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Advances in Climate Change Research 7 (2016) 235e240
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China's response to climate change issues after Paris Climate Change

Conference
GAO Yun
Department of Technology and Climate Change, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
Received 8 September 2016; accepted 14 October 2016
Available online 27 October 2016

Abstract

The Paris Climate Change Conference was successfully concluded with the Paris Agreement, which is a milestone for the world in
collectively combating climate change. By participating in IPCC assessments and conducting national climate change assessments, China has
been increasing its understanding of the issue. For the first time, China's top leader attended the Conference of the Parties, which indicates the
acknowledgement of the rationality and necessity of climate change response by China at different levels. Moreover, this participation reflects
China's commitment to including climate change in its ecology improvement program and pursuing a low-carbon society and economy. In order
to ensure the success of the Paris Conference, China has contributed significantly. China's constructive participation in global governance shows
that China is a responsible power. These principles such as the creation of a future of winewin cooperation with each country contributing to the
best of its ability; a future of the rule of law, fairness, and justice; and a future of inclusiveness, mutual learning, and common development will
serve as China's guidelines in its efforts to facilitate the implementation of the Paris Agreement and participate in the design of international
systems.

Keywords: Paris Climate Change Conference; Paris agreement; Rationality of climate change; Low-carbon development; International systems

1. Introduction largest number of countries to sign an international treaty on

The Paris Agreement that was adopted on 13 December,
2015, at the Paris Climate Change Conference after 14 days of
hard negotiations created a global mechanism for addressing
climate change by 2020 and beyond, thus marking the next
stage in international cooperation in climate change response.
On 22 April, 2016, the high-level signing ceremony of the
agreement was held at the United Nations Headquarters in
New York. On this occasion, the leaders of 175 countries, the
E-mail address: gaoyun@cma.gov.cn.
Peer review under responsibility of National Climate Center (China
Meteorological Administration).
Production and Hosting by Elsevier on behalf of KeAi
the first day it was open for signature, signed the agreement.
This reflects the consensus of the international community on
the science and necessity of climate change response and on
low-carbon, climate-resilient, and sustainable development.
According to the agreement, the international community will
cooperate in limiting the increase in global average tempera-
ture to well below 2  C, which is above pre-industrial levels,
and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5  C
above pre-industrial levels; increasing the ability to adapt to
the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate
resilience and low greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions devel-
opment in a manner that does not threaten food production;
and ensuring consistent finance flows with a pathway toward
low GHG emissions and climate-resilient development
(UNFCCC, 2015).
In his speech titled Work Together to Build a WineWin,
Equitable and Balanced Governance Mechanism on Climate

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236 GAO Y. / Advances in Climate Change Research 7 (2016) 235e240
Change at the opening ceremony of the Paris Climate Change
Conference, the Chinese President Xi Jinping reaffirmed that
in its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC),
China pledges to peak CO2 emissions by 2030 and strive to
achieve it as soon as possible, reduce the emission of CO2 per
unit of GDP by 60%e65% from the 2005 level by 2030, in-
crease the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy con-
sumption to approximately 20%, and increase forest stock by
approximately 4.5 billion m3 against the 2005 level. This was
the first time a China's top leader attended the Conference of
the Parties, which is of landmark significance.
2. Full recognition by China of the science and urgency of
climate change
The science of climate change is the basis for addressing
climate change. The Paris Agreement highlights recognizing
the need for an effective and progressive response to the urgent
threat of climate change on the basis of the best available
scientific knowledge (UNFCCC, 2015). The five published
assessment reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) clearly state that climate change induced by
anthropogenic GHG emissions has posed and will continue to
pose a threat to human society and natural ecosystem, and
effective adaptation and mitigation measures are needed.
Because the climate system is extremely complicated and
inherently chaotic, scientific uncertainty inevitably exists in
observation, impact assessment, and projection of climate
change (Yao et al., 2011; Sun et al., 2012; Fu, 2007). In order
to address climate change, renovation is needed in key sectors
such as energy, industry, transport, construction, and agricul-
ture, which translates into huge social and economic costs that
put great pressure on China in the context of its current energy
mix and development stage. In addition, some arguments deny
the impact of human activities on climate change (Singer and
Avery, 2007) and even consider it be a product of political
intrigues. The acknowledgement of the science behind climate
change and the necessity of climate change response has
gradually deepened. China's high-level participation in the
Paris Conference has shown that the Chinese government has
widely recognized that the lack of full scientific certainty
should not be used as a reason for postponing action.
2.1. Positive significance of IPCC scientific assessment
activities
Since the inception of the IPCC, China has participated in
its assessment preparation. Over 100 Chinese scientists, rec-
ommended by the Chinese government, have become the lead
authors of IPCC assessment reports (9, 11, 19, 28, and 43
Chinese authors were involved in the preparation of 1st to 5th
assessment reports, respectively). Particularly, Dr. Ding Yihui
was the TAR WGI co-chair, and Dr. Qin Dahe was AR4 and
AR5 WGI co-chair. The participation of these scientists in
international scientific assessment of climate change has
significantly heightened the attention of Chinese scientific
community on cutting-edge scientific issues related to climate
change and its research. Since 2007, China has implemented
China's Science and Technology Actions on Climate Change,
the 12th Five-Year Special Plan for Major National Global
Change Research Programs, and National Scientific and
Technological Actions on Climate Change During the 12th
Five-Year Plan period, while the Chinese Academy of Sci-
ences has launched a special project Research in Key Issues of
International Negotiation with Regard to Coping with Climate
Change (Ding et al., 2009), thus encouraging scientists to
conduct research and discuss about climate change in terms of
uncertainty and selection of response measures from different
perspectives to enhance the understanding of and response to
climate change.
The Chinese government widely mobilized scientists to
engage in governmental and expert reviews of IPCC reports.
In the IPCC AR5 cycle alone, it organized over 2400 people
from 18 ministries and departments to review the contributions
of the three Working Groups to AR5 reports, synthesis report,
special reports, and methodological guidance documents.
Approximately 80% of over 900 comments proposed by the
Chinese government were adopted by the IPCC. The review
activities enabled more Chinese scientists to view the climate
change issue in a more scientific manner.
The engagement of the Chinese government in the IPCC
assessment process promoted the spread of IPCC assessment
conclusions in China. As each contribution to AR5 was pub-
lished, the interpretation and analysis of its conclusions were
immediately presented to the members of China National
Leading Group on Climate Change chaired by the Premier.
Under the guidance of the government, the Chinese authors of
IPCC reports participated in up to 100 outreach events for
decision makers, institutes, and universities, which signifi-
cantly promoted the understanding of climate change and its
response at all levels of Chinese society.
2.2. Promotion of China's national assessment report on
climate change
In 2002, the Chinese government initiated the preparation
of the National Assessment Report on Climate Change, the
outputs of which were released in 2006, 2011, and 2015. The
preparation strictly followed the IPCC review procedures with
top Chinese scientists on climate change systematically
assessing the centennial factual climate change, its impacts
and trends, social/economic conditions, and selection of ac-
tions in China in the context of global climate change based on
published and peer-reviewed findings.
The First National Assessment (in 2002e2006)
(ECNARCC, 2007), in which 88 authors participated, focused
on the history and future trend of climate change, its impact
and adaptation, and its socioeconomic valuation. The Second
National Assessment (in 2008e2011) (ECSNARCC, 2011),
involving 158 authors, focused on an analysis of global
climate change assessment methods, police measures and ac-
tions of China in response to climate change, and their
effectiveness. A total of 536 lead authors, authors, and
contributing authors were engaged in the Third National
 GAO Y. / Advances in Climate Change Research 7 (2016) 235e240
Assessment (in 2012e2015) (ECTNARCC, 2016) that
comprehensively assessed factual climate change, its impact,
adaptation and mitigation, and policy actions, while producing
a special report focusing on two hot points the impact of
climate change on major projects and CO2 utilization tech-
nology. To enhance the applicability and influence of the
report, typical cases in terms of climate change response were
collected, and concurrently, a popular edition of the report was
published.
According to the latest assessment, in China (ECTNARCC,
2016), the centennial (1909e2011) average warming over the
terrestrial regions is 0.9e1.5  C; the rate of coastal sea level rise
was 2.9 mm per year from 1980 to 2012, which was higher than
the global average; since the 1970s, the extent of glaciers and
permafrost has shrunk by 10.1% and 18.6%, respectively; by the
end of the 21st century, ground surface temperature is likely to
increase by 1.3e5.0  C, and rainstorms, severe storm surges, and
large scale droughts will increase in frequency and intensity. The
impacts of climate change on China are both advantageous and
disadvantageous, with the latter outweighing the former. China
can realize its upper-limit target of cutting CO2 emissions by
40%e45% by 2020. Although contradictory conclusions have
been drawn in emission peak studies, most studies show that
China is likely to peak CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combus-
tion by around 2030 (He, 2013; Du et al., 2015).
The conclusions presented in the China's National Assess-
ment Report has filled a big gap in regional information in
IPCC assessment reports and provided a solid scientific basis
for its domestic policymaking in response to climate change
and its participation in international negotiation. The promo-
tion of Paris Agreement and the launch of IPCC AR6 will
enable China to conduct climate change studies and research
deeply. Meanwhile, China will prepare its Fourth National
Assessment on Climate Change in 2016 in support of inter-
national and national actions to address climate change.
3. Integration of climate change response into China
ecological initiative in a more effective way
According to IPCC AR5, to meet the 2  C global warming
target, annual global GHG emissions must be limited to 2010
levels or 50 Gt CO2-eq per year by 2030; global GHG emis-
sions must be reduced by 40%e70% by 2050 relative to 2010
levels; and net zero emissions must be realized by 2100
(IPCC, 2014). Currently, China is the world's largest GHG
emitter, and its per capita emission is higher than 4.4 t. Calls
for reaching global GHG peaks as soon as possible and the
possible risks of climate change have become the external
constraints that China must consider for its long-term devel-
opment. Therefore, a low-carbon and coordinated develop-
ment model is the inevitable choice for China.
3.1. Responding to global needs of long-term emission
reduction and low-carbon development
Driven by the need to combat climate change, EU, Japan,
and U.S. are developing low-carbon sectors as the new source
237
of economic growth. They are focusing on the development of
low-carbon industries, research and development of low-
carbon technologies, and establishment of related standards
and financial systems to gain advantage in the new economic,
trade, and technological competition.
Low-carbon development has technological innovation as
its fundamental mode to improve the energy efficiency, up-
grade energy mix, develop new renewable energy, and trans-
form growth and consumption modes (He et al., 2010). The
per capita possession of petroleum and natural gas of China is
only 7% of that of the world, whereas its energy consumption
per unit of GDP was 2.5 times higher than the world average
in 2011 (Xie, 2013). Low-carbon growth is in accordance with
China's energy restructuring plan (Du, 2014a), which aims to
establish new high-efficiency, low-carbon, and green-energy
systems. In 2007, China released its National Climate
Change Programme. Since 2008, it has published China's
Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change (white
paper) annually to report the efficiency of its work in this
regard. Before the Copenhagen Conference in 2009, China
announced its voluntary emission reduction targets, commit-
ting itself to a reduction of per unit GDP GHG emission by
40%e45% by 2020 on the basis of 2005. In 2014, China
released the National Plan on Climate Change (2014e2020).
Before the Paris Climate Change Conference, China
announced its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions
that clarified its commitment to low-carbon development.
China implements its climate change targets through the
Five-Year Socioeconomic Development Plan. During the 12th
Five-Year Plan period, China planned to reduce its CO2
emissions per unit GDP by 17% by 2015 on the basis of 2010.
According to statistics, China reduced its CO2 emission per
unit GDP by 15.8% when compared with 2010, thus achieving
92.3% of carbon reduction target set in 12th Five Year Plan
(NDRC, 2015). After the Paris Climate Change Conference,
China released the 13th Five-Year Plan for national economic
and social development in March 2016, in which specific ac-
tion requirements on effective control of GHG emissions,
active adaptation to climate change, and extensive interna-
tional cooperation were set forth in separate sections. Ac-
cording to the plan, China will effectively control its emissions
in key industries such as power generation, steel, building
materials, and chemical industry by 2020. Priority sectors such
as industry, energy, building, and transport will move toward
becoming low-carbon sectors. The nationally unified carbon
emission trading market will grow further. A sound carbon
emission reporting, verification, certification, and quota man-
agement mechanism will be established. These measures will
accelerate emission reduction in China and link its carbon
market and reporting and verification mechanisms with those
of other countries.
3.2. Promoting synergy between climate change
response and environment treatment
Since the 1980s, China has achieved significant economic
growth, and it is now the second largest economy in the world.
238 GAO Y. / Advances in Climate Change Research 7 (2016) 235e240
However, the extensive growth model of high consumption,
pollution, and emission has wasted resources and destroyed
the environment. At the opening ceremony of the Paris
Climate Change Conference, the Chinese President Xi Jinping
frankly said, In the past few decades, China has seen rapid
economic growth and significant improvement in people's life.
However, this has taken a toll on the environment and re-
sources. Having learned the lesson, China is vigorously
making ecological endeavors to promote green, circular and
low-carbon growth (Xi, 2015).
According to the Report on the State of the Environment in
China (2014), among cities that are implementing the new air
quality monitoring standard, only 10% have reached the
standard of average annual quality. Water quality monitoring
of major rivers and key lakes in the country showed that 6.5%
and 9.2% sections be marked as category five or worse than
category five, respectively (the higher the worse, category five
is the worst). Moreover, 30.3% counties have relatively poor
or poor ecological quality (MEP, 2015). Even during the Paris
Climate Change Conference, Beijing was suffering a severe
haze (27 November to 1 December, 2015). Under China's
current energy mix, GHGs (CO2, CH4, N2O, black carbon,
etc.) and common atmospheric pollutants (PM2.5, NO, SO2,
mercury, acid rain, O3, etc.) are primarily caused by the
burning of mineral fuels; therefore, they are of the same origin
and occur synchronously (Wang and Ning, 2010). Climate
change response measures such as significantly reducing the
dependency on fossil fuels and increasing the portion of clean
and renewable energies have synergy with environment pro-
tection and public health (IPCC, 2014; He and Teng, 2014). In
2013, China issued the Action Plan for Air Pollution Preven-
tion and Control, thus requiring an adjustment in the energy
mix and increase in the supply of clean energy to be strictly
implemented at national, local, and industry levels.
The implementation of the Paris Agreement will further
promote China's actions in addressing climate change and
preventing and controlling air pollution. The agreement will
be further included in China's ecological initiative.
3.3. Strengthening the capability to adapt to climate
change
In accordance with the Paris Agreement, countries must
cooperate with one another to promote sustainable develop-
ment, improve the ability to adapt to climate change, enhance
resilience, and reduce vulnerability. Countries must also
develop national adaptation plans, assess climate change im-
pacts and vulnerability, monitor and evaluate adaptation plans,
and enhance the resilience of society, economy, and ecological
systems.
China is prone to climate change. According to the China
National Climate Change Assessment Report, continuous
global warming can lead to frequent extreme weather and
climate events, glacier retreats, sea level rise, unbalanced
water distribution, and unstable agricultural production, thus
impacting socioeconomic development and public health. For
instance, over nearly 60 years, extreme weather and climate
events have significantly changed in China, with an increase in
the frequency of simultaneous or regional events. During
1960e2013, the country suffered 784 simultaneous rainstorms
that were concurrently recorded in over 10 stations, i.e., an
average of 14.5 times a year. During this period, the number of
simultaneous rainstorm events increased from 13.5 to 17.3 a
year; two additional heat wave events occurred between 1997
and 2008 when compared with 1976e1994 in terms of annual
average frequency. During 1984e2013, weather and climate
disasters caused direct economic losses to the tune of CN
188.8 billion per year, which is equivalent to 2.05% of the
GDP (Qin, 2015). In this century, the average annual number
of days with moderate or higher dryness has increased by
37%, 16%, and 10% in northeast, north, and southwest China,
respectively (Zheng, 2016).
Since 2013, China has released the National Strategy for
Climate Change Adaptation and Urban Action Plan for
Climate Change Adaptation that focus on climate change
adaptation at the national level. According to the strategy and
the action plan, China will strengthen its basic research on
observation, prediction, and impact assessment of climate
change to improve the capability to monitor and warn against
extreme weather and climate events and prevent and reduce
disasters, thus advancing agricultural production, major
infrastructure projects, water management, and city operation.
Moreover, China will improve social awareness on climate
change adaptation and disaster risk prevention.
China will also implement the Paris Agreement by
improving its capability to adapt to climate change. By
increasing its own response capability, it will act as an
example for other developing countries. Building climate
change adaptation capability is a key component of China's
efforts to promote SoutheSouth Cooperation.
4. China's constructive participation in international
governance
The purpose of climate change negotiations is to develop an
equitable, rational, and effective global response and solution.
As the issue that attracts the most attention of the world,
climate change is an important aspect of exploring global
governance model and establishing the community of common
destiny for all. From the passing of the UN Resolution 45/212
by the 45th assembly on 21 December, 1990, which decided to
establish the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a
Framework Convention on Climate Change, to the adoption of
the convention on 9 May, 1992, which came into effect on 21
March, 1994, to the agreement of Kyoto Protocol on 11
December, 1997, which came into effect on 16 February, 2005,
to the adoption of the Paris Agreement on 13 December, 2015,
the international negotiations on climate change have made
considerable progress. The successful Paris Climate Change
Conference has revived the confidence of the international
community on multilateral processes.
Climate change negotiations are full of conflicts; however,
in essence they are conscientious global efforts with grave re-
sponsibility. The only way out for negotiations is winewin
 GAO Y. / Advances in Climate Change Research 7 (2016) 235e240
cooperation (Du, 2014b). China always actively participates in
the establishment of international mechanism for addressing
climate change. Chinese delegates are important contributors to
the principle of common but differentiated responsibility, one
of the basic principles being followed in the establishment of
the mechanism, and the dual-track approach set forth after the
Kyoto Protocol. Since the Durban Platform initiated negotia-
tions on the post-2020 global response to climate change,
China has clearly acknowledged the need to improve the
comprehensive, effective, and sustainable implementation of
the convention in negotiations. China has also upheld that
countries must follow the principles of common but differen-
tiated responsibility, equitability, and capability. Negotiations
must be conducted transparently with wide participation and be
driven by the parties on the basis of consensus. To help the
parties reach consensus on major issues such as observation and
representation and coverage and development of the new
agreement from 2014 to 2015, China has released joint decla-
rations on climate change with India (2015), Brazil (2015), U.S.
(2014, 2015), France (2015), UK (2014), and the EU (2014).
On 30 June, 2015, China submitted its INDC to the Secretariat
of the Convention. Before and during the Paris Conference,
China communicated extensively with various countries and
groups. As the largest developing country, these views and
actions of China played a crucial role in building consensus of
all parties and ensuring success of the Paris Conference.
The Paris Agreement is the first climate agreement that
covers all countries and won unanimous consent. According to
the agreement, developed and developing countries must as-
sume their respective obligations and make their respective
contributions in a unified institutional framework and a
differentiated manner. During the Paris Climate Change
Conference, the head of China proposed the development of a
future global governance model of winewin cooperation with
each country making contribution to the best of its ability; of
the rule of law, fairness, and justice; and of inclusiveness,
mutual learning, and common development. He also proposed
the establishment of a community of common destiny for all.
China's efforts to the success of the Paris Climate Change
Conference are deemed a successful model of its active and
constructive participation in international governance and
multilateral processes. These proposals not only stand for the
basic principles China will follow in promoting the imple-
mentation of the Paris Agreement and establishing the follow-
up system, but also serve as China's guidelines for its active
and constructive participation in the development of global
mechanism in a responsible manner.
5. Conclusion
The Paris Climate Change Conference is a historic event in
the multilateral climate change process. The attendance of
China's top leader reflected China's own needs to incorporate
climate change response into its ecological initiative and
achieve sustainable socioeconomic growth, as well as its role
as a responsible power.
239
By participating in international scientific climate change
assessments, conducting climate change research, and per-
forming three consecutive national assessments on climate
change, China has deepened its understanding of the scientific
facts and the impact of and response to climate change. After
the Paris Climate Change Conference, the consensus on the
science-based climate change will serve as the basis for the
Chinese government to take measures to address climate
change and fulfill international commitments.
China has committed to implementing the Paris Agreement,
thus promoting the integration of climate change into China's
ecological initiative along with a socioeconomic trans-
formation toward low-carbon economy and climate resilience.
China's efforts to the success of the Paris Climate Change
Conference are deemed a successful model of its active and
constructive participation in international governance. The
proposal of winewin cooperation with each country
contributing to the best of its ability; of the rule of law,
fairness, and justice; and of inclusiveness, mutual learning,
and common development will serve as China's guidelines for
implementing the Paris Agreement and its participation in the
design of international systems and establishing a common
destiny for all.
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