Abel A flash point determination method. ablation* The controled destruction of a thermosetting polymer, This almost always aceurs under condis tions of high temperature, causing the surface of the polymer to char. The charring process absorbs a great deal of energy, and the nearly pure carbon surface that remains restricts heat flow to the interior of the polymer. abraston* The removal of material by the cutting action of a second (abrading) material or particle. Polymers are soft and subject to abrasion by most other materials including dust. absorber Column to remove high-boiling compounds from a gas. absorption (of Tight)* That fraction of light that fails to emerge from a polymer with the main beam of transmitted light is considered to be absorbed by the polymer. Absorp- tion includes light that has been reflected, refracted and converted internally into heat. Absorption is very slight for thin sections of pure polymer but increases considerably with the ‘inclusion of voids and additives. “ERE of God —— Fore majeure, additive A substance added in small quantities to a product to improve its properties, e.g, antistatic addi- tive. addition* A polymerizing reaction that results in a product incapable of further reaction. Also see condensa- tion. additive® Any material added to a polymer such that it is not directly ionically or covalently bonded to the polymer. When additive levels are below approxi- mately 20% by weight, they modify mechanical behavior without usually imparting their own characteristics.ante agglomeration* aging aging* air Tock alimentation (F) alkylate ambient: amortization angle of repose aniline point anisotropic* anneal ing* > At higher additive concentrations, the resulting material can be considered a composite rather than a modified polymer. A Shel! process from removal of HS and CO). See also DIPA, The coalescing of small particles into a clump. This is particularly a problem in the processing of rough, irregularly shaped ceramic particles. Change of product property in the course of time. Degradation of a plasticizer prior to the end of the useful life of the polymer that contains it. Device to hold control valve (or other controlled equipment) in position at air failure. If not provided, valve goes to open or closed position, Feed. When used in the context of gasoline: High-octane gasoline blending component, obtained by alkyl- ation of butylene or propylene with isobutane. Surrounding, atmosphere. Funds theoretically set aside each year to repay initial cost of intangible capital items, such as license tees, patents and catalysts. -iement of Fixed cost, See depreciation. Natural angle taken by a mass of solid particles resting on a hor¢zontal surface. The lowest temperature at which an oi] is com- pletely miscible with an equal volume of aniline. Paraffinic ofls have high and aromatic oils have low aniline points. Having varying property values with respect to direction. In a polymer this can best be shown by considering the strength down a polymeric chain as opposed to the strength between polymeric chains. The process by which stresses are relieved in a structure through the addition of heat.annular blow-out: preventer annular space annulus. ANST anticlinal trap anticline antiknock compounds antioxidants* APH APL API gravity The added heat causes the material to have more micromobility and allows for rearrangement on a segmental basis to a lower energy structure, which is usually a more ordered array. For a crystal. tmis means a reduction in crystal defects. A large valve, which forms a seal in the annular space between the pipe and well bore or if no pipe is present, on the well bore itself. = The space surrounding a cylindrical object within a cylinder, = The space around a pipe in a well bore, sometimes termed the annulus. See annular space. American National Standards Institute. Subdivision of ASHE. Codes for design, fabrication and testing of e.g. Flanges, on-plot ‘and off-plot piping. A hydrocarbon trap in which petroleum accumulates in the top of an anticline. An arched, inverted-trough configuration of folded and stratified rocks; the opposite of a syncline. Gasoline additives (TEL, TML) to prevent knock (see there). Additives that inhibit a polymer from chemically reacting with oxygen. An oxygen reaction usually results in chain scission and, therefore, possible cross linking. Oxygen reactions can also produce volatile products that contribute to further combustion of the polymer. Antioxidants are particularly useful both at combustion contre! and at elevated temperatures where the oxygen-polymer reaction proceeds at an accelerated rate. (Combustion) Air Preheater. American Petroleum Institute. Arbitrary gravity scale. See Standard Data Book.API separator aquifer AR arc resistance* arch ‘ASME asphalt asphalt blowing asphaltenes assay ASTH ASTH distitlation atactic* > An installation to remove of] from oily water. = Arrock that contains water. = The part uf @ waler-drive reservoir that contains the water. Atmospheric Residue. The breakdown of th insulating properties of a polymer during an electrical dissipation. Usually, the electrical conduction that characterizes arc resistance is a result of a carbonized path across the surface of the polymer. This path shows itself both in the form of char and also through a visible arc of electricity. Top of radiant section of an updraft heater radiant cell. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Heavy petroleum fraction made by vacuum distilla- tion, residue blowing or solvent precipitation (see’also SOA). See blowing. Heavy petroleum fraction insoluble in Tight paraffinic liquids (e.g. pentane or heptane). {Crude o#1) analysis. ‘American Society for Testing Materials. Relation between temperature and fraction dis- tilled with low degree of fractionation (e.g. ASTM D86 or D160). The side groups attached to a polymer chain backbone have no regular pattern. An example is: BU gr Where the horizontal line represents the backbone and the vertical lines represent the side groups.atmospheric residue Bottom product of an atmospheric crude distilla- atowtzing atomizing steam audit autoignitton tenperature average molecular weight* tion tower (cut point approximately 360°C). Method to obtain a spray, e.g. steam atomizing of fuel orl. Steam injected in oi1 burners to make an oil spray. A thorough review, investigaLion or examination by specialized persons, e.g. safety audit. Wintnum temperature required for coubustion. Not to be confused with flash point, because no relation with volatility. The weight average of a polymer derived by adding up the total molecular weights of all of the polymeric molecules and dividing by the total number of molecules. This does not give any ‘indication of the range of molecular weights present in the polymer and thus has limited usefulness by itself.backbone* back pressure bare tube barge barite baronetric Teg barrel pump or conpressar battery limit BB bbl BFPH 8FW 8-6 cost BHP bias The series of atoms chemically bonded in a linear array that characterizes the structure of a polymer. Most polymers are classified by their composition of backbone atoms. Pressure maintained by restriction of fluid leaving system, Plain circular tube (without extensions). Flat decked shallow draft vessel, widely used to transport crude of] and refined products to inland waters. A complete drilling rig may be assembled on a barge. Barium sulfate, BaS0,; a mineral used to increase the weight of drillfhg mud. Its specific gravity is 4.2. See mud. Connection between vacuum condenser and atmospher- ic receiver (height normally greater than 10 m). A special type machine with a barrel-shaped housing. The immediate manufacturing area of a production plant or unit. Butane butylene. Barrel. Barrels of Fluid Per Hour, used in drilling reports. Boiler Feedwater. Equipment cost, excluding commodities (Lummus term). Botton-hole Pressure. Botton-hole Temperature. Instrument term: Signal adjustment.biodegradation* bird's-eye view bit bitumen bitumen blowing black products blank flange blanket bleed bleed valve blind blistering block valve blocked-out operation lowdown Reduction of a polymer to its elemental form by the action of microorganisms. Only organic-based Polymers are subject to biodegradation. The more Closely a polymer resembles its original struc- ture, the more 1T 1s susceptible to this. Three-dimensional presentation. The cutting or boring element used in drilling oi7 and gas wells. Most bits used in rotary drifisng are roller-cone bits. Practically synonymous to asphalt. See blowing. Residual petroleum fractions. See blind. A gas phase in liquid to avoid air entrance. (Small) release of fluid e.g. to maintain desired purity. Valve to enable release of small Flow of Fluid. Circular flat plate bolted to a flange to block off flow. F jun of raised spols un metal surface caused by gas expansion in a subsurface zone. Valve to isolate equipment or unit. Is either open or closed. Processing more than one feed at different dates without feed mixing. = — Removal (continuous and/or discontinuous) of small flows of boiler water from steam druns to control water quality (spui). = Emergency outlet for liquids from process equipment. u — Misnomer for relief system.blowing blowing agent* blown distillate blowout Blow-out Preventer (BOP) board mounted BoD boiler boiling point bomb booster booster station A process to improve asphalt properties by air blowing. See foaming agent. Light oi] fraction produced at asphalt blowing. ‘An uncontrolled flow of gas, of] or other well fluids into the atmosphere. A blowout or gusher, occurs when formation pressure exceeds the pres- sure applied to it by the column of drilling fluid. A kick warns of an impending blowout. Fquipment. installed at the wellhead at surface level on land rigs and on the seafloor of floating offshore rigs to prevent the escape of pressure either in the annular space between the casing and drill pipe or in an open hole. during drilling and completion operations. See annular blow-out. preventer. Bill of Material. See MTO. Bureau of Mines Correlation Index. Measure for content of cyclic compounds in steam cracker feeds. Used to assess cracking severity and yields. In control room. Biological Oxygen Demand. Steam production unit. Sce bubble point. Container for samples under high pressure. Pump or compressor or jet in series with other(s). An installation on a pipeline used to maintain or increase the pressure of a fluid received through a main pipeline to pump it to the next station or terminal.boot BoP BOPD borehole bottleneck bottom hole bottow-hole choke bottom-hole packer bottom-hole plug bottom-hole pressure bottom-hale pump bottoms BPA A tubular device placed vertically inside or outside a larger vessel, through which well fluids are conducted before entering the larger vessel. Also called a flume or conductor pine. Tt helps to Separate gas from wet oi]. Blow-out Preventer. Barrels of O11 Per Day. The well bore; the hole made by drilling or boring. =A part of a process plant prohibitive to attain desired capacity or product quality. = An area of reduced diameter in drill pipe, brought about by excessive longitudinal strain or by a combination of longitudinal strain and the swagging action of a body. Pertaining to the lowest or deepest part of a well. A device with a restricted opening placed in the lower end of the tubing to control the rate of flow. See choke. A device that blocks passage through the annubar space between two Strings of pipe and is installed near tne bottom ot the hole. A bridge plug or cement plug placed near the bottom of the hole to shut off a depleted, water- producing or unproductive zone. The pressure in a well at a point opposite the producing formation. Any of the rod pumps, high-pressure Tiquid pumps or centrifugal pumps located at or near the bottom of the well and used to lift the well fluids. Bottom product. Beginn der Paraffin Ausscheidung. Comparable to cloud point.BPD BPSD branched motecules* brazed aluminum exchanger break-even chart break-even point breather valve breathing bridge wall bright stock brittle-ductile transition* Barrel Per Day. Barrels Per Stream Day. wnen a side group or chain has the same makeup as the main backbone of a polymer then it is said to be branched. The branch can be just one atom or as long as the main chain. Branching is often caused by the presence of multiple reaction sites during polymerization. The presence of branches hinders crystallization and may have great influence on other properties. Parallel plate exchanger. For clean and cold services only. Graph of net profit versus percentage of capacity. Percentage of capacity at which net profit is zero. Device on tank to restrict vapor losses to atmo- sphere due to "breathing". Consecutive storage tank air inlet and air and vapor release to atmosphere, due to ambient air temperature or solar radiation fluctuations. Transition between heater radiant and convection section, Deasphalted residue for lube-oi] manufacturing. The temperature at which a polymer changes from brittle tensile behavior to ductile tensile behavior. This is usually not a specific tenpera- ture but rather a range of temperature on the order of 10°C. On cooling of a polymer, the ductile-brittle transition temperature may not necessarily correspond to the brittle-ductile transition temperature observed on heating of that polymer. There have been many attenpts to corre: ate brittle-ductile transition temperature to glass transition temperature, but no reliable relationship has been found.brittleness* Bs Bsaw BX bubble point buffer cut bunker ¢ burn pit butt weld ow BNG A general term indicating that a polymer absorbs relatively little energy during fracture; it may simply mean that subjectively it breaks easily. British Standard. Bottom Sediment & Water. ASTM centrifuge test for crude oi]. Benzene Toluene xylene. The highest temperature at which a liquid at a given pressure can remain in the liquid phase without evaporation. ‘Small intermediate fraction. Heavy fuel oi1 grade for ships. An earthen pit in which waste of] and other materials are burned. See figure 1. Boiler Water, concentrated BFY. Birmingham Wire Gauge; indicates pipe wall or plate thickness. Barrels of Water Per Day. Barrels of Water Per Hour; used in drilling reports.calming section tray calorific value capital capital budgeting capital estimate captive product carbon-black* Shell-type multiple downcomer fractionation tray. Heat of combustion. Money or other assets that must be committed to place a venture into initial operation. It in- cludes durable goods. materials in inventory and certain intangible items, such as license fees. The prior allocation or forecast of future capital expenditures by a company as constrained by amount of capital available to invest. Usually it in- volves the optimum allocation of capital to achieve maximum economic return. A forecast, before the fact, of how much money will be required to construct a manufacturing facility. Product not sold but instead used by the producer. A reinforcing additive used in carbon-based elastomers. The presence of carbon-black in a noncrystallizing elastomer can increase _ the strength of the elastomer by a factor of ten. Reinforcing ability is a factor of both loading and particle size. Maximum strength is usually obtained when the loading is about 20% by volume. The smaller the particle size, the better the reinforcement to the practical limit of carbon black. The projected optimum particle size is just smaller than the distance between cross-1 inking points within the elastomer. This allows for incorporation of the carbon-black without strain- ing or breaking chains and also allows for close proximity of carbon-black particles. The maximum reinforcement seems to occur when the carbon-black forms an interlacing lattice with the elastomer. The extrenely high strength of this arrangement is only in evidence at stress levels that do not disturb the aggregation of the carbon-black. Once the aggregation is broken, the extra strength associated with it is not’ recoverable. Carbon- black only has efficient reinforcing abilities as long as it is an amorphous material.carbon ring* car-sealed valve carbon black cash flow cash recovery time casing casing string cat polyunit cat cracker cat walk caustic soda If it is heat-treated so that it is transformed into graphite, the carbon becomes more highly bonded internally and Tess able to form bonds with the elastomer, A ring of six carbon atoms with three resonating double bonds. The carbon atoms are usually accom- panied by a hydrogen atom. Valve wtth seal, which breaks when valve is opened or closed. Also used for valves with padlocks. Very fine particles of almost pure amorphous carbon. Movement or flow of money into (negative cash flow) and out of (positive cash flow) a venture during any one year. Depreciation allowance is a positive cash Flow. Normally cash flow = net profit plus depreciation. Time required to recover capital investment. Hence, time after the start of a venture when cumulative cash flow becomes zero. Steel pipe placed in an oil or gas well as drill- ing progresses to prevent the wall of the hole from caving during drilling and to provide a means of extracting petroleum if the well is productive. Casing is manufactured in lengths of about 30 ft, each length or joint being joined to another as casing is run in a well. The entire length of al! the joints of casing is called the casing string. Catalytic polymerization unit. Hisnomer for oligomerization unit for propylene and butylene to yield gasoline. \plarRig \raceiph yijet See also Fee. The ramp at the side of the drilling rig where pipe is laid out to be lifted to the derrick floor. NaoH. Na,CO, = soda ash.cavitation ccR cou ceiling cellular plastic cement casing ceraplast* cetane nunber CFG CFPP CFR CFR motor chain segnent* lo Beginning liquid vaporization in a pump suction, followed by vapor bubbles collapse causing pump damage and noise. = Conradson Carbon Kestaue (see there). = Continuous Catalyst Regeneration. Crude Distillation Unit. Maximum amount. See foam. To fill the annulus between the casing and hole with cement to support the casing and to prevent migration of fluids between permeable zones. ‘A reinforcement ceramic particle coated with an elastomer. This arrangement allows this additive to be bonded to the elastomer, such that it reinforces via Van der Waals bonds which are stronger between elastomers than between elastomer and ceramic. Since the ceramic is encased, it moves with the reinforced elastomer without tearing it. A measure for the ignition quality of diesel oil. Comparable to diesel index. The higher the number, the more easily the fuel is ignited. Cubic Feed of Gas. Used in drilling reports. Cold filter plugging point. Cooperative Fuel Research coun: A motor to determine octane numbers of gasoline and cetane numbers of diesel o{1. The section of polymer backbone that moves togeth- er as a unit. The number of atoms which comprise a chain segment is both a function of the structure of the polymer and the temperature. The motion of chain seaments allows for a polymer rearrangement and stress reduction.channe? check valve chemical bonding* chemical seal cheat Tuminescence* cherry picker choke Christmas tree CIF cist Stationary tube partition compartment in shell and tube exchangers. See TEMA book. Nonreturn valve (terugslagklep). AN matter is attracted to itself by mass attrac- tion. In addition to mass attraction there is also the possibility of an exchange of electrons that further enhances the attraction. Usually this exchange of electrons is called chemical bonding. However, mass attraction alone is still considered a bond of the chemical type if it is between atoms in close proximity and high density, such as metal-metal bonding. Polymers are considered to be chemically bound only if they have an exchange of electrons. All other forms of attraction in polymers are considered to be of the secondary or Van der Waals type of bonding. These definitions are based mainly on the strength of the bond rather than precisely on its nature. Used on instruments. Separates operating fluid from fluid in instrument by a membrane. The emission of light as a result of chemical reaction. It has proven to be a useful attribute in tracing chemical reactions during the process- ing of polymers as well as a means of monitoring structural changes due to testing. Type of crane. An orifice installed in a line to restrict the Flow and control the rate of production. Surface chokes are part of the Christmas tree. The control valves, pressure gauges and chokes assembled at the top of a well to control the flow of 011 and gas after the wel] has been drilled and completed. Cost, Insurance, Freight. Total cost of delivery at destination. Angular relationship to the backbone of 180°.cladding Claus unit clear Cleveland oc close in closed-in pressure cloud point £0 botler coalescer cold box If four carbon atoms are considered to be bonded in a row then the cis position for the fourth carbon, Cy is as shown: c /4 See trans. Metal (e.g. alloy) layer, rolled on inside vessel shell. Catalytic process to yield sulfur from H)S. When used in conjunction with octane number indicating no lead (TEL or TML) addition. A flash point determination method (oc = open cup). = To temporarily shut in a well that is capable of producing of] or gas. = To close the blow-out preventers on a well to control a kick. See formation pressure. The temperature at which an oil, when cooled, begins to present a cloudy appearance due to wax crystallization. Cannot be determined for opaque liquids. See also pour point. Heater burning CO containing FCC regenerator offgas and generating steam. System to increase droplet sizes to facilitate phase separation, mostly in liquid-liquid separa- tion. Chemical Oxygen Demand. Multistream plate exchanger in cryogenic service. Nade of brazed aluminum.cold drawing* commodities comnon spare compatibility complete a well completion fluid CONCAWE condensate condensation* The process of forming a polymer below its melting point whereby it is shaped in dies. This is best accomplished under conditions when the tensile test for the polymer displays necking. The result of drawing will be the alignment of the polymeric chains in the direction of draw. This will in- crease the elastic modulus and tensile strength in the drawing direction but will reduce these properties in the other directions. Auxiliary facilities to main equipment, e.g. cables, foundations, piping, painting, insulation, instruments, paving, etc. Equipment serving as spare for more than one machinery. Capability of products allowing mixing without deleterious effects on blend properties. To finish work on a well and put it on productive status. See well completion. A special drilling mud, used when a well is being completed. [t is selected not only for its ability to control formation pressure, but also for its properties that minimize formation damage. International oil companies study group for Conservation of Clean Air and Water. = Steam condensate, = Gas condensate obtained at natural gas production. A polymerizing reaction that results in a product which itself is further capable of reaction. Usually in condensation reactions a small molecule such as water is split off and the remainder of the molecule reacts with other similar molecules. This term is used to define the chemical reaction process by which a category of polymers is made. The final structure of the polymer determines its properties so the exact nature of the chemical reactions needed to produce it is not of the utmost importance for property prediction.conduction band* conjugated double bond* Conradson carbon residue constant dollars contingency copolymer* core unit oy However, by-products of intermediate reactions can affect the properties of the final product if these remain in the polymer. When this happens, the process of chemical reactions used to make a prauuct Is uF Importance Im preaicting 11s proper- jes. The next energy level beyond the normal or unex- cited energy level occupied by an electron in. an atom. When many atoms arc combined this level broadens into a band of energy. The conduction band is so named because electrons elevated to it are free to conduct, or transmit energy. The alternation of a single and a double bond along the backbone of a polymer. A ring of atoms, such as the carbon ring, may be considered as a unit along a backbone, which, then, also displays a conjugated double bond. The bond is free to resonate so the actual position of the double bond is always changing. This mobility of the bond allows for conduction of energy easily down the backbone. ASTM test involving sample pyrolysis and partial combustion to indicate coking tendency. The present buying power of future sums of cash. An extra allowance added to cost estimates, such as capital estimates, that allows for cost in- creases due to factors unforeseen when the esti- mate was made, (Heater) Coil Outlet Pressure. A polymeric material made up of two or more different types of monomers. They can react to form a polymer in a variety of different ways. The most usual is a random arrangement of monomers along the backbone See graft polymer. Main unit.corroston* cost of capital cost. plus coT coupling agent* covalent bond= crack a valve erazing* creep* cross-linking* The deterioration of a polymer by chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment. Oxygen in the air is the single most corrosive element in a normal environment. The presence of ultraviolet Viyiit accelerates the reaction of oxygen with the polymer. Weighted average interest rate on capital. Inter- est rate for seals is based on estimated stock- holder expectations. All cost reimbursable. (Heater) Coil Outlet Temperature. A chemical used to improve the bond between a polymer and its reinforcing particles. Sitane coupling agents are widely used between organic polymers and ceramic additives. ‘A type of chemical bonding in which the partici- pating atoms al] contribute electrons in a shared manner. To open a valve so that it leaks just a little. Surface cracking occurring under applied stress or environmental attack. This is a time-dependent development that always worsens. If the cracking is extensive enough to be identified without inetruments it is called crazing. When the cracks are so small that they blend together visually then it is called frosting. Crazes are partiall fivled with polymeric material that can sti? carry some load. The gradual deformation of a polymer under a load. The load may be an applied one or simply its own weight. Most polymers above the glass transition temperature are subject to extensive creep unless they are cross linked, crystalline or otherwise reinforced. The chemical bonding, often with the addition of another atom, of one polymeric chain to another.These links are bonds between the chains that do not add to the direct extension of an existing polymer backbone. They do have the effect of changing the Properties in a similar manner to increasing the molecular weight of each polymeric chain. cross-over temper- ature Fluid outlet temperature convection section and radiant section inlet. crystalline* A polymer will become crystalline when it is below its melting point, and it arranges itself into a regular three-dimensional array with a small repeating unit. The rate of crystallization will be dependent on the deviation of the melt from the melting point with the maximum rate usually occurring at a temperature equal to nine-tenths of the melting point on the absolute tenperature scale crystalline melting transition tem- perature* As a crystalline polymer approaches its melting point the crystalline structure becomes so mobile that it can be easily disturbed by an external force. At this temperature, or temperature range, the mechanical strength of material falis off precipitously. Usually, this temperature is about 10°C below the melting point of the crystal. ese Car Sealed Closed. cso Car Sealed Open. cumulative cash flow Sum of the annual cash flows over a period of years. current dollars Sums of cash expressed in future value dollars. cut Fraction. cutout Action to stop or interrupt operation. cutback A diluent for asphalt.cut point Temperatures corresponding with mass or volume percentages on TBP curve. Generally two temperatures are given (upper and lower) . For residues only lower cut point is given (e.g. 535°C plus residue). cutterstock Diluent for heavy fuel of1 to reduce viscosity. cycle off Gas 011 produced by FCC units. cyclization Formation of aromatics from paraffins.damper Dampf Daupre DRO davit DCF interest rate (internal rate of return) co bes DEA dead well deadwood deaerator deasphalting debott necking deconpose* Blade-type valve to control furnace draft. Steam, not vapor! Vapor. Deasphalted oil. Hinge for manhole. Interest rate calculated as if the venture were a Joan to be repaid over the life of the venture. That interest or discount rate, which results in a net present value of zero. Decanted oi]. Slurry of7 with reduced catalyst content. Distributed Control System. Diethanol Amine. A well that has ceased to produce oi] or gas, either temporarily or permanently. In an oil storage tank, the ladders, braces, Piping and other internal fixtures that reduce the oil capacity of a tank. Unit to remove oxygen from boiler feedwater by steam stripping. Removal of an asphaltic phase from petroleum residue by means of solvents. See revamp. The process by which a solid material breaks down directly into atoms or groups of atoms that are disassociated and energetic enough to be gaseous. Most polymers decompose rather than truly melt. The decomposition process begins Jong before the temperature usually assigned to it. It is a matter of rate or kinetics rather than absolutely a discontinuously abrupt change of state.deep-well pump defects, crystal- Tine deflated dollars deflection deflocculation bra degasser deluge systea demin unit denister density* A production pump designed for service in a deep well. A defect 1s any variation in the strict order of a crystalline lattice. Point defects in polymers are usually considered to be chain ends, short branch- es, and kinks. Chain ends and short branches are not usually included within the crystalline Tamellae but eft to dangle in the amorphous region. The kink, which is a unique crystalline defect of polymers, is brought about by a variation in bond orientation of the backbone. Since the kink allows for possible extra backbone atoms within a crystalline site, it can serve as 4 means of transport through the lamellae. Line dis- locations of the edge and screw types are found in polymers as well as other types of crystals. Polymer crystals also display the usually planar defects of grain boundaries common to all crystal- line types. The present buying power of future sums of cash. A change in the angle of a well bore. The dispersion of solids that have stuck together in drilling fluid, usually by means of chemical thinners. Diethylene Glycol. The equipment used to remove unwanted gas from a liquid, especially from drilling fluid. Water sprinkling systen. Water demineralization (generally by means of ion exchange) . Device to increase droplet sizes to facilitate vapor-liquid separation, The mass per unit volume of a material usually expressed in grams per cubic centimeter or kg/m.depreciation desalter dosander detonation dew point dielectric strength* diesel index diffusion rate* DIPA Funds theoretically set aside each year to pay for ultimate replacement of worn or obsolete equip- ment. Element of fixed cost. Diesel o11. Process to extract brine from crude in electric fields. A centrifugal device used to remove fine particles of sand from drilling fluid to prevent abrasion of ‘the pumps. See knock. The lowest temperature at which a vapor at a given pressure can remain in the vapor phase without formation of liquid. The maximum voltage difference that can be sus- tained across a dielectric material before physi- cal breakdown. Physical breakdown can be characterized both by a deterioration of the material and by a catastroph- ic decrease in resistance. The average value for dielectric strength of a polymer is about 20 kV/mm. Thin sections, which have better values than thick sections, have been measured at 100 kV/an. A measure for the ignition quality of diesel oil. API gravity times aniline point (°F) divided by 100, The speed at which atoms, segments of backbone, or molecules move through one another. The diffusion rate is dependent on the vibrational energy of the type involved. it increases with increasing temperature and decreases with increasing pres- sure. Polymers are dependent on segment motion for mobility | within the material, thus, the vibrational energy and the size of the mobile segment affect the diffusion rate. Di-isopropano) amine. See also ADIP.dipole* directional drill- ing dise and donut discount factor discounted cash Tow discounting distillate off oK MDS doctor sweet doctor test An imbalance in the charge neutrality of a struc- ture. A dipole can be an entire molecule, a cluster of atoms within the molecule, or a single atom in the molecule. Dipoles can be inherent in the structure of the molecule and thus a permanent part of the electri- cal character of that molecule. They can also be induced by an external force field and will return ‘to neutrality when the force Field is removed, Intentional deviation of a well bore from the vertical. Although well bores are normally drilled vertically, #t 4s sometimes necessary or advanta- geous to drill at an angle from the vertical. Vapor-liquid contacting devices used for distilla- tion towers. Disc = circular plate. Donut = circular plate with hole in the middie. Factor for converting future cash flows to dis- counted cash flows (present values). The discount factor assuming apnual compounding of interest is equal to (1+ 1)", where { is the interest rate expressed as a fraction and n is the number of years after start of the venture. Future cash tlow multiplied by a factor that is dependent on interest rate and time from the start of the venture. Process of multiplying cash flows by factors that are dependent on interest rate and time from the start of the venture. Any oil obtained by vapor condensation. Dieselkraftstoff (diesel of1). Dimethy! Disulfide. Doctor negative. A test to detect H)S and mercaptans.dog leg seal dome dope dosing pump double block and bleed double conden- sation system double-pipe ex- changer down hole PG draft drain draught drilling flutd dry distillation dry gas Slightly {nclined horizontal pipe between two vertical pipes. See figure 5. A geologic structure resembling and inverted bow); a Snort anticline plunging on all sides. Additive, particularly for lube oils. Flow adjustable and flow calibrated reciprocating pump. Two (2) block valves plus drain (or vent) valve to check if block valves leak. Allows pipe specification break. Separate condensation of reflux and net product. Tubular exchanger consisting of concentric pipe with or without extended surfaces (e.g. fin tubes). Pertaining to the well bore. Dripolene Pyrolysis Gasoline, a treating process for pyrotysis gasoline. Difference between atmospheric pressure and pressure in heaters and stacks. Liquid outlet to drainage system (e.g. sewer). See draft. The circulating fluid, one function of which is to force cuttings out of the well bore and to the surface. See mud. Distillation without steam stripping. Gas at high dew point not containing gasoline vapor.dry hole dry well duct ductility* dummy shel] dump valve duplex pump dye* Any well that does not produce of] or gas in commercial quantities. A dry hole may flow water, $35 or even oi1, but mot enough to justify produc: ‘ion. See dry hole. Circular or rectangular channel for transport of as at low pressure, e.g. air duct, flue-gas duct. The characteristic of a material that absorbs extensive energy prior to fracture. Materials that exhibit this are able to be plastically deformed and are difficult to break. Inside cylindrical section in towers to accommo- date smailer diameter trays. The discharge valve through which oi] and water are discharged from separators, treaters and so on. It js usually a motor valve, but may be a Viquid-level controller as well. A reciprocating pump having two pistons or plung- ers, used extensively as a mud pump on drilling rigs. Particles of small size that are added to a polymer to give it a translucent coloration. Dyes are also used in conjunction with pigments to produce a wider variety uf hues. They are also useful in aiding flow properties for extrusion processing, but they do limit the practical processing temperature.economic life economics eductor FV ejector elastic region elastomer* electret* Time period over which a venture is evaluated. Includes construction and depreciation periods. Summary of production costs, profit, expected capital expenditure required to realize Ue profit and a rating of profit against required capital. Device wherein a liquid is entrained by direct contact with a motive liquid at high velocity. Equilibrium Flash Vaporization. Contrary to ASTM or TBP distillation, vapor and liquid “phases remain in equilibrium during the vaporization. (Mono) Ethylene Glycol. Device for gas compression by means of direct contact with an expanding gas (e.g. steam). Most used in vacuum service. That part of the tensile flow behavior in which the strain is linearly related to the stress, i.e., the material returns to its original dimensions upon the removal of the stress. In polymers, only cross-linked materials have an appreciable elastic region over a wide tenperature range. Polymers that are able to withstand large deforma- tion and return te their original shape when the deforming force is removed. This property appears when the backbone of the polymer can readily undergo torsional motions. The most effective elastomers are cross-linked. An electret is produced by heating an electrically insulating polymer to 50°C above its glass transi- tion temperature and then subjecting it to an electric field of about 2.5 k¥/nm for an hour. The resulting electret is then cooled below its glass transition temperature while the electric field is still in effect. These conditions produce ions in the additives and impurities of the polymer, which will take months or years to recombine, unless the material is heated above the glass’ transition temperature again.electrolumine- scence* aloctrolytic corrosion* electrophoto- graphy* elongatton* embrittlement: Engler enhanced recovery The emission of light by a material as a result of the application of an electric field. Fine, current-carrying wires of 0.02 cm or less are susceptible to corrosion at the positive dunction when in direct contact with a polymer, This is particularly prevalent in direct current circuits but may also occur in alternating current circuits. Polymers that are polar enough to attract water are most likely to cause electrolytic corrosion. Exposure of light-sensitive polymers to a light source to produce a temporary rearrangement of structure. Electrophotography has found use in imaging. The extent to which a material can extend during tension testing. It is generally expressed as the ratio of final lengths to initial length. Polymers display the widest range of elongation, of any material. Usually cross-linked polymers have Vimited “elongation whereas symmetric nonpolar polymers generally elongate extensively. Reduction of the normal metal ductility. Viscosity expressed in degrees. A method or methods applied to depleted reservoirs to make them productive once again. After an oi] well has reached depletion, a certain amount of oil remains in the reservoir, which enhanced recovery is targeted to produce. See secondary recovery. Ethylene Oxide. End OF Run. Refers to such conditions that operation must be terminated due to fouling, catalyst inactivity material limitations, excessive pressure drops, etc.EP End Point. See FBP. EPA Environmental Protection Agency. equalizing tine Connecting ine between equipment to equalize pressures. escalation Increased cost due to inflation, market condition. esp Emergency Shutdown. Eso* Equivalent Spherical Diameter. The diameter of a sphere having the same volume as that of a particle. This is used extensively with respect to additives. It gives a basis of compari- son for irregularly shaped particles. essence (F) Gasol ine. ethyl fluid ‘Antiknock gasoline additives, 0.9. TEL, THL. < ex situ Opposite of in situ. exhaust steam Low-pressure steam. expanded plastic See foam. expansion loop A full loop built into a pipeline to allow for expansion and contraction of the line. expense vutiay ot cash that does not in itself create anything of tangible value and that cannot be recovered at a later date. extender* See filter. extraction* (Refer to plasticizers.) Plasticizers and host polymers are usually soluble in the same solvent, since an effective plasticizer must be soluble in its host. However, since the plasticizer is by its nature smaller and thus has a better penetrating ability than its host, it will also tend to be more soluble in all mutually soluble materials. Thus, when a plasticized polymer is exposed to a mutual sol- vent, the plasticizer is preferentially extracted by the solvent over the host polymer.exudat ion* eye rod (Refer to plasticizers.) The gradual escape of plasticizers through the surface of a polymer. The plasticizer continues to diffuse to the surface co the process iz continu ous and temperature dependent. The presence of the plasticizer on the surface often imparts a greasy feeling to the polymer and encourages the clinging of dirt to it. Exudation increases with decreasing solubility of the plasticizer. Device to detect flame."F* factor fob Fl F2 fail-safe fan fat of7 FBP Fcc FD FDA feather-type check valve feed forward feed prep female connection FF FH FIA LTMD correction factor for not fully counter- current flow. Free on board. Loaded free ot charge aboard the means of trans- port. Research Octane Number (RON). Motor Octane Number (MOH) . At loss of instrument air or power instrument takes safe or least dangerous position. Compressor with very low head. Enriched lean of. Final Boiling Point, e.g. of an ASTM distillation. Fluid Catalytic Cracking. A process to convert higher boiling fractions into gasoline. Forced Draft. Food and Drugs Administration. NonsTanming check valve. Anticipative control mode. Feed preparation unit. A unit producing an appro- priate feedstock for another unit. A coupling threaded on the inside, so that it can be joined to a male connection. Flat Face (flanges). Floating Head. See there. Fluorescent Indicator Analysis. Gives saturates, olefins, aromatics, so (P+N)-0-A. To abtain PONA further analysis af (P4N) is required.fiber* fibril* figure 8 blind fillert fillet weld fin fin fan firebox fireproofing fire wall fixed capital fixed costs fixed tube sheet flame arrester a An aligned polymer which has its principal strength along the aligned direction. Fibers can be on the microscopic level as part of the struc- ture of a polymer or they can be so larae as to be used as tilaments in yarn production. Very long connections between aligned lamellae usually radiating out from a center nucleus in a crystalline structure. A fibril may be up to 15,000 A in Tength and 300 A across. Also, see tie molecule. See spectacle blind. An additive used to increase the volume of the polymer. These are almost always very cheap materials that provide no other positive benefit to the product. See figure 2. Spiral wound tube extension, generally for better heat transfer. Air cooler. Heater radiant cell. Fire-resistant layer on metal structures (e.g. skirts). Safety barrier for fired heater or hazardous area. Monetary value of tangible mechanical facilities that comprise a production plant and supporting facilities required for its operation. Operating expenses that are relatively constant on an annual basis. Thus per unit quantity of prod- uct, they vary inversely with annual production volume. See TEMA Book. Also: Exchanger-type designation. Device to prevent back propagation of a flame.flash flash point flash zone flexibility flexural strength* floating head floating roof flood nipple flow line flow temperature* flowing pressure = Vapor-liquid equilibrium, e.g. flash module (GPS). a (Partial) evaporation, e.g. flashed crude. = Flame, e.g. in flash point. The lowest temperature of a liquid at which its vapor pressure is high enough to forn a flammable mixture with air. Not to be confused with autoignition or self- ignition, Vapor-liquid inlet zone of distillation towers. The ability of a material to be deformed without fracture. Polymers may have very high values of flexibility and this fact is often used to advan- tage in design. The maximum extreme stress that a material can withstand in bending prior to failure. Flexural strength, like flexibility, is often very high in polymers and allows designs otherwise impossible. Movable tube partition compartment in shell and tube exchanger, See TEMA book. Also: Exchanger-type designation. A movable tank roof construction to prevent tank “breathing” and vapor release to atmospnere during tank filling. Extended pipe in vessel. The surface pipe though which of] travels from a well to processing equipment or storage. The transition temperature from rubber to visco- fluid behavior. Most high-molecular weight poly- mers do not display this because they go directly from the rubber stage into degradation. If a polymer does display a viscofluid region, it can often be used to advantage in processing. The pressure registered at the wellhead of a flowing well.flowing well flue gas fluid coupling fluorescence* flush flush of1 Flassiggas flux foam foaming agent* foot valve A well that produces oi7 or gas by its own reser- voir pressure, rather than by use of artificial means (a8 punps) . Combustion gas. Hydraulic device coupled to electric motor to adjust machine speed. The emission of visible light by a polymer upon exposure to a source of energy. Electrons of a polymer are elevated into the conduction band if there is an energy source of the proper wave- Jength. If on removal of that energy source the electrons quickly return to their previous energy level, then they do so by giving aff a photon of energy. If the wavelength of the emitted photon of energy is in the visible range, the polymer is said to exhibit fluorescence. = Liquid displacement (spoelen). = Not extended, equal level. O11 used to displace liquids from equipment. Les. Rate of flow and heat. A two-phase mixture uf pulymer and yas in which the gas is usually the foaming agent. The amount of polymer present can vary from as low as 1% up to 100%. Usually the normal polymer properties will be the properties of the foam after correc- tion has been made for the reduced volume for extensive properties. The gaseous material which causes a polymer to become a foam. See foam. A check valve at the inlet end of the suction pipe of a pump that enables the pump to renain full of liquid when it is not in operation.flowing well flue gas fluid coupling fluorescence* flush flush of! Flissiggas flux foam* foaming agent* foot valve In A well that produces oi] or gas by its own reser- voir pressure, rather than by use of artificial means (as pumps). Cumbustivn yas. Hydraulic device coupled to electric motor to adjust machine speed. The emission of visible light by a polymer upon exposure to a source of energy. Electrons of a polymer are elevated into the conduction band if there is an energy source of the proper wave- length. If on removal of that energy source the electrons quickly return to their previous energy level, then they do so by giving off @ photon of energy. If the wavelength of the emitted photon of energy is in the visible range, the polymer is said to exhibit fluorescence. = Liquid displacement (spoelen). = Not extended, equal level. Oi] used to displace liquids from equipment. LPG. Rate of flow and heat. ‘A two-phase mixture of polymer and yas which the gas is usually the foaming agent. The amount of polymer present can vary from as low as 1% up to 100%. Usually the normal polymer properties will be the properties of the foam after correc- tion has made for the reduced volume for extensive properties. The gaseous material which causes a polymer to become a foam. See foam. A check valve at the inlet end of the suction pipe of a pump that enables the pump to remain full of liquid when it is not in operation.FIs fuel of1 No. 2 fuel o1T No. 6 full bore valve fully dressed Fixed Tube Sheet. See there. See Tight fuel off. see Neavy tuel ofl. Valve without diameter restriction in open posi- tion. Vessel or colum with all internals and externals.gage gallery tray gas cap gas hydrate gas lift gas/oil ratio gasket gas of! gathering line gathering system See gauge. Special distribution tray for packed tower. Temperature yap Lelween ASTM distiTlattons of two products (e.g. gap 5-95, i.e. temperature differ- ence between 5% of the heavier and 95% of the lighter fraction) . If the difference 1s negative, an overlap instead of gap results. A free-gas phase overlying an oil zone and occur- ring within the same producing formation as the oil. See reservoir. Solid combination of water and light hydrocarbons. Resembles snow or ice. Can cause plugging of gas well lines. The process of raising or lifting fluid from a well by injecting gas down the well through tubing or through the tubing casing annulus. Injected gas aerates the fluid to make it exert less pressure than the formation does; consequently, the higher formation pressure forces the fluid out of the well bore. The volume of gas (at atmospheric pressure) produced per volume of of] from an of] well. Seal between flanges. Qi] with approximate boiling ranges between 160°C and 370°C, used for light fuel off or diesel oil. A pipeline, usually of small diameter, used in gathering crude oil from the field to a main Pipeline. The pipelines and other equipment needed to transport oi1, gas or both from wells to a central point: The gathering station. An oil-gathering system includes oil and gas separators, emulsion treaters, gathering tanks and similar equipment. A gas-gathering system includes regulators, compressors, dehydrators and associat- ed equipment.gauche gauge pressure gin pole gtveaway gland giass transition temperature* glassy state* goose neck The most common form for the backbone chain to exhibit is the trans but some bonds will be in the gauche position at normal temperatures. The gauche allows the backbone to twist out of its normal Planar position so that a chain can take on a more three-dimensional aspect. This usually occurs around large pendants like carbon rings. The gauche position forms a 120° angie with the chain. Also see trans. Pressure minus atmospheric pressure. Pressure as measured by a gauge. Pole for tall equipment hoisting. Exceeding requirements, e.g. producing heavy fuel of] with lower than required viscosity. Device to compress packing in a stuffing box. The temperature at which a glass transforms into a rubber for the amorphous part of the polymer. For a polymer which displays sone crystallinity and is jsotactic the ratio of glass transition tempera- ture to melting temperature on an absolute scale is about 0.5. When a polymer displays crystal- linity and is atactie, this ratio is about 0.7. The value of the glass transition temperature for a particular polymer is sensitive to molecular weight, brancning, crystallinity, and traces of solvents from processing. A. thermodynamically metastable phase within the liquid region of a polymer. It is characterized by short-range order and = sturt-time sLiffness. Long-term stiffness decreases with increasing temperature until the glass transition temperature is reached. Gas Metal Arc Welding. Welding under inert gas protection. The welding wire is the electrode. Pipe with 180° bend end provided, e.g. to prevent rain entering vesselGOR governor GPL (F) graft polymer* grass-roots plant gross profit GTAN guide vanes guillotine gum gun Gas Oi] Ratio (see there). Device that controls an engine speed. LPS. A type of copolymerization where polymeric chains made up of monomers differing from all or most of ‘the monomers comprising the backbone of the main polymer are attached as side chains. ‘The backbone may itself be a copolymer. A plant built on a new site, Also extended to plants that, though built near existing sites, are dependent on existing facili- ties to only a very small extent. Excess of sales value of product over total cost of producing and distributing the product, before Payment of Federal income tax. Gas Tungsten Arc Welding. Welding with tungsten electrode. Adjustable compressor inlet device to regulate jow., See sliding plate. Sticky substance formed in unsaturated gasoline. Spraying device for fuel ofl. Yhammer hanger hard hat: Hazop study header header box heart cut hearth heat capacity* heat pump heating value heavy fuel of? hex mesh Heo Implosium of vapor bubbles in liquid, resulting in noise. Tube support. A metal or hard plastic helmet to minimize the danger of being injured by falling objects. Hazard and operability study. Heavy Cycle Oil. See cycle of. Hydrodesul furization. = Height. = End piece. = Main Tine. = Tube return fitting in heater. Space for all tube return fittings in heater. Not exposed to flue gases. Mid fraction. Archaic term for bottom of heater. A loosely defined term often used interchanaeably with specific heat. See specific heat. System transferring heat from low to higher temperature, e.g. refrigeration system. In most cases, system includes a compressor rather than a pump. Heat of conbustion. A residual type of fuel oil with high viscosity, requiring preheating. Hexogonal grating. Heavy Gas O11.high intensity burner HU hookup horseshoe Fitting hose station hot-of1 belt hot tap HsR veo aH wu hybridization* hydrate hydraulic coupling hydrogen bond* Higher Heating Value. Heat of combustion, including heat of water condensation. Retracted burner. Hydrogen Manufacturing Unit. See steam reformer. system of accessories (pipes, valves, filters, etc.) around equipment (e.g. compressor). See mule ear. Number of hose connections for steam, air, inert gas, etc. A circulating hot-of] system. A method to make a new pipe connection in an operating plant. Heavy Straight Run. See straight run. Heavy Vacuum Gas 011. Heavy Virgin Naphtha. Synonymous to HSR naphtha. High Vacuum Unit (1.e. very low pressure). The blending of a covalent bond to. accommodate overall bonding strength of a molecule. The best exanple of this is the equivalent bonds formed within the carbon regular tetrahedron of a dia- tmond. See gas hydrate. e fluid coupling. Stronger than the average Van der Waals bond, although often classified with it, it is still a secondary bond. When hydrogen bonds to a larger atom, such as carbon, the lone electron it con- tributes spends most of its time orbiting near the larger atom, although it may still be classified as a covalent primary bond. ahydrostatic test hydrowax As such, it leaves the hydrogen nucleus, a single proton, partially exposed most of the time. The hydrogen nucleus has a unit positive charge and is capable of attracting negatively, charged dipoles or radicals. when this happens a "hydrogen bridge” is formed. Such bonding may occur between segments within a single polymeric chain or between polymeric chains. The hydrogen bond is dependent on spatial separation, as are all bonds. When these are favorable it can be about 100 times stronger than just the Van der Waals bond. Thus, the hydrogen bond can serve as a very important interchain bond. Since most polymers contain hydrogen, its possibility of occurring can be quite high. Structural modifications are often done in processing to further enhance this type of bonding. Pressure test with water. Hydrotreated vacuum gas oi]. Used as feed for ethylene units.Tsp 1D IFP impingement incendive spark incinerator incremental profit index of refrac- tion* inert gas inflammable inflated dollars inhibitor ‘injection well in-site regener- ation Initial Boiling Point, e.g. of an ASTM distilla- tion. Induced Draft. Institut Francais du Pétrole. Undesired action causing wear or damage, e.g. impingement plate for high velocity entrances. Flame impingement, i.e. flames licking tubes. A spark of sufficient energy to ignite flammable gas. Furnace burning waste streams with auxiliary Firing. Net sales return minus variable cost of produc- tion. This is the profit realized from making an additional amount of product, excluding fixed costs. The ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to its velocity in a polymer, In the case of poly- mers, almost all of the measured values are taken in air rather than in vacuum. As Tight travels from the air into a polymer its velocity is reduced and its angular direction is shifted towards the vertical in accordance with Snell’s law. Gas containing Tittle or no oxygen. Synonymous to flammable. Sums of cash expressed in future value dollars. Substance preventing or suppressing undesired phenomena, e.g. corrosion, gum formation. A well in which fluids have been injected into an underground stratum to increase reservoir pres- sure. Catalyst remains in reactor during regeneration.interceptor intergranual corrosion interlock internal rate of return yo onic bonding* IP ISA ISBL isomerate isomers* {sotactic* An installation to remove oi] from oily water. Corrosion occurring at arain boundaries Device (e.g. key) to avoid that two or more systems (e.g. valves) can be simultaneously opened or closed. Interest rate calculated as if the venture were a Joan to be repaid over the life of the venture. That interest or discount rate which results in a net present value of zero. Term used for DCS systems. Number of input and output signals, both analog or digital. The chemical bonding of two or more atoms such that the valence electrons are predominately associated with one type of elemental atom. This is not a very common form of primary bonding in polymers. Institute of Petroleum (British). Instrument Society of America. Inside Battery Limits. Product from a Tight gasoline isomerization unit. Materials which are made up of the same elements but of different arrangement. The difference in arrangement causes the materials to display different measurable property values. Polyners are often very capable of isomerism, because the angular relationship of the backbone can vary. See cis and trans. The stereoregularity of a polymer can affect its properties, notably its ability to crystallize. If the side atoms of pendant groups of a polymer are only located on one side relative to the backbone then it is said to be isotactic. Since this is a regular structure, it is often favorable for crystallization.118 Schematically, it appears as: LILI Invitation To Bid.jack-up drilling rig Jacket jet det A det Al Jet fuel Jockey pump jump frequency* An offshore drilling structure with tubular or derrick legs that support the deck and hull. When positioned over the drilling site, the bottoms of the Yegs rest on tne seatioor. A jack-up rig is towed or propelled to a location with its legs up. Once the legs are Firmly positioned on the bottom, the deck and hull height are adjusted and leveled. Circular surrounding of pipe or vessel, generally for heating purposes. Jacketed pipe = 2 concentric pipes. Ejector. Jet fuel grade. Jet fuel grade. See kerosene. Small pump to bring about continuous flow or pressure e.g. in fire-fighting systems. The rate at which a polymeric chain segment will Move into an available space. The jump frequency is usually tabulated in terms of jumps per second."K" value kerosene kettle kil] a well knock knockout drum K.0. drum A measure for volatility K = Y/X = mol fraction in vapor phase divided by mol frac- tion in liquid phase. Watson K or UOP K. Cubic root of average boiling point (°R) divided by specific gravity at 60°F. Is a measure for of7 aromaticity. Gas Cp/cv. O11 fraction boiling between about 160-250°C. Used as fuel for jet aircrafts and illuminating. Exchanger-type designation. See TEMA book. To bring under control a well that is threat- ening to blow out, To circulate water and mud into a completed well before starting well-servicing opera- tions, Premature combustion in gasoline engines causing noise, motor damage and loss of power. Vapor-liquid separator for small liquid quanti- tie Knockout drum. Llagging Jamelar structure Langelier index Latec Le Leo lead phase out Tean of] LFL g& 5 liberation license fee light ends Tight fuel of1 Insulation. The single crystal structure for a polymer under most circumstances. Calculated value from cooling water properties to assess scaling and corrosion tendency of the water, Lummus Air-cooled Turbine Exhaust Condenser. A roof or inserted roof construction. Locked Closed. Valve can only be opened by means of a key. Light Cycle Oi1. See cycle of]. Gradual reduction of lead compounds in gasoline in the course of tine. Absorption oj], usually a naphtha for absorption of Cy and C,’s, See also fat of1. Lower Flammable Limit. Light Gas Oil. Viquid Hourly. Space Velocity. Yolune per hour of liquid feed divided by the catalyst volume. Lower Heating Value. Heat of combustion, excluding heat of water condensation from combustion gases. Burner heat rel Woney paid to the owner of a technology for the right to utilize that technology. Light hydrocarbons (lighter than C.’s). A distillate type (nonresidual) of oi] with approximate boiling ranges 160°F-360°C, not requiring preheating.Jinear polymer* Tine burner lining Viquid capital liquid state* live steam unt> UNG Lo ong restdue Joss factor* lost hole ic A polymer without branching or cross-linking. Small burner, not for heater, but for heating up process stream by direct mixing with burner flue gas. = Internal or external nonmetal insulation. Used for heat conservation or to prevent chemical attack or wear. = Metal layer (e.g. alloy) welded to base material for corrosion protection. Capital readily convertible to cash at any time. The phase in which short-range order is displayed but there is no stiffness. A polymer which flows freely under its own weight is considered to be liquid. Strictly speaking, everything which is not crystalline and not obviously a gas falls into the Tiquid category. However, since most polymers do have significant mechanical strength even when noncrystalline, the practical definition of a liquid is better based on stiffness than struc- ture. Most high-molecular weight polymers go directly from the "solid" phase to the gaseous without displaying a true liquid phase. High-pressure steam. LuyarIUmie Mean Temperature Difference. Liquefied Natural Gas. Locked Open. Valve can only be closed by means of a key. See atmospheric residue. The product of the dielectric constant and the power factor. The loss factor reflects the amount of signal absorption which has taken place and is usually a Tow value for polymers. A well that cannot be further drilled or produced because of 2 blowout, unsuccessful finishing job and so forth.LPG. Rr LsR. LsTK lube 017 Tuminescence* veo vn Lyunet burner ir Liquefied Petroleum Gas (C3, C, or mixture), = Long Residue. © Long Radius (bend) (R= 1.5 0). Light Straight Run. See also straight run. Lump-sum Turnkey. Lubricating of]. The general term for visible light emission after energy input, including both fluorescence and phosphorescence. Light Vacuum Gas 01). Light Virgin Naphtha. Synonymous to LSR naphtha. Shell-type burner, originally designed by Ten Uy] (spelled backward) .mL WAC value macromolecule* maintenance wakeup make or buy male connection APD marginal profit master and slave master valve MAY oo MEA mechanical seal Material + Labor (labor = cost of installation). Maximum Allowable Concentration (in air or water) for health reasons. An alternate name for a polymer, usually of the structural type; giant molecule. Cost of repairing, cleaning or otherwise maintain- ing production equipment so that it is able to operate continuously in a prescribed manner, Addition to compensate for loss, disappearance or consumption. A decision that involves a choice between buying or producing a material. A coupling threaded on the outside so that it can be joined to a female connection. Methyl Acetylene Propadiene. Net sales return minus variable cost of produc- tion. This is the profit realized from making an additional amount of product, excluding fixed costs. Control term. The slave controller is reset from the master controller. = A large valve on the Christmas tree used to control the flow of oil and gas from the well. = The blind or blank rams of a blow-out pre- venter. Maleic Anhydride Value (a measure for diolefins). Mechanical Design Diagram. Monoethanol Amine. Ring-type seal on rotating shafts to prevent Teakage.MEK mesh meter proofer BHC microbalToons* migration mild steel miter bend nodulus of elasticity* Hethyl Ethy1 Ketone, a solvent used to dewax Tube oil, Mercaptan Oxidation unit (UOP process). For LPG. gasoline and kerosene, See also sweetening. = For filters or sieves; Number of openings per inch. To calculate free area wire thickness to be Laken into account. = Wire mesh (e.g. demister). A device used to check the accuracy of a meter. Nild Hydrocracking. Hollow spheres which are used to produce what are effectively reinforced foams. The microballcons are usually made of glass, which serves as a strengthening and stiffening additive to the polymer. In addition to improved mechanical Broperties, the resulting polymer has reduced density and is useful for floatation. Metal Inert Gas welding. See GMAW. (Refer to plasticizers.) If a plasticized polymer is put into contact with a nonplasticized polymer, the plasticizer has a Tendency to dittuse or migrate into the unpiasti- cized polymer until an equilibrium is reached. The relative solubilities of the plasticizer in the two polymers will limit the amount of migration. See interdiffusion. Carbon steel. Bend consisting of a number of straight pieces joining at an angle. The ratio of stress to strain in tension at strains that are sufficiently small that the material will return to its original length when the stress is removed.Mogas molecular weight* molecule* wothbal ling motive steam wv wee ) For cross-linked and rigid polymers this value has useful meaning but for a large number of polymers it is mainly a traditional measurement. See tensile modulus. Motor gasoline. The total weight of a polymeric chain. Usually it js given for individual molecules, which have weights that are quite small. A group of atoms that are bound together by either jonic or covalent bonding. It is the basic unit of the polymer since each chain is a molecule. Motor Octane Number (generally lower than RON). The small molecule that is reacted to produce a polymer. Only the portion which is actually used in the chemical reaction is considered to be the nononer. For example, polyethylene is made up of repeating monomers of ethylene, but only the: HoH ~ tt is considered as the monomer, HH rather than the starting molecule: 4 \ i Corrosion protection of idle or shut-down equip- ment. Drive steam for ejectors. Hotor-operated Valve. Methyl Tertiary Buty) Ether (a high octane, volatile gasoline blending component)muffle furnace muffler mule ear fitting Mullens effect* mushroom Material Takeoff. Equipment count. The liquid circulated through the well bore during rotary drilling and work-over operations. in addition to its function of bringing cuttings to the surface, drilling mud cools and lubricates the bit and drill stem, protects against blowouts by holding back subsurface pressures and deposits a mud cake on the wall of the borehole to prevent loss of Fluids to the formation. Furnace for partial HS combustion in Claus unit. Silencer. Heater tube return fitting with inspection and cleaning opening. Filled elastomers display a characteristic soften- ing when stressed cyclically. This effect can be reduced by allowing the elastomer a long relaxa- tion time between cycles, but does not seem to be completely recoverable. Undesirable heat flux distribution (in the form of a mushroom) resulting from two opposing flames.naphtha NDE ‘NOT necking* Nelson curves net present value net profit net sales net sales return National Association of Corrosion Engineers. Oil fraction with approximate boiling ranges 40°-200°C. Used as feedstock for units producing gasoline, ethylene and solvents. Normally Deenergized. Mostly used for SOV’s. Nondestructive Testing (e.g. X-ray). Normally Energized. Mostly used for SOV’s. The local reduction in cross section of a material while it is undergoing unconstrained deformation. In amorphous polymers, this usually occurs just below the glass transition temperature. For polymers with appreciable crystallinity, the temperature of necking is usually just above the glass transition temperature. The appearance of necking is also sensitive to the rate of loading and to prior ortentation of the polymer. Curves to select the materials required for equipment at high-partial pressures of hydrogen, Algebraic sum of the present values of the indi- vidual members of a series of cash flows, both positive and negative. Excess of sales value of product over total cost of producing and distributing the product, after payment of federal income tax. Annual value of goods sold from a plant less transportation, storage, insurance and oLher costs incurred in delivering the product to customers. Unit price paid by customer for a product minus costs incurred by the vendor in delivering product to the customer.octane number offset offsites oil sand oi] shale iT zone oligomer open cell* A measure for the antiknock value of gasoline. There are two octane numbers: = Research Octane Number (RON or FI). measuring gasoline performance under low engine speed conditions, simulating city driving. = Motor Octane Number (MON or F2), measuring gasoline performance under high engine speed conditions, simulating highway driving. Not in same plane. Auxiliary systems e.g. boiler, cooling tower, storage, ete., that are shared ‘by all operating units. = Sandstone that yields oi. = (By extension) any reservoir that yields ofl. A formation containing hydrocarbons that cannot be recovered by an ordinary oi] well, but can be mined. After processing, the hydrocarbons are extracted from the shale. A formation or horizon of a well from which oi] may be produced. The oi] zone is usually immedi- ately under the gas zone and on top of the water Zone if at] three fluids are present and segregat- ed. Otto Kraftstoff (gasol in Few mer, e.g. dimer, trimer, tetramer. Octane Number (see there). When the gaseous phase or "cell" of a foam is not completely surrounded by the polymeric phase. Closed cell means that the polymeric phase is continuous. Most conmercial foams are at least partially of the open cell type. This has disad- vantages if the foaming agent is to be retained in the final product or if the foam is intended for floatation.onstream effi- ciency. once Urreuyh orbital* organic* Orsat analysis OsBL outage overhead overlap override oxygenates The percentage of the year during which 2 plant actually operates. No recycling. The path that an electron takes around the nucleus of the atom to which it is bound. In the case of most polymers, only the s and p orbitals are of interest. See s orbital and p orbital. Material which was originally formed by a living organism. Most polymers have an organic origin and are thus susceptible to attack by organisms that feed on organic matter. Flue-gas analysis. Off-site Battery Limits. A quantity of oil that is lost while in storage or being transported. General costs of the plant or corporation as a whole that are not attributable directly to any one unit or product. See gap. An instrument taking over an other instrument's contro? function. Oxygen containing gasoline blending components (e.g. methanol, MTBE, TBA).Pal p-orbital* P-P splitter P-value package unit, pad mounted panel mounted panic button particle radiation* PASCE passivation Piping & Instrument flow diagram. A dumbbell shaped region around the nucleus of an atom in which electrons of distinct energy values van be found. Up to two electrons can occupy a p-orbital at any one time. In an energy level there are one to three p-orbitals at an energy level, which are usually at right angles to each other. Propane-Propylene splitter. See Visbreaker Manual. A unit of which the parts are not individually designed, engineered and purchased. Valve or instrument installed directly adjacent to vessel or pipe. In control room. Knob to activate ESD system. Bonbardment by subatomic particles which maj include X and gamma-radiation. Thin sections 0 polymers allow full passage of alpha, beta, gamma and X-radiation. Thicker sections of polymers will still allow full passage of gamma and X-radiation, provided the polymer does not contain additives that reflect oF aisurb the radlalion. Neutrons are generally absorbed by all thicknesses of polymers. Polymers have been used as screening agent for radiation. Radiation is also a means of producing structural modification in a polymer. Plant Application System Combustion Engineering. An integrated computer-aided engineering system. Addresses all phases of plant design, including conceptual and detailed design, drawing preduc- tion, fabrication, construction and plant opera- tions. Formation of an oxide film on stainless steel to ‘improve chemical resistance.pay sand pay zone payout time PDKS: peak peephole pendant group* penetration perforate perforated com pletion permeability The producing formation, often one that is not even sandstone. It is also called pay, pay zone and producing zone. See pay sand. Capital invested after tax cash flow. Piping Design Management System. Computerized piping design system. Value exceeding inlet and outlet condition, e.g. temperature in heater coil. Opening with cover in heater to observe flames and tubes. A cluster of atoms chemically bonded to the backbone of a polymer. Usually this cluster is large and may contain unoccupied space, such as a carbon ring. A measure of the hardness of bitumen. 60 PEN indicates that at 25°C a needle penetrates 6 mm in the sample in 5 seconds. To pierce the casing wall and cement to provide holes through which formation fluids may enter or to provide holes in the casing so that materials may be introduced into the annulus between the casing amd Lie wall uf Lhe borehole. A well completion in which the production casing or liner is punctured to allow passage between the well bore and the producing formation. = A measure of the ease with which fluids can flow through a porous rock. = The fluid conductivity of a porous medium. = The ability of a fluid to flow within the interconnected pore network of a porous medium.Permeability* phosphorescence* photocross-1inking* photon* photopolymer iza- tion* The amount of a second material, usually a fluid, that can be moved through a unit area of a host material in a given time. The value of this property is very dependent on the pressure of the Tuid moving througn tne polymeric host. The greater the pressure of the fluid, the greater the driving force through the polymer will be. Thus, Flow through ‘the polymer wi11 proceed more quick: iy. Also, increasing the temperature of the polymer will increase the permeability of the fluid since the polymeric free space increases with increasing temperature. Process Flow Diagram. The emission of Tight that occurs under the same conditions as fluorescence, but the recombination process happens over a period of time which results in a decaying phenomenon. Light-sensitive polymers can be selectively exposed to ultraviolet light causing the exposed segments to cross-link and become hard and rela- tively insoluble. The soluble unexposed remaining polymer can then be completely dissolved, leaving an ‘image. See photopol ymerization. A quantum of electrumaynetic eneryy. The amuunl of. energy required to move an electron from one energy level to the next within an atom will require an integral number of photons. The quanti- ty of this energy or its wavelength helps define characteristics of a particular clement. Since polymers are mainly made up of a few elements, the photons associated with polymers fall into a very narrow band. Light-sensitive monomers can undergo selective jolymerization upon exposure to a Tight source. The extrene accuracy of the process “allows. for very intricate miniature patterns to be produced ina subsequently structurally strong polymer. This has found extensive application in the electronics industry. See photocrass linking.pickling piece count Pieroelectric* pig Pignent* pigtail pilot (burner) pinch Pipe still pitch pitting Acid treatment for cleaning and rust removal. Equipment list. Polymers which yewerate « current during or arter deformation. This is not the conventional concept of a piezoelectric material, since the concept was originally considered to be possible only in crystals. Many polymers, however, have dipoles induced when their bonds are deformed by mechanical force. The recombination of these dipoles produces a small depolarization current. The recombination may take place immediately or over a long periad of time depending on the mobility of the dipoles. Once the dipoles ‘have recombined, the polymer will have returned to electrical neutrality but will not necessarily remain underformed. Tool forced into pipelines for cleaning or for production separation, A large-sized particle added to a polymer to give it opaque color. Both organic and inorganic pigments are used. The most common pigments are titanium salts and carbon black. Pipe expansion piece. malt burner to (re)ignite main burner. Close temperature approach of temperature enthalpy curves in heat exchange. Archaic name for distillation unit, ¢.g. crude pipe still. = Very viscous petroleum residue. = Patterns, e.g. triangular pitch. Also dis- tances in patterns, e.g. 12 mm pitch. Formation of small cavities in a metal surface by corrosion.plastic* plasticizer plasticizer efficiency* platform jacket platformate platformer plenum chamber plot plan Pa oe PHA pocket pocket clearance polymer* polymer blend or polyblend* The word is derived from the Greek word, “plasti- kos", meaning easily shaped. It is now used as a general term for all macromolecular materials. A liquid or solid additive used to make a polymer more fluid. It must have at least limited solubil- ity in a polymer to be effective. This usually means that it must be chemically similar to its host polymer. The amount of fluidity produced in a host polymer versus the weight percentage of plasticizer needed to produce that fluidity. Since it is desirable to limit the volume of plasticizer used, this is a helpful means of evaluation. A support that is firmly secured to the ocean floor and to which the legs of a platform are anchored. See reformate. UoP-type reformer (see there). Space below heater convection section in offset updraft furnace. Scheme indicating equipment locations. Pensky Martin closed cup. A flash point determination method. Polynuclear aromatics. Low point in piping. System to regulate reciprocating compressor flow. The word is derived from the Greek words for many, "poly", and small part, "mer". Polymers are indeed made up of many small parts or repeating units of atoms chemically bonded to form a molecule. A mixture of two or more polymers which are combined by mechanical means only. Such polymers are not linked together by chemical bonds.polythionic acid corrosion PONA pool positive displace- ent pour point power Power factor power failure PP ppb PPL pre preheat train present value primary recovery Polythionic acids can be formed during shutdowns from sulfide scales, water and air. Can cause intercrystalline cracking of austenitic stainless steets. Numbers indicating percentages of P(arafins) - O(lefins) - N(aphthenes) - A(romatics). The total of al] blending components, e.g. gaso- line pool, fuel pool. Fluid flow brought about by pushing forces only. The lowest temperature permitting oi] flow by gravity (to pour = schenken). Generally, when cooling a liquid the pour point is preceded by the cloud point. Electricity. Cosinus phi (electric efficiency factor). Electricity failure. = Personal Protection (insulation). 4 Propane Propylene. Parts per bi11i0on (10°). Parallel Plate Interceptor. An installation to remove oi] from oily water. Parts per million. ‘A number of exchangers in series. Cash flow for a given year multiplied by a dis- count factor that is dependent on interest rate and time from the start of the venture. 041 production in which only existing natural energy sources in the reservoir provide for movement of the well fluids to the well bore.producing zone production cost Productivity Index (Pl) profit profitability PSA ptb pulling area pulsation dampener purge pyrolysis pyrolysis gasoline/ fuel off The zone or formation from which of] or gas is produced. See pay sand. Aggregate of expenses involved in day-ta-day operation of a manufacturing facility; usually the sum of variable cost and fixed cost. A well-test measurenent indicative of the amount of o11 or gas a well is capable of producing. It may be expressed as: Pl Ps - PF where PI 4s the productivity index (b/d per psi of pressure differential), Q is the rate of produc- tion (b/d), Ps is the static bottom-hole pressure {osiy “and” PF is flowing botton-hole pressure psi). Cash received less the sum of cash paid out and depreciation. Systematic rating of profit against required capital expenditure. Pressure Swing Adsorption (Mol sieves). Used to make high purity hydrogen. Pounds per thousand barrels. Vacant area on plant plot to enable pulling of tube bundles from exchangers. Vessel to balance pressure surges from reciprocat- ing pumps or compressors. Fluid displacement by a gas, e.g, steam, nitrogen. Severe thermal cracking. By-products of steam cracking (ethylene) units.quench quench* Sudden temperature decrease brought about by e.g. cold liquid injection. The process of quickly cooling a material to preserve as much as possible of its high-tempera- ture structure. In a polymer, it may be appropri- ate to quench to a lower temperature within the rubbery region. All quenching to the glassy region will “be sufficient to maintain. the high- temperature structure.res-t radical* ram pump ramsbottom carbon residue random packing ROC RDF reaction site* real interest rate reciprocating recontact ing recovery factor Ring and Ball, measured in temperature. A test for bitumen to determine the point where the bitumen becomes so "soft" that a ball falls through a ring (verwek ingspunt) . Three phases of electrical power. A chemically bonded group of atoms which has a net electrical charge associated with it. For example, the oxygen-hydrogen combination has a negative charge of one. If the polymer containing this radical is dissolved or heated to sublimation, then the oxygen-hydrogen combination would Tikely remain bound as a unit, although no longer bound to the rest of the polymer. High-head positive displacement pump. Used for flushing equipment filled with very viscous fluids. Comparable to Conradson Carbon Residue. Packing, which is dumped into the tower section, e.g. pail rings. Rotating disc contactor, used for liquid-liquid extraction. Refused Derived Fuel (garbage). The place on the atom or group of atoms where a chemical reaction will take place. Difference between interest rate and average rate of inflation. Fluid displacement by a back and forth moving piston. Subsequent now vapor/liquid equilibrium at higher pressure. The percentage of oil or gas in place in a reser- voir that ultimately can be withdrawn by primary and/or secondary techniques; the percentage of the oil or gas in place (expressed in stock-tank barrels or in thousands of cubic feet) that will ultimately be recovered.reduced crude reducer reflected light* reformate reformer refractory register reid vapor pressure reinforcement additive* remote control reservoir resonating multi- ple bonds* Atmospheric residue. Transition piece between two pipes of different size. Light that strikes a surface and is redirected away from the surface, obeying an angular rela- tionship with the incident beam. The angular relationship is that the angle of incidence of the incowing light beam be equal to the angle of the outgoing reflected beam. Since most polymers have a smooth surface the amount of reflected light is quite high resulting in a shiny appearance. Gasoline product from a catalytic reformer (high OM). = Catalytic dehydrogenation and __ reforming process for naphtha to yield high-octane gasoline. = See steam reformer. = Fire-resistant insulation. = Resistant to chemical cracking. Adjustable inlet, particular for combustion air. See RVP. A particle added to a polymer for the purpose of increasing the tensile strength of the material. The optimum diameter of a ceramic reinforcement additive is about 10 mm. Control at distance. A subsurface, porous, permeable rock body in which oi] or gas or both are stored. When an atom is bonded with a multiple bond on one side and a lesser number of bonds on the other side one or more of the “extra” bonds may be able to switch positions.retrofit return on invest- ment revamp reverberation* RF Rhefla valve rig riser riser pipe The overall effect is sharing of the extra bonds by the molecule. Along with this sharing comes a reduction in overall bond length due to a reduc- tion in repulsive forces. A partial modification of equipment, e.g. a retrofitted exchanger can be an exchanger with a new tube bundle. Annual _net_sales - production cos: Total Fixed capital + working capital. Plant modifications to a limited extent, to achieve e.g. greater charge capacity, accomnoda- tion of other feedstocks, compliance with authori- ty requirements, etc. The multiple reflections of sound waves. Polymers are often used in designs in which flat metal surfaces would cause a great deal of reverbera- tion, because polymers are very low in sound reflectivity. Raised Face (flanges). Special purpose gate valve for high temperature and coking service (made by Rheinhiitte). Redwood one. Viscosity 1n seconas. The derrick, draw works and attendant surface equipment of a drilling or workover. . (Drilling). A pipe through which Jiquid travels upward. = (Fractionation). A piece of pipe through which liquid or vapor moves upward. The pipe and special fittings used on floating offshore drilling rigs to establish a seal between the top of the well bore, which is on the ocean floor and the drilling equipment, located above the surface of the water.RON RON 100 roughneck royalties Tp RTd rubber* rundown run Tength RVP Research Octane Number. ON of the gasoline fraction boiling below 100°C. nate to the “dvillerysonetngs called’ 2 rotary helper, floorman, or rig crewman. Amount to be paid to use a specific technology. Revolutions per minute. Ring-type Joint (Flanges). See elastomer. Product flow to storage. Time interval between SOR and EOR. Reid Vapor Pressure. Vapor pressure determination according to ASTH at 38°C, expressed in psi (mostly for gasoline). Not precisely equal to vapor pressure.s-orbital* saddle saturated bond* scaling scallops Scavenger we = Sample connection. = Summer, Some products have different specifications for summer and winter, e.g. gasoline vapor pressure, lube-oi1 viscosity. A spherically shaped region around the nucleus of an atom in which electrons of distinct energy values can be found. Support for horizontal vessels and heat exchang- ers. Society of Autonotive Engineers. Sa 10: Certain grade of lube oil with viscosity Limit: The higher the number, the more viscous. W designates winter grade, e.g. 20 ¥ A polymer is said to have saturated bonding when the backbone only contains single bonds. Any addition of double or triple bonding to the backbone causes it to be termed unsaturated. Submerged Arc Welding. Onder poederdek lassen. Styrene Butadiene Rubber. Sample connection with cooler. Caution: Sometimes: Sample connection. . Formation of a layer of oxidation products on netals at high temperature. . Formation of water insoluble products on netal due to water heating or vaporization. Flow distribution devices used in radial flow reactors. A substance making an undesirable compound harm- less, e.g. hydrazine is an oxygen scavenger.schedule ‘schedule A schoepentoeter seisston* ‘scot scraper scraper trap screening scrubber secondary recovery self-diffusion* self-ignition sensitivity service test When used for pipes: Standardized wall thickness, e.g. schedule 40. Basic design package (UOP term). Shell type device for mixed phase inlets. The breaking of chemical bonds irreversibly. Usually this term is used in the breaking up of the backbone of a polymeric chain. Shel] Claus Offgas Treater. See also tail gas. Any device (as a line scraper) that is used to remove deposits (as scale or paraffin) from tubing, casing, rods or flow lines. A specially designed piece of equipment that is installed in a pipeline to launch or receive a pipeline scraper. Careful and critical review, A column through which fluids are passed to remove undesired substances by absorption, e.g. an H)S absorber. Solvent Deasphalting, Asphaltenes removal from residue by means of solvent (e.g. propane, butane, pentane). Any method by which an essentially depleted reservoir is restored to producing status by the injection of liquids or gases (from extraneous sources) into the well bore. The random diffusion of segments of a polymeric chain within a polymer matrix. If the chains were of a different type, then the mixing of these types would be diffusion and proceed in a speci- fied direction rather than randomly. See autoignition. RON minus HON. Pressure and leak test without water.settler SF shell* shift reaction shock tubes short residue shot cleaning shrinkage ‘shut-in bottom-hole pressure shut-in pressure A vessel to bring about phase separation by gravitational force. Saybolt Furol. Viscosity expressed in seconds. A fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of consolidated si?t and clay or mud. Shale is the most frequently occurring sedimentary rock. Electrons are arranged within an atom by orbitals, and orbitals are located within shells. The outer limit of an orbital will fail within its shell. The shell is a spatial designation and does not have a specific energy level associated with it. The primary reason to be concerned with shells in polymers is that the shape of the outer shell influences the shape and orientation of the bonds that form. GO + Hyd —> 0p + Hy A prodess step” in Aydrogen production units by steam reforming. First rows of tubes in a heater convection section closest to radiant section with rather high radiant heat flux, due to flame exposure. See vacuum residue. Soot removal from heater tubes by means of "rain" of metal balls. A decrease in oi] volume caused by the evaporation of solution gas or by lowered temperature. The pressure at the bottom of a well when the surface valves on the well are completely closed. The pressure is caused by fluids that exist in the formation at the bottom of the well. The pressure when the well is completely shut in, as noted on a gauge installed on the surface control valves.side chains* single-Tine diagram skim pit skin temperature skirt sleeper sleeve sliding plate slip blind slurry of] smoke point smothering snuffing Py When drilling is in progress, shut-in pressure should be zero, because the pressure exerted by the drilling fluid should be equal to or greater than the pressure exerted by the formations through which the well bore passes. On a flowing, producing well, however, shut-in pressure should be above zero. See branched molecules. Electrical diagram. An earthen pit, often lined with concrete, into which water with small amounts of oil is pumped. The minute quantities of of] arc skimmed off the top of the water in the pit and the water is disposed of. Tube wall temperature. Cylindrical or helical steel support for vertical vessel or tower. Pipe support at grade or in trench. Internal pipe. Plate to shut off a duct. Also called: Guillotine. See spade. Bottom product of FOC unit fractionator (HCO) containing catalyst fines. Shielded Metal Arc Welding. Welding with stick electrode (under slag protec- tion). The maximum height of a smokeless kerosene flame tested in a standard lamp. Measured in mm. Fire extinguish by e.g. steam. Shel] Method Series laboratory tests. See smothering.30 socket weld soluble* sour crude sour gas sour gasoline ‘sour water Sov spacer spade spalling sparger spec. break spectacle blind Steam to oi] ratio. See figure 3. When two materials are sufficiently compatible that they can intermix without chemical reaction. Solubility has a range of values from completely insoluble to mixable in any proportion. Most polymers of similar atomistic composition are at least slightly soluble in one another. This term is not usually used in conjunction with crystalline materials. Start OF Run. Refers to clean of freshly regenerated (catalyst) conditions. High sulfur crude. Gas containing HS. Gasoline containing mercaptans. Waste water containing obnoxious compounds, e.g. HS, Nil. Not necBssarily acidic water. Solenoid-operated Valve. Distance ring piece between two flanges to allow insert of blind, A circular flat plate with a handle which can be bolted between two flanges to block off flow. Chipping or fragmenting of a layer, e.g. spalling of coke from the inside of a heater tube by a high rate of steam flow. Pipe or pipe network with holes or slots. Transition to another pipe class. Two connected flat circular plates, one with a hole, the other without. One of the two plates is bolted between two flanges.spherulites* spike spill back split range splitter sponge of1 sponge plastic* ‘spontaneous igni- tion temperature spool ptece sp SRE SRT ‘SRU ‘ssu ssv stability wa A crysta}line, supermolecular structure which can range in size from a fraction of a micron to over a centimeter in diameter. As the name suggests, it is spherical in shape and usually results when a polymer Ural I» nut In solution crystallizes. Fluid added to another fluid to improve its properties (e.g. naphtha spiked crude to give lower viscosity). Recycle, particularly for pumps and compressors. A controller acting on two control valves (or other controllable devices), but not sinultaneous- ly. Distillation column producing two fractions, e.g. naphtha splitter, C,/C, splitter. A gas-oil type absorption oi? to absorb naphtha vapors. See foam. See autoignition temperature. Short removable piece of pipe fitting between adjacent flanges. = Short Residue. = Short radius (bend) R = D. Straight Run Gasoline. Short Residence Time (heater). Pyrolysis heater coil for ethylene units. Sulfur Recovery Unit. See also Claus unit. See SUS. Shel Soaker Visbreaker. When used for heavy fuel of] indicating absence of sludge formation.stab{lizer stable gasoline staggered statte charge* static mixer steam cracker ‘steam drum steam reformer steam tracing steam trap steam ring still stock tank stock-tank of1 Distillation column producing stable gasoline as bottom product. Gasoline with vapor pressure below 1 atmosphere. Zigzag, e.g. staggered rows of tubes in a heater convection section, Gives better heat transfer, but gives greater flue-gas pressure loss. The buildup of an electrical charge on a polymer, usually at the surface. This is a common problem with polymers since they are unable to dissipate electrical charges effectively through conduction. The smoothness, temperature, and additives ali affect static charge buildup. A system without power input to bring about phase mixing by pressure drop, e.g. a pipe with internal baffles or orifices. Ethylene unit. Steam-water separator. Process to make Hp from steam and hydrocarbons. See tracing. Device stopping tlow ot steam, by allowing passage of condensate only. Ring around flanges to extinguish fires from leaks. See pipe sti11. A crude-oi1 storage tank. O11 as it exists at atmospheric conditions in a stock tank. Stock tank oi] lacks much of the dissolved gas present at reservoir pressure and temperatures.stockholders equity straight run strain* strainer strain hardening stream day strength* stress* stress cracking Value of total net assets of a corporation, after a debts and other liabilities have been deduct- Uniet components are cash raised by sale of stock and retained profit. Fraction obtained from crude-oil distillation. Excludes cracked products. Generally considered to be the linear strain or the change in length in the direction of an applied stress divided by the original unstressed length. Measuring this isothermally is often very difficult for a polymer since heat buildup often occurs during stressing. Small filter, generally installed in line, e.g. “Y"-type strainer. Used for pumps and compressors. An increase in strength accompanying strain. This term may be said to apply to the last segment of a tensile test graph when a polymer shows an in- crease in sustained stress before failure. This is usually a result of a hardening mechanism, such as chain ‘alignment, in the direction of the applied ‘orce. A day on which a unit operates at design capacity. The total number of stream days is generally less ‘than 365 per year. The maxinum load per unit area that a material_may be considered to be capable of supporting. This property is very sensitive to the testing proce- dure and consequently difficult to compare. The applied force or load divided by the original cross-sectional area carrying the force. Since necking can be extensive in a polymer, this value is often deceptively low. Failure by cracking under the combined action of stress and intergranular corrosion. edstress relief stress whitening* string stripper structural polymer structured packing stub stud stuffing box sub] ime* substation Heat treatment (uitgloeien). See Fresnel} effect. the entire length of casing, tubing or drill pipe run into a hole; the casing string. Column to remove gas or light boiling fractions from a liquid. Stripping medium can be gas (e.g. Trom @ rebotler) or steam, One which is able to sustain a load in at least two directions. Usually fibers are not included in this category, although they have been applied in functions for which structural polymers were Previously used. Tower packing which must ‘installed in an orderly Prescribed way, contrary to random pack- ing. Transition piece between heater outlet and flue duct or stack. Circular or elliptical convection tube extension in heater. ‘An annular compartment around a shaft filled with packing to prevent leakage. Especially used for axially moving shafts of e.g. reciprocating pumps and compressors. See SUS. The process by which a solid material breaks down directly into atoms or yroups of atoms thal are disassociated and energetic enough to be gaseous. Most polymers sublime rather than truly melt. The sublimitation process begins long before the temperature usually assigned to it. It is a matter of rate or kinetics rather than absolutcly a discontinuously abrupt change of state. Building where electrical power is distributed to users.submersible pump ‘subsea completion system subsurface safety valve sufferdje sulfur lock surface pressure surface safety valve surge surge drum sweetening swelling* A pump that is placed below the level of fluid in a well. It is usually driven by an electric motor and consists of a series of rotating blades that inpart centrifugal motion to Tift the Fluid to the surface. A submersible apparatus similar to a bathysphere in which men are lowered to the ocean bottom to work on the wellheads of cumpleted wells. The wellhead contains a cellar to which the system is attached, allowing the men to work in a dry atmosphere. See tubing safety valve. Shel] pocket data book. ‘A set of concentric pipes to avoid vapor passing to sulfur storage. The formation pressure measured at the wellhead. A valve mounted in the Christmas tree assembly that stops the flow of fluids from the well if damage occurs to the assembly. Unstable condition at compressor discharge, when compressed fluid tends to flow backward. Suction drum with large holdup. Saybolt Universal. Viscosity expressed in seconds. Free of HS and mercaptans. Sweet crude = low sulfur crude. Mercaptan (RSH) extraction or oxidation. See also morox, The dissolving of a solvent into a cross-linked polymer. The cross-linked polymer will elastically stretch to accommodate the solvent, thereby producing a ge] in the case of extreme solubility. Swelling is a common’ problem when rubbers are used in conjunction with greases.swing elbow ami tchgear swivel joint ‘SWS syntactic* Ww Elbow to connect new system, while disconnecting other system without the use of valves. Elbow can only be swung when unit is down. Power distributor (schakelkast) . Flexible pipe connection of special construction, suitable for high pressure service. Sour Water Stripper. An arrangement in which the side atoms or groups alternate. Schematically, it would look like: tttT and U TA Luft table top tack weld tag tatl-gas unit tar sand ‘TBP curve TEA TES TEL THA tempered water system tensile modulus* 4 Temporary (construction) facilities and construc- tion management. German air-pollution legislation. Steel or concrete structure providing good acces- sibility to vessel or tower bottom. Initial partial weld to prevent distortion during welding (hechtlas). See Figure 4. A flash point determination method. Unit downstream Claus unit to enhance sulfur recovery. See also SCOT. A sandstone that contains mostly very heavy tar ike hydrocarbons. Tar sands are difficult to produce by ordinary methods; thus it is costly to obtain usable hydrocarbons from them. Tertiary Butyl Alcohol (gasoline blending compo- nent with high ON). True boiling point curve, indicating relation between bubble point and fraction distilled with sharp fractionation. Trrethanod amine. Triethylene Glycol. Used for gas hydration. Tetraethyl Lead. Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association. Closed cooling water system with controlled temperature. Used to avoid too deep product cool ing. In thermosetting polymers this term is inter- changeable with modulus of elasticity hecause the cross linking produces a material with an elastic region which corresponds to its entire initial Vinear region.tensile strength tensile test* Texas tower thermal conducti- vity* ‘thermal degra- dation* However, for a thermoplastic, the elastic region extends to about 2% strain with a reasonably linear region of the tensile curve continuing well beyond the actual elastic limit; the entire linear region is used for the determination of the tensile modulus. Thus, for thermoplastics the more usually reported value is tensile modulus and it is becoming the term of choice for most polymers. The maximum load that a polymer can withstand prior to failure divided by the original Cross-sectional area supporting the load. Since many polymers neck to a large extent, this value may be less than would be expected. A procedure in which a polymeric sample is loaded ‘in tension for the determination of its modulus, strength, elongation and toughness, Although this is a standard testing procedure, not all tests on polymers are carried ut under identical condi- tions, thereby creating confusion in data inter- pretation. Tall vertical heat exchangers, particularly used in catalytic reformers. The amount of heat energy a polymer can transmit through its bulk as a function of time. The average amorphous polymer has a thermal conduc- UIVIty of about U.UuUS cai/em-s-degree ("L), whereas a crystalline polymer would have about twice that value. The process through which a polymer is decomposed by energy supplied in the form of heat, breaking its chemical bonds. Minor bond breakage can occur at any temperature, soa __ characteristic temperature for thermal stability is: defined. This is the temperature at which one half of the woight: of the polymer is lost in one-half hour and is designated by T}. The test is conducted in a vacuum to prevent the recombination of other elements, such as oxygen, to distort; the weighing.thermal expansion* The ratio of the change in volume per degree Celcius to the volume at zero Kelvin. Often the thermal expansion in one direction is the only design concern. In that case, the volumetric terms can be replaced by linear terms. The Coettrcient of linear expansion is approximately equal to one third the coefficient of volume expansion. For most polymers, the expansion due to increasing temperature is much jess than the change that is produced by the glass transition. Thus, thermal expansion data is often listed only as values just below and just above the giass transition temperature ‘rather than as a function of temperature. ‘thermal expansion empirical relation- ships* The change in thermal expansion due to the glass transition temperature is about 0.0005°C. When this value is multiplied by the glass transition temperature, the result is bout 0.115. Thus, the expected glass transition temperature, if both of these empirical relationships are obeyed, is 230 Kelvin. If the thermal expansion above the glass transition temperature is multiplied by the glass transition temperature, the result will approximately be 0.16. For crystalline polymers, the product of the ‘thermal expansion and the melting temperature is about 0.11. The thermal expansion of a crystal is approximately that of the polymer below the yas tenperature. , thermoluminescence* The emission of Tight as a result of heat input. thermoplastic# A polymer that softens as it is heated without a specific softening point. Amorphous thermoplastics go from the glass transition temperature through to a liquid or gas, with ever increasing softness. Crystalline thermoplastics have a better defined nelting point but still exhibit increasing soften- ing from the glass: transition tesperature to the melting point.thermosetting* ‘thermosiphon thyrtstor control Te tie molecules* TG tip TIP TLE THL topping tought toughness* tracing tracking* 4 A polymer that does not display’a softening point. This type of polymer is produced by starting with a monomer that will form a highly cross-1inked matrix unable to respond to elevated temperatures im any way, except sublimitation or char. Fluid circulation system brought about by density differences. Also, exchanger-type designation. Electrical system to regulate electric motor speed. Total Installed Cost. When the same polymeric chain grows into two different lamellae, the short section of chain between the lamellae services as a tie between them. Tie molecules unify and reinforce the structure of the crystal. Tungsten’ Inert Gas welding. See @TAW. End of burner or fan blade. Total Isomérization Process. Transfer tine Exchanger (for generation of HP steam from SRT heater effluent). Tetramethy] Lead. » Removing light distillates from crude oil. Capable of absorbing-substantial energy at high rates prior to failure. Most polymers are tough at anbient temperatures. The quality of being tough. External heating of lines, vessels by steam, hot oil or electricity. A combination of dust and moisture can produce an electrical path on the surface of a polymer being used as a dielectric.trans* trap treating ‘trench triboluminescence* trim trim cooler If the path deteriorates physically, then the material is said to exhibit tracking. Once track- ‘ing has occurred, it will be in this area that the dielectric breakdown will occur. With concentra- tion of pumer aluny Une narrow tracking path, tne polymer nay become so overheated locally as to ignite. The backbone of a carbon or silicone based polymer is not straight but zig zags along at about a 110° angle. Since the bond 1s free to rotate about the angle in space, all positions are theoretically possible but only a few are energetically favor- able. The most favorable positions are the trans, followed by the gauche. The cis is the least favorable position. All other positions are considered energetically unfavorable. Whereas the cis represents an angular relationship of 180° to the backbone, the trans is that of 0°. This is shown in the following schematic, where atom C, is in the trans position: fq = Device to collect liquid without allowing vapor passage, ¢.g. steam trap. = Layers of buried rock strata that are ar- ranged so that petroleum accumulates in them. Process to improve product properties with minimum product conversion. Depressed pipe road at grade. Luminescence resulting from mechanical deforma- tion. Valve internal opening. Additional cooler to bring about the last part of the required cooling, ¢.g. a. water cooler down- stream an air cooler,trip triplex pump trunk line 780 tubing pressure tubing safety valve turbining turndown Tov Equipment failure, both unintentional and inten- tional (e.g. low feed flow trips heater firing). A reciprocating pump with three pistons or pluna- ers. A main line, Tight Shutoff. TSO valve = soft-seated valve. The formation pressure on the tubing in a well at ‘the wellhead. A device installed in the tubing string of a Producing well to shut in the flow of production if the flow exceeds a preset rate. Tubing safety valves are widely used in offshore wells to prevent poltution if the wellhead fails for any reason. Mechanical inside tube cleaning. Reduction in capacity, flow, duty, speed, etc. Technische Uberwachungsverein. 2"U" tube UFL unit cell* vop upgrading ups utilities = Self-explanatory. = Exchanger-type designation. upper Flammable Limit. The smallest arrangement of atoms in three-dimen- sional space that can be repeated in all direc- tions to form a crystalline solid. In the case of polymers, the bonding along the backbone limits the arrangements possible, but does not interfere withthe normal definition of this term. Universal 011 Products. Quality improvement. Uninterrupted electrical Power Supply (from batteries). Collective noun: for plant auxiliary systems, e.g. electricity, steam, fuel, cooling water, etc.¥50 vacuum residue valve unloader VA meter Van der Waals bond* vapeur vapor lock vapor pressure vapor recovery unit variable costs vent venture venture life VI virgin Viscosity blending value. See Visbreaker Manual. Bottom product of a crude vacuum column. Cut point approximately 540°C. System to regulate reciprocating compressor flow. Variable Area meter (rotaneter). A form of secondary bonding that may be considered to include ‘hydrogen bonding as well. There is no covalent or ionic bonding involved, so the Van der Waals bond acts between separate polymeric chains that are in close proximity to each other. It is really a combination of all minor attraction forces, so it includes mass attraction and dipole- dipole attraction. Steam, not vapor. Vapor formation in the gasoline supply to’ the carburetor resulting from the high vapor pressure. The lowest pressure at which a liquid at a given temperature can remain in the liquid state without evaporation. Unit to recover mainly liquid C, and C4 fractions. Operating expenses that vary on an annual basis almost directiy with production volume and thus are relatively constant per unit quantity of product. Gas outlet to atmosphere. Enterprise undertaken at risk for profit. Time period over which a venture is evaluated. Includes construction and depreciation periods. Viscosity Index: Indicates ofl —viscosi- ty/temperature relation. See straight run.visbreaker viscofluid state* viscosity index volatility® vulcanization* M Process to reduce residue viscosity by mild ‘thermal cracking. The state that exists above the rubber state in polymers that do not sublime prior to reaching it. It is exhibited by amorphous thermoplastics. This state has more fluidity than the rubber state but is not sufficiently fluid to be considered @ true liquid. , A number indicating the viscosity temperature relationship. {Refer to plasticizers). Plasticizers are usually low molecular weight organic polymers that are subject to evaporation. The addition of thermal aging to polymer pro- cessing makes their evaporation that much more favorable and removes the plasticizer from the polymer much more quickly Vacuum Residue. Vapor Recovery Unit. The process by whtch sulfur is added to natural rubber to produce a cross-linked polymer. fae‘wash oi] waste heat water cut water ring pump wc wetr well completion wet gas white product white spirit wicket wild gasoline wildcat Winter. See also SAE and $. Liquid reflux, generally in tower section directly above the Tlash zone. © -, Not: Flush oil. Heat which cannot be used for the process proper and cones available for other purposes, @-g. steam generation, air preheat, etc. : Percentage water in well fluid. Vacuum pump a Water Column (as: pressure). Overflow edge. The activities and methods necessary to prepare a well for the productiomof oi] and gas; the method by which a flow line for hydrocarbons is estab- Vished between the reservoir and the surface. The equipment used to maintain surface control of a well. Gas at high dew point caused, e.g. by the presence of gasoline vapor. Not: Gas containing water. Waste Heat Boiler. Steam generation from waste heat. Distillate crude of] fractions: Gasoline and kerosene, gas oil. Solvent, boiling between about 150°C and 200°C. "U"-shaped tube used in multipass heaters, particularly catalytic reformer heaters. Gasoline with vapor pressure above 1 atm. A well drilled in an area where no of] or gas production exists.window wire rope wire line WOR workover working capital writeoff Segmenta? opening of exchanger cross-sectional baffle. A rope composed of steel wires twisted into strands tnat are in turn twisted around a central core of hemp or other fiber to create a rope of great strength and considerable flexibility. Wire rope is used as drilling line (in rotary and cable tool rigs), coring line, servicing line, winch line and so on. See wire rope. Water Oi} Ratio. To perform one or more of a variety of remedial operations on a producing of! well to try increase production. Cash reserves required to cover short-term operat- ing costs in a production plant. Charge an amount of capital as an expense jin one year. For ‘example, if 2 piece of equipment, with 2 remaining undepreciated value of USD 2 million is removed fron service, then to write off the equipment is to include USD 2 million as an operating cost for that year.weray xoT xs Rontgen radiation, Cross-over temperature. Extra strong.yield strength* Young’s moduTus* "Y"-type strainer The stress at which a taterial exhibits a speci- fied deviation from the proportionality between approximately linear stress and strain. Often the 0.2% offset yield strength is tabulated, such that the yield strengtn represents a plastic strain of 0.002 in uniaxial tension. For many polymers, there is no real yield strength, as plastic deformation commences immediately. See modulus of elasticity. See strainer.“Z* factor Compressibility, factor. PV = zRT, ae