Power system:

If is the system, shich can deal with the principes of power Generation, power transmission a
power distribution in order to supply electrical energy to ...... Coustomers on economical
basis.

Coustomers satisfaction:

1) Reliability of supply (high)

2) Quality of supply (high)
3) Cost of energy should be minimum

Mechanical Electrical Mechanical

energy energy load

To deine, (or) pull the machanival loads. 90%. of energy coustomed.

Acording to energy principle, if available enrgy transform into another form of energy, the loss of
transformation is less so that efficiency is high and the energy transformation od economical.

Energy sources

Non conventional Conventional

=> renewable =>non renewable
=>small capacity power Gen =>Bulk capacity
Ex: Solar, wind, geothermal Nuclear, gas and Diesel.
Biomas and UHD

Enduction Gen (or) DC compond Gen => Synchronous Generator

Peak load except => Thermal base
Geothermal (baseload) Nuclearbase
Hirdo base&peak
Gas peak
Dieselbackup(peak)
Water hammer effect
When the load on generator mereased suddenly, the no33le of the penstock with open the,-ve
penstock is developed in the penstock. If the load on generator seduced, the no33le of penstock
closed, so that water can be reject which will result as a the pleasure is developed the penstock.

Hirdo Thermal Nuclear gas

Fixed cost High Low Highest lowest
Fuel cost Zero High Low Highest
Maintenance Lowest High Highest Low
cost
efficiency 85% 30% 35% 40%
 Per unit system
In order to reduce the no if calculation while making any analysis of given, network, so that the
time taking will be reduced, it is preferves p.u values instead of actual values.
P.u value= actual value
Base value
2 1
Xpu=x* Xpu2=Xpu1(1)(2)2
()

Faulr analysis:
Fault analysis is carried out in power leystom, to determine the rating od protective ...........
Symmetrical componente:
Balances load:
There is ony one who unequal so that the time taking will be less ino..... to evaluable the
balances load ......
Unbalances load:
1) Due to enequal distriction of loads
2) Due to the ocuranle of faults.
seventy of unbalancing is more.
Unsimetrical componente an replaces by three symmetrical componente to reduce calculation.
1) +ve sequence component
2) ve sequence component
3) Zero sequence component

VR=VR0+VR1+VR2

VY=VY0+VY1+VY2

VB=VB0+VB1+VB2

K = 1 120=-0,5+j0,866

K2 = 1 240=-0,5-j0,866

K3 = 1 360=1

K+K2+K3=0

K(K+K2+1)=0, K0

K+K2+1=0

K+K2=-1 -(K+K2)=1

Faults
 Open circuit faults short circuit faults

Or or

Series faults short faults

Or (or)

Over vltage faults over curved faults

Short CKT faults

1) h-G unbalanced
2) h-L
3) h-h-G
4) h-h-h(3-) balanced
5) h-h-h-G
severity h-h-h>h-h-G>h-h>h-G
most probobility h-G>h-h>h-h-G>h-h-h>h-h-h-g

h-G h-h h-h-G h-h-h

Ra1=1+2+3 Ra1 =1+2 Ra1 =1+2llX0 Ra1 =
1
Rf=3Ra1 Rf=-3Ra1 Rf=Ra1

Rf=3Ra0

Ra0 =Ra1 =Ra2 =Ra3 Ra0 =0 Va0=Va1=Va2=Va/3 Ra0=0

Va0+Va1+Va2=0 Ra2=0
Ra0+Ra1+Ra2=0

Power sistem stability:

it ia the poroperty of the synchronom machine which can be able to delive the maximum amount
of power to load by maintening synchronisation wich the enternally connented in his

Pm Pe => Pm-Pe=0 (N=Ns)

Pm>Pe acceleration
Pm<Pedeceleration
(NNs)
the stability of ... will be effected because of disturbance on the synchronous machine the to
change of load.
 Grandal ....... (or) small ...... steady state stability

Change of load

.......... stability sudden or large changes ey faults.

Pe= Stn Pemax

=90

Pemax= = SSSL =90

<90stasle

>90unstaste

=90=> limit

=
cos

Synchonisting coefficinet

> 0

<0 unstaste
2
Swing equation = =
2
M=Moment od inertia

M= Mis /rad KE=GH MI

G= MlC rating Mva, H= inertia const

Final area ........

1) if give the section for showing in a properial manner, when the system is having only one
mle
A1<A2=>stasle
A1>A2=>unstasle
A1=A2= critical stasle
Head flow staclie
It is function of porwe system networ when additional load demand at plesend and in
future.
 Power system planning
Load bus or p.a Specified p.a Unspecified Ivi.
Pv bus p.ivi a.
g.bus
Static bus Ivi. p.a

Transmition
It is a ling b/W fixes points (buses) for electrical energy transfer.
Chois of the line.
1) Power buses should be low,
2) Voltage drop sgould be in, r.regn

Voltage rating= hine to hine RMS

Sipe(or) ACS of load current carging capaciry.
Insulation level voltage rating

Swithing voltage lighintg voltage

Insulation level per phase peakvoltage(swithing voltage)

Classification od Trline
1) STL, d 80Km, KV20Kv f 100Hz
2) MTL 80<d160Km, 20Kv<KV100KV
3) htL d>160Km, Kv>100Kv, f>100Hz
Skin effect; it is the tendenly of alternative
current to be concentrate only on surface of the cinductor.
No skin effect in DC
Ferranti effect
At no load of loght load condition, the receving end voltage of .. line is greater than sending end
is called ferranti effect.
Bundled conductors sre used ti improve to capacity, stability , corona , gradient
Communication .......
STL: Surge ..... leading
Net reaction power in the line......
Loading=STL=> UPF
Loading>STL=> loading
Loading>STL=> loading
V2
STL= => ..............
stability in capacity high
Zc-> charge ............

Zc= =independetn of lenght