONYM DEFINITION

CPC Cost Per Click

CPD (UN) Commission on Population & Development
CPE Centrally Planned Economy
CPG Consumer Packaged Goods
CpI Cost per Interest
CPI Consumer Price Index
CPM Cost Per Thousand
CpO Cost per Order
CPP Cost per Rating Point
CPS Current Population Survey
CPS Cost Per Sale
CPT Cost Per Thousand
CPT Carriage Paid to (Incoterm)
CRAT Charitable Remainder Annuity Trust
CRM Customer Relationship Management
CRT Cathode-ray Tube
CRTC Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
CRUT Charitable Remainder Unitrust
CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
CSD (UN) Commission on Sustainable Development
CSF Critical Success Factor
CSM Component and Supplier Management
CSP Complementary Software Partner
CSP (2) Commerce Service Provider
CSS Cascading style sheets
CSU/DSU Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit
CT Conference Terms
CT Countertrade
CTA Committee on Trade in Agriculture (GATT)
CTE (WTO) Committee on Trade and Environment

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ACRONYM DEFINITION

CTF Certified Trade Fair, U.S. Department of Commerce

CTR Click-Through Rate
CUSFTA Canada-US Free Trade Agreement
CV Constructed Value
CVD Countervailing Duty
CXT Common External Tariff
D&B Dun and Bradstreet (US)
D/O Delivery order
DAC Deferred Acquisition Costs
DAC Development Assistance Committee (OECD)
DAF Delivered at Frontier (Incoterm)
DAGMAR Defining Advertising Goals for Measured Advertising Results
DARPA Defense Advance Research Project Administration
DAV Domestic Added Value
DBA Doing Business As
DBA Database Administration
DBM Disk-by-Mail
DBMS Database Management System
DC Distribution Center
DCP Demand Chain Planning
DCS Distribution Control System
DDP Delivered Duty Paid (Incoterm)
DDU Delivered Duty Unpaid (Incoterm)
DEQ Department of Environmental Quality
DES Delivered Ex Ship (Incoterm)
DES Distribution Execution System
DESA (UN) Department for Economic and Social Affairs
DETR (UK) Department for the Environment, Transport and the Regions
DF Duty Free
DFAIT Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade

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ACRONYM DEFINITION

DFM Demand Flow Management

DFS Distributed Factory System
DFT Demand Flow Technology
DFU Demand Forecasting Unit
DGPS Differential Global Positioning System
DH Direct Hit
DISC Domestic International Sales Corporation
DIYGoods Goods produced for the "Do-It-Yourself"market.
DM Direct Marketing
DMA Designated Marketing Area
DMA Directing Marketing Association
DMU Decision Making Unit
DOC United States Department of Commerce
DPI Disposable Personal Income
DRMS Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service
DRP Distribution Requirements Planning
DS Dispute Settlement
DSB Dispute Settlement Body
DSD (UN) Division on Sustainable Development
DSM Distributed System Manager
DSO Days Sale Outstanding
DSRP Demand Solutions Requirements Planning
DSS Decision Support System
DSU Dispute Settlement Understanding
DTP Distribution Transaction Processing
DTP Desktop Publishing
e2e End to End
EAA Export Administration Act (United States)
EAEC East Asia Economic Caucus
EAI Enterprise for the Americas Initiative

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ACRONYM DEFINITION

EAPC Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council

EAR Export Administration Regulations (United States)
EBI Effective Buying Income
EBP Electronic Bill Presentment
EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
EC European Community
EC European Commission
EC European Common Market
EC Electronic Commerce
ECA (UN) Economic Commission for Africa
ECA Economic Cooperation Administration
ECB European Central Bank
ECCN Export Control Classification Number
ECDC Economic Cooperation Among Developing Countries
ECE Economic Commission for Europe
ECGF Export Credit Guarantee Facility
ECLAC (UN) Economic Commission for Latin America & the Caribbean
E-Comm Electronic Commerce
ECOSOC (UN) Economic & Social Council
ECR Efficient Consumer Response
ECS European Cooperation System
ECSB European System of Central Banks
ECSC European Coal and Steel Community
ECU European Currency Unit
EDC Export Development Corporation
EDI Electronic Data Interchange
EDP Electronic Data Processing
Eds Enumeration Districts
EEA European Economic Area
EEC European Economic Community

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ACRONYM DEFINITION

EEP Export Enhancement Program (United States)

EFITA European Federation of Information Technology in Agriculture
EFT Electronic Fund Transfer
EFTA European Free Trade Association
EFTPOS Electronis Funds Transfer at Point of Sale
EIB European Investment Bank
EITCA United States-Soviet Union Agreement to Facilitate Economic, Industrial,
and Technical Cooperation
EMA Emissions Marketing Association
EMC Export Management Company
EMS European Monetary System
EMS Effective Management Systems
EMU Economic and Monetary Union
EMU European Monetary Unit
ENP Expected Net Profit
EOQ Economic Order Quantity
EP Export Price
EPC Economic Policy Council (United States)
EPC European Patent Convention
EPRI Electric Power Research Institute
EPS Earnings Per Share
EPSOS Data Electronic Point of Sale Data
ER Export Restraint
ERM Exchange Rate Mechanism
ERMS Emission Reduction Market System [air pollution market trading system for
VOCs in Chicago, Illinois]
ERMS E-mail Routing Management System
ERP European Recovery Program
ERP System Enterprise Resource Planning System
ESA European Space Agency

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ACRONYM DEFINITION

ESAF Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility

ESCAP (UN) Economic & Social Commission for Asia & the Pacific
ESCB European System of Central Banks
ESCWA (UN) Economic & Social Commission for Western Asia
ESD Electronic Software Distribution
ESP Exporter's Sales Price
ESP Envelopes and Stubby Pencil
ETC Export Trading Company
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
EU European Union
EV Economic Value
EVA Economic Value Added
EVP Extra Value Proposition
EVSL Early Voluntary Sectoral Liberalization
EX-IM BANK Export-Import Bank of the United States
EXW Ex-works (Incoterm)
FA Facts Available
FABS Features and Benefits Selling
FACTS Federation of Australian Commercial Television Stations
FAMI Fellow of Australian Marketing Institute
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FARB Federation of Australian Radio Broadcasters
FAQ Frequently Asked Questions
FARA Foreign Agents Registration Act
FAS Foreign Agricultural Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
FAS Free Alongside Ship (Incoterm)
FAS Pricing Free alongside Ship Pricing
FCA Free Carrier (Incoterm)
FCC Federal Communications Commission
FCIA Foreign Credit Insurance Association (United States)

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ACRONYM DEFINITION

FCN Freedom, Commerce, and Navigation Treaty

FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office (United Kingdom)
FCPA Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (United States)
FCPMC Food and Consumers Products Manufacturers of Canada
FCS Foreign Commercial Service, U.S. Department of Commerce
FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
FDIUS Foreign Direct Investment in the United States
FEMA Foreign Extraterritorial Measures Act
FERC U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
FFA Free-For-All Link List
FHWA U.S. Federal Highway Administration
FICA Federal Insurance Corporation of America
FIPA Foreign Investment Protection and Promotion Agreement
FIS Free in Store
FISC Foreign International Sales Corporation
FISC Pricing Free in Store Pricing
FMC Federal Maritime Commission (United States)
FMCG Fast Moving Consumer Goods
FMR Field Marketing Representative (Sun)
FMS Foreign Military Sales
FMSCR Foreign Military Sales Credit
FMV Foreign Market Value
FMV Fair Market Value
FOB Free on Board (Incoterm)
FOB Pricing Free on Board Pricing
FOC Front of Counter
FOGS Functioning of the GATT System
FOMC Federal Open Market Committee
FOREX Foreign Exchange

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ACRONYM DEFINITION

FPC Finite Population Correction Factor

FR Federal Register (United States)
FSA Flexible Spending Account
FSA Funding Standard Account
FSC Foreign Sales Corporation
FSI Free Standing Insert
FSL Food Sanitation Law
FSN Full Service Network [telecommunications market]
FTA Free Trade Area
FTA (Canada-US) Free Trade Agreement
FTA U.S. Federal Transit Administration
FTAA Free Trade Area of the Americas
FTC Federal Trade Commission (United States)
FTZ Foreign Trade Zone
FTZ-BOARD Federal Trade Zone Board
FTZ-SZ FTZ-Subzone
FV Fair Value
FX Foreign Exchange Service
G-5 Group of Five (the United States, Japan, Germany, France, and the United
Kingdom)
G-7 Group of Seven (the United States, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, the
United Kingdom, and Canada)
G7/8 Group of Seven leading industrialized nations (including or not the Russian
Federation)
G-77 Group of Seventy-seven [all countries within UNCTAD Groups "A" (African
and Asian countries, with the exception of Israel and South Africa) and "C"
(Latin America) now comprising more than 120 developing countries]
G-8 Group of Eight (the United States, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, the United
Kingdom, Canada, and Russia)
GA (UN) General Assembly

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ACRONYM DEFINITION

GAAP Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

GAB General Agreement to Borrow
GAO U.S. General Accounting Office
GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GATT 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947
GATT 1994 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994
GC Governing Council
GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GEC Global Electronic Commerce
GEF Global Environmental Facility
GETOM Global Enterprise Transportation Optimization and Management
GFPP Global Forestry Policy Project
GII Global Information Infrastructure
GMSS Global Marketing Support Services [University of Arkansas, Fayetteville]
GNG Group of Negotiations on Goods
GNP Gross National Product
GNP Government Procurement
GNS Group of Negotiations on Services
GPA Global Programme of Action
GPA WTO Agreement on Government Procurement
GPP Gross Provincial/Regional Product
GPS Global Positioning System
GPT General Preferential Tariff
GP-ZONE General Purpose Free Trade Zone
GRP Gross Rating Point
GSP Generalized System of Preferences
GSR Galvanic Skin Response
GSTP Global System of Trade Preferences

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ACRONYM DEFINITION

HACCP (U.S.) Seafood Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point regulations

HB HotBot
HM Home Market
HR Human Resources
HRMS Human Resources Management System
HS Harmonized System
HST Harmonized System of Tariffs
HTS Harmonized Tariff Schedule
HTSUS Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States
IA Import Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce
IACSD Inter Agency Committee on Sustainable Development
IADB (or IDB) Inter-American Development Bank
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IBM Inferior But Marketable
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)
IBU Independent Business Unit
IC Industry Committee of the OECD
ICA International Coffee Agreement
ICA International Cocoa Agreement
ICA International Commodity Agreement
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
ICB International Competitive Bidding
ICC International Chamber of Commerce
ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
ICHRDD International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development
ICITO Interim Commission of the International Trade Organization
ICLEI International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives
ICO International Coffee Organization
ICOE Industry Centers of Expertise
ICPD International Conference on Population & Development

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ACRONYM DEFINITION

ICRM Internet Customer Relationship Management

ICSID International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes
ICSU International Council for Science
ID Identification During
IDA International Development Association
IDB (or IADB) Inter-American Development Bank
IDD international direct dialing (telephone services)
IDM Institute of Direct Marketing
IEC Intergovernmental Economic Commission (Canada-Russia, Canada-
Ukraine)
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEPA International Emergency Economic Powers Act
IESC International Executive Service Corps
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFAP International Federation of Agricultural Producers
IFC International Finance Corporation
IFF Inter-governmental Forum on Forests
IFI International Finance Institution
IGO Intergovernmental organization
IIC Inter-American Investment Corporation
IIED International Institute for Environmental Development
IIPA International Intellectual Property Alliance
IISD International Institute for Sustainable Development
ILO International Labor Organization
ILSA (U.S.) Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996
IMA Institute (of) Management Accountants
IMD Industry Marketing Development
IMF International Monetary Fund
IMO International Maritime Organization
IMRS Integrated Market Response System

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ACRONYM DEFINITION

IMRT Integrated Market Response Template

INCOTERMS International Commercial Terms
INMA International Newspaper Marketing Association
INR Initial Negotiating Right
INRA International Natural Rubber Agreement
INRO International Natural Rubber Organization
INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
IO Insertion Order
IOC International Oceanographic Commission
IOS International Organization for Standardization
IP Intellectual Property
IPAC Industry Policy Advisory Committee (United States)
IPC Integrated Program for Commodities
IPF Intergovernmental Panel on Forests
IPO Initial Public Offering
IPR Intellectual Property Rights
IPT In-Process Testing
ISA International Sugar Agreement
ISAC Industry Sector Advisory Committee (United States)
ISEW Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare
ISMA International Securities Market Association
ISO International Standards Organization
ISO 9000 International Standards Organization Standards for Quality Systems
ISS Internation Symbology Specification
ISTEA (U.S.) Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
IT Information Technology
ITA International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce
ITA International Tin Agreement
ITA Information Technology Agreement
ITAC Information Technology Association of Canada

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ACRONYM DEFINITION

ITAR International Traffic in Arms Regulations

ITC International Trade Commission (United States)
ITC International Trade Centre
ITDP Institute for Transport & Development Policy
ITL International Trade Logistics
ITO International Trade Organization
ITU International Telecommunication Union
IUCN International Council for the Conservation of Nature
IULA International Union of Local Authorities
IWC International Whaling Commission
IWSA International Water Services Association
JCCT United States-Mexico Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade
JCP Japan Corporate Program
JETRO Japan External Trade Organization
JIT Just in time Inventory System
KIPS Key Influence People
KISSPrinciple Keep It Simple and Straightforward
LAFTA Latin America Free Trade Area
LASU Large Aircraft Sector Understanding
LBIC Legal & Business Information Center
LC Letter of Credit
LDC Least Developed Country
LEAD Leadership in Environment and Development Foundation
LMA Legal Marketing Association
LIBOR London Interbank Offered Rate
LIS Logistics Information System
LOMS Logistics and Order Management System
LOT Level of Trade Adjustment
LS LookSmart
LSCD Large-Scale Catalog Distribution

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ACRONYM DEFINITION

LTA Long-Term Agreement on International Trade in Cotton Textiles

LTFV Less Than Fair Value
LTL Less Than Load (Shipment)
M Measurement
MAANZ Marketing Association of Australia and New Zealand
MAC Market Access and Compliance Unit, U.S. Department of Commerce
MAFF (UK) Ministry of Fisheries and Food
MAI Multilateral Agreement on Investment
MAN Money, Authority, Need
MAP Mediterranean Action Plan
MAP Marketing Activity Profile
MAP Marketing Assistance Program
MARC Market Analysis of Revenue and Customers system
MARCOM MARketing COMmunications [the department that creates brochures and
sales sheets]
MBA Masters in Business Administration
MBA Management Business Analyst
MBO Management by Objectives
MCA Media Council of Australia
MDB Multilateral development bank
MDS Multidimensional Scaling
MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreement (project)
MER Management Expense Ratio
MERCOSUR Southern Common Market
MFA Multi-Fiber Arrangement
MFN Most Favored Nation
MIF Multilateral Investment Fund
MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
MIS Marketing Information System
MITI Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Japan)

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MkIS Marketing Information System

MKTG Marketing
MLM Multi-Level Marketing
MMA Medical Marketing Association
MMC Microcomputer Marketing Council
MMC Money Market Certificate
MMT Manganese-based fuel derivative
MNC Multinational Corporation
MOFERT Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade (People's Republic of
China)
MOSS Market-oriented sector-specific negotiation process (United States-Japan)
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
MPS Master Production Schedule
MPT Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications
MRA Marketing Research Association
MRA Mutual Recognition Agreement
MRD Marketing Requirements Document
MRO Maintenance, Repair and Operating Supplies
MRP Manufacturing Requirements Plan
MRP Material Requirements Plan
MRP Systems Manufacturing Resource Planning Systems
MRS Market Research Society
MRSA Market Research Society of Australia
MSA Multilateral Steel Agreement
MSA Metropolitan Statistical Area
MSRP Manufacturer Suggested Retail Price
MT Metric Ton
MTN Multilateral Trade Negotiations
MTO Multilateral Trade Organization
MVA Market Value Adjustment

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NAD National Advertising Division

NADBANK North American Development Bank
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
NAICS North American Industry Classification System
NAM National Account Marketing
NAPM National Association of Purchasing Managers
NATAP North American Trade Automation Prototype
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NAW National Association of Wholesalers
NBO Networked Business Object
NCC Non-Conformity Certificate
NEBS New Exporters to Border States
NF No Funds
NGO Non-governmental organization
NIC Newly Industrialized Countries
NIS Newly Independent States (of the former Soviet Union)
NIST U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology
NL Northert Light
NME Nonmarket Economy
NOC Network Operations Center
NP Nairobi Protocol
NPD New Product Development
NQT New Qualitative Technologies
NSC National Security Council (United States)
NSI Network Solutions
NT National treatment
NTA Non Tariff agreement
NTB Nontariff Barrier
NTDB National Trade Data Bank (United States)
NTE New to Export

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NTE National Trade Estimates Report

NTM New to Market
NTM Non-tariff measure
NTR Non Tariff rate
NUPGE National Union of Public and General Employees
NV Normal Value
NYSE New York Stock Exchange
OAS Organization of American States
OBI Open Business on the Internet
OCR Optical Character Reader
ODA Official Development Assistance
ODMA Open Document Management Association
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OEEC Organization for European Economic Cooperation
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
OFAC Office of Foreign Assets Control, U.S. Department of the Treasury
OLAP On-Line Analytical Processing
OLTP On-Line Transaction Processing
OMA Orderly Marketing Agreement
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
OPIC Overseas Private Investment Corporation (United States)
OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
OSHA U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OTS Opportunities to See
OU Organization Unit
PAN Pay, Authority, Need
PAPI Paper and Pencil Interviewing
PBX Private Branch Exchange
PCG Policy Coordinating Group
pd Paid

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PD Postdata
PDM Physical Distribution Management
PDM Product Differentiated Marketing
PEC President's Export Council (United States)
PEIB Produce Electronic Identification Board
PEMEX Petrleos Mexicanos (Mexico's state oil firm)
PERT Program Evaluation and Review Technique
PFC Priority Foreign Country
PFI Pay For Inclusion
PFP Pay For Performance
PIM Product Information Management
PIMS Production Information Management System
PIMS Profit Impact of Marketing Strategy
PL Public Law
PLC Product Life Cycle
PLOA Place of acceptance
PLOD Place of delivery
PLOR Place of receipt
PMA Produce Marketing Association
PMA Promotion Marketing Association
PMAC Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association of Canada
PMSA Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area
POD Pay on Delivery
POI Period of Investigation
POP Point-of-Purchase
POR Period of Review
POS Point-of-Sale
POSSLQ Persons of Opposite Sex Sharing Living Quarters
POSLSQ Persons of Opposite Sex Living in Same Quarters
PP Production Planning

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PPA Protocol of Provisional Application

PPC Pay Per Click
PPCSE Pay Per Click Search Engine
PPL Pay Per Lead
PPM Process and Production Methods
PPS Pay Per Sale
PR Public Relations
PRC People's Republic of China
PS Post Script
PSA Public Service Announcement
PSE Producers Subsidy Equivalent
PSI Pre-shipment Inspection
PTA Preferential Trade Agreement
PUDD Potential Uncollected Dumping Duty
PV Page View
PWL Priority Watch List
QR Quantitative Restriction
R&D Research and Development
RAD Systems Rapid Application Development Systems
RBP Restrictive Business Practice
RDC Regional Distribution Center
RFQ Request for Quotation
ROAM Return on Assets Managed
ROG Receipt of Goods
ROI Return on Investment
ROLAP Relational On-Line Analytical Processing
RON Run Of Network
ROOs Rules of origin
RO-RO Roll On-Roll Off
ROS Rate of Sales

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ROS Run Of Site

ROSA Rate of Sale Analysis
ROW Rest of World
RPI Retail Price Index
RPM Relase Price Maintenance
RRP Recommended Retail Price
RTE Real-Time Trading Exchange
RTX Real-Time Transaction Exchange
S&D Special and Differential Treatment
SAA Statement of Administrative Action
SAF Structural Adjustment Facility
SAGIT Sectoral Advisory Group on International Trade
SAQ Self Administered Questionnaire
SAUS Standard Advertising Unit System
SB Surveillance Body
SBA Small Business Administration (United States)
SBT Single business tax
SBU Strategic Business Unit
SCC Standards Council of Canada
SCF Sectional Center Facility
SCFAIT Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs & International Trade
SCI Selling Communications Inc.
SCM Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
SCQ Specific Commodity Quotation
SDN Specially Designated National
SDR Special Drawing Rights
SEATO South East Asia Treaty Organization
SECOFI Mexico's Ministry of Trade and Industrial Development
SED Shipper's Export Declaration
SELECT Situation, Explicit, Laying, Evaluating, Creating, Testing

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SEMA Specialty Equipment Market Association

SEO Search Engine Optimization
SEP Search Engine Positioning
SERC State Regulatory Commission
SES Sales Execution System
SG&A Sales General & Administrative
SIC Standard Industrial Classification
SIC Standard Industry Code
SII Structural Impediments Initiative (United States-Japan)
SIMIS Single Internal Market Information Systems
SIMS Single Internal Market Service
SIPS Secure Internet Payment Service (Cybercash)
SITC Standard International Trade Classification
SKU Stock Keeping Unit
SLR Stock Level Report
SLR System Level Requirement
SMEs Small and medium-sized enterprises
SMEI Sales & Marketing Executive International
SMN Sales Marketing Network
SMR Service Marketing Representative
SMSA Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area
SNPA Substantial New Program of Action
SOES Small Order Execution System
SPC Statistical Process Control
SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
SRDS Standard Rate and Data Service
SRM Specified risk material
SRO Standing Room Only
SRS Simple Random Sample
STC Security Trade Control

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STE State Trading Enterprise

STM Simulated Test Market
STR Special Representative for Trade Negotiations
SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats
T-O ""Turns-Over"Technique
TAA Trade Adjustment Assistance (United States)
TABD Transatlantic Business Dialogue
TAM Total Available Market
TARPS Target Audience Rating Points
TATI Touch tone Aided Telephone Interviewing
TBT Technical Barriers to Trade
TC Trading Company
TCC Trade Compliance Center, U.S. Department of Commerce
TCIAB Team Canada Inc. Advisory Board
TCMD Third Country Meat Directive
TD Trade Development (U.S. Department of Commerce)
TDE Touch tone Data Entry
TDP Trade and Development Program
TEA-21 (U.S.) Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century
TEC Tariff Extrieur Commun (Common External Tariff)
TECA Trade and Economic Co-operation Arrangement
TEP Transatlantic Economic Partnership
TEU Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty)
TICA Trade and Investment Co-operation Arrangement
TMB Textiles Monitoring Board
TNC Trade Negotiations Committee
TNC Transnational Corporation
TOPMS Telemarketing Operations Management System [AT&T Network Routing
Product]
TPC Trade Practices Commission

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TPC Trade Policy Committee (United States)

TPM Trigger-Price Mechanism
TPRB Trade Policy Review Body
TPRG Trade Policy Review Group (United States)
TPRM Trade Policy Review Mechanism
TPSC Trade Policy Subcommittee (United States)
TRAMS Trade-Related Antitrust Measures (proposed)
TRIMS Trade-Related Investment Measures
TRIPS Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
TRQ Tariff Rate Quota
TSB Textile Surveillance Body
TSUS Tariff Schedule of the United States
TVA Value-Added Tax (Taxe la Valeur Ajoute)
TVR Television Rating
TWA Trade-Weighted Average
TWEA Trading With the Enemy Act
TWG Technical Working Group
U&A Usage&Attitude Surveys
UAP Unique Adversiting Proposition
UCCEE UNEP Collaboration Centre on Energy and Environment
UCE Unsolicited commercial e-mail
UN United Nations
UNAIDS United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
UNA-UK United Nations Association - UK
UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment & Development
UNCHS United Nations Centre for Human Settlements
UNCITRAL United Nations Commission on International Trade Law
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade & Development
UNCTC United Nations Center on Transnational Corporations
UNDESA United Nations Department on Economic & Social Affairs

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UNDG United Nations Development Group

UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEP United Nations Environment Program
UNDPCSD United Nations Division for Policy Co-ordination for Sustainable
Development
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
UPA Union des producteurs agricoles du Qubec
UPC Universal Product Code
UR Uruguay Round
URAA Uruguay Round Agreements Act
USAID U.S. Agency for International Development
USC United States Code
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
USDOC United States Department of Commerce
USEC United States Mission to European Communities
USF&CS United States Foreign and Commercial Service
USITC United States International Trade Commission
USOECD United States Mission to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development
USP Unique Selling Proposition
USP United States Price
USTR United States Trade Representative
USTTA United States Travel and Tourism Administration, U.S. Department of
Commerce
USUN United States Mission to the United Nations
UV Unique Visitor
VAB Value Added Business
VAD Value (of) Annual Demand
VAD Value-Added Data

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VAD Value-Added Dealer

VALS Values and Lifestyle System
VAR Value-Added Reseller
VAR Value-Added Remarketer
VAT Value-Added Tax
VB Venture Business
VER Voluntary Export Restraint
VL Variable Levy
VMR Vertical Market Reseller
VMS Vertical Marketing System
VR Virtual Reality
VRA Voluntary Restraint Agreement
WAP Wireless Aplication Protocol
WB World Bank
WBCSD World Business Council for Sustainable Development
WCO World Customs Organization
WCT WIPO Copyright Treaty
WEPZA World Export Processing Zones Association
WHO World Health Organization
WIC WIC Premium Television
WICE World Industry Council for the Environment
WIP Work in Process
WIP Work in Progress
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization
WL Watch List
WPPS Working Party on Professional Services (WTO)
WTDR World Traders Data Report
WTO World Trade Organization
WTO World Tourism Organization
WTTC World Travel & Tourism Organisation

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