iPod

IPOD redirects here. For other uses, see IPOD 1 History

(disambiguation).
This article is about the series. For a specic iPod, see See also: Timeline of Apple Inc. products
iPod Touch, iPod Classic, iPod Nano and iPod Shue. Though the iPod was released in 2001, its price and

The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-

purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by
Apple Inc. The rst version was released on October
23, 2001, about 8 1 2 months after the Macintosh version
of iTunes was released. The most recent iPod redesigns
were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three cur-
rent versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shue,
the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch.
Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as ex-
ternal data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by
model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shue to 128
GB for the iPod Touch (previously 160 GB for the iPod
Classic, which is now discontinued).
Apples iTunes software (and other alternative software)
can be used to transfer music, photos, videos, games, con-
tact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and
calendars, to the devices supporting these features from
computers using certain versions of Apple Macintosh and
Microsoft Windows operating systems.[2][3]
Before the release of iOS 5, the iPod branding was
used for the media player included with the iPhone and
iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps on
the iPod Touch. As of iOS 5, separate apps named
Music and Videos are standardized across all iOS- Various iPod models, all of which have been discontinued or up-
powered products.[4] While the iPhone and iPad have es- dated
sentially the same media player capabilities as the iPod
line, they are generally treated as separate products. Dur- Mac-only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow
ing the middle of 2010, iPhone sales overtook those of until 2004.[8] The iPod line came from Apples digital
the iPod.[5] hub category, when the company began creating soft-
ware for the growing market of personal digital devices.
In mid-2015, a new model of the iPod Touch was an-
Digital cameras, camcorders and organizers had well-
nounced by Apple, and was ocially released on the Ap-
established mainstream markets, but the company found
ple store on July 15, 2015. The sixth generation iPod
existing digital music players big and clunky or small
Touch includes a wide variety of spec improvements such
and useless with user interfaces that were unbelievably
as the upgraded A8 processor and higher-quality screen.
awful,[9] so Apple decided to develop its own. As or-
The core is over ve times faster than previous models
dered by CEO Steve Jobs, Apples hardware engineering
and is built to be roughly on par with the iPhone 5S.[6]
chief Jon Rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to
It is available in ve dierent colors: Space Grey, Pink,
design the iPod line, including hardware engineers Tony
Gold, Silver and (PRODUCT)RED .[7]
Fadell and Michael Dhuey,[10] and design engineer Sir
Jonathan Ive.[9] Rubinstein had already discovered the
Toshiba hard disk drive while meeting with an Apple sup-
plier in Japan, and purchased the rights to it for Apple,
and had also already worked out how the screen, bat-
tery, and other key elements would work.[11] The aes-

1
2 2 HARDWARE

thetic was inspired by the 1958 Braun T3 transistor ra- computer and the music player.[9] Apple researched the
dio designed by Dieter Rams, while the wheel-based user trademark and found that it was already in use. Joseph
interface was prompted by Bang & Olufsens BeoCom N. Grasso of New Jersey had originally listed an iPod
6000 telephone.[12][13] The product (the Walkman of the trademark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Oce
twenty-rst century [14] ) was developed in less than one (USPTO) in July 2000 for Internet kiosks. The rst iPod
year and unveiled on October 23, 2001. Jobs announced kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in New Jer-
it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive sey in March 1998, and commercial use began in January
that put 1,000 songs in your pocket.[15] 2000, but had apparently been discontinued by 2001. The
trademark was registered by the USPTO in November
Apple did not develop the iPod software entirely in-
house, instead using PortalPlayer's reference platform 2003,[19] and Grasso assigned it to Apple Computer, Inc. in
2005.
based on two ARM cores. The platform had rudimentary
software running on a commercial microkernel embed- The earliest recorded use in commerce of an iPod
ded operating system. PortalPlayer had previously been trademark was in 1991 by Chrysalis Corp. of Sturgis,
working on an IBM-branded MP3 player with Bluetooth Michigan, styled "iPOD.[20]
headphones.[9] Apple contracted another company, Pixo, In mid-2015, several new color schemes for all of the
to help design and implement the user interface under current iPod models were spotted in the latest version of
the direct supervision of Steve Jobs.[9] As development iTunes, 12.2. Belgian website Belgium iPhone originally
progressed, Apple continued to rene the softwares look found the images when plugging in an iPod for the rst
and feel. Starting with the iPod Mini, the Chicago font time, and subsequent leaked photos were found by Pierre
was replaced with Espy Sans. Later iPods switched fonts Dandumont.[21][22]
again to Podium Sansa font similar to Apples corpo-
rate font, Myriad. Color display iPods then adopted some
Mac OS X themes like Aqua progress bars, and brushed
metal meant to evoke a combination lock. In 2007, Apple 2 Hardware
modied the iPod interface again with the introduction
of the sixth-generation iPod Classic and third-generation 2.1 Audio
iPod Nano by changing the font to Helvetica and, in most
cases, splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus The third-generation iPod had a weak bass response,
on the left and album artwork, photos, or videos on the as shown in audio tests.[30][31] The combination of the
right (whichever was appropriate for the selected item). undersized DC-blocking capacitors and the typical low
In 2006 Apple presented a special edition for iPod 5G of impedance of most consumer headphones form a high-
Irish rock band U2. Like its predecessor, this iPod has pass lter, which attenuates the low-frequency bass
engraved the signatures of the four members of the band output. Similar capacitors were used in the fourth-
on its back, but this one was the rst time the company generation iPods.[32] The problem is reduced when using
changed the colour of the metal (not silver but black). high-impedance headphones and is completely masked
This iPod was only available with 30GB of storage capac- when driving high-impedance (line level) loads, such as
ity. The special edition entitled purchasers to an exclusive an external headphone amplier. The rst-generation
video with 33 minutes of interviews and performance by iPod Shue uses a dual-transistor output stage,[30] rather
U2, downloadable from the iTunes Store.[16][17] than a single capacitor-coupled output, and does not ex-
hibit reduced bass response for any load.
In September 2007, during a lawsuit with patent hold-
ing company Burst.com, Apple drew attention to a patent For all iPods released in 2006 and earlier, some equalizer
for a similar device that was developed in 1979. Kane (EQ) sound settings would distort the bass sound far too
Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a plas- easily, even on undemanding songs.[33][34] This would
tic music box in 1981, which he called the IXI.[18] He happen for EQ settings like R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and
was unable to secure funding to renew the US$120,000 Bass Booster, because the equalizer amplied the digital
worldwide patent, so it lapsed and Kramer never proted audio level beyond the softwares limit, causing distortion
from his idea.[18] (clipping) on bass instruments.
The name iPod was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a free- From the fth-generation iPod on, Apple introduced a
lance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Ap- user-congurable volume limit in response to concerns
ple to gure out how to introduce the new player to the about hearing loss.[35] Users report that in the sixth-
public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the generation iPod, the maximum volume output level is
movie 2001: A Space Odyssey and the phrase Open the limited to 100 dB in EU markets. Apple previously had
pod bay door, Hal!", which refers to the white EVA Pods to remove iPods from shelves in France for exceeding
of the Discovery One spaceship. Chieco saw an analogy this legal limit.[36] However, users who have bought a
to the relationship between the spaceship and the smaller new sixth-generation iPod in late 2013 have reported a
independent pods in the relationship between a personal new option that allowed them to disable the EU volume
limit.[37] It has been said that these new iPods came with
2.3 Accessories 3

an updated software that allowed this change.[38] Older Lightning, on September 12, 2012 with their announce-
sixth-generation iPods, however, are unable to update to ment of the iPhone 5, the fth-generation iPod Touch,
this software version.[39] and the seventh-generation iPod Nano, which all feature
it. The new connector replaces the older 30-pin dock con-
nector used by older iPods, iPhones, and iPads. Apple
2.2 Connectivity Lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it
can be inserted with either side facing up.[41]
See also: Dock connector Apple
Originally, a FireWire connection to the host computer
2.3 Accessories

The Made for iPod logo found on most classic iPod accessories
Four iPod wall chargers for North America, all made by Ap-
ple. These have FireWire (left) and USB (right three) connectors,
which allow iPods to charge without a computer. The units have Many accessories have been made for the iPod line. A
been miniaturized over time. large number are made by third party companies, al-
though many, such as the iPod Hi-Fi, are made by Ap-
was used to update songs or recharge the battery. The ple. Some accessories add extra features that other music
battery could also be charged with a power adapter that players have, such as sound recorders, FM radio tuners,
was included with the rst four generations. wired remote controls, and audio/visual cables for TV
The third generation began including a 30-pin dock con- connections. Other accessories oer unique features like
nector, allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity. This the Nike+iPod pedometer and the iPod Camera Connec-
provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, tor. Other notable accessories include external speakers,
as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. wireless remote controls, protective case, screen lms,
Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB ca- and wireless earphones.[42] Among the rst accessory
bles instead of FireWire, although the latter was avail- manufacturers were Grin Technology, Belkin, JBL,
able separately. As of the rst-generation iPod Nano Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation.
and the fth-generation iPod Classic, Apple discontin- BMW released the rst iPod automobile interface,[43]
ued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allow- allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an
ing for use of FireWire to charge the device) in an at- iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls
tempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second- or the radio head-unit buttons. Apple announced in
generation iPod Touch and the fourth-generation iPod 2005 that similar systems would be available for other
Nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed. The vehicle brands, including Mercedes-Benz,[44] Volvo,[45]
second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod Shue uses Nissan, Toyota,[46] Alfa Romeo, Ferrari,[47] Acura, Audi,
a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as Honda,[48] Renault, Inniti[49] and Volkswagen.[50] Scion
both a headphone jack or a USB data and charging port oers standard iPod connectivity on all their cars.
for the dock/cable. Gecko Gear, founded in 2006, sells 100 accessories rang-
The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to ing from protective covers to cases, screen protectors to
accessories, which often supplement the iPods music, armbands.
video, and photo playback. Apple sells a few accessories,
Some independent stereo manufacturers including JVC,
such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi, but most are
Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon
manufactured by third parties such as Belkin and Grin.
also have iPod-specic integration solutions. Alternative
Some peripherals use their own interface, while others
connection methods include adapter kits (that use the cas-
use the iPods own screen. Because the dock connector is
sette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and
a proprietary interface, the implementation of the inter-
FM transmitters such as the iTripalthough personal FM
face requires paying royalties to Apple.[40] transmitters are illegal in some countries. Many car man-
Apple introduced a new 8-pin dock connector, named ufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard.[51]
4 3 SOFTWARE

Beginning in mid-2007, four major airlines, United,

Continental, Delta, and Emirates, reached agreements to
install iPod seat connections. The free service will allow
passengers to power and charge an iPod, and view video
and music libraries on individual seat-back displays.[52]
Originally KLM and Air France were reported to be part
of the deal with Apple, but they later released statements
explaining that they were only contemplating the possi-
bility of incorporating such systems.[53]

3 Software
The iPod line can play several audio le formats in-
cluding MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV,
Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless. The iPod Photo
introduced the ability to display JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF,
and PNG image le formats. Fifth- and sixth-generation
The signature iPod click wheel
iPod Classics, as well as third-generation iPod Nanos, can
additionally play MPEG-4 (H.264/MPEG-4 AVC) and
QuickTime video formats, with restrictions on video di- malist interface. The buttons perform basic functions
mensions, encoding techniques and data rates.[54] Orig- such as menu, play, pause, next track, and previous track.
inally, iPod software only worked with Classic Mac OS Other operations, such as scrolling through menu items
and Mac OS X; iPod software for Microsoft Windows and controlling the volume, are performed by using the
was launched with the second-generation model.[55] Un- click wheel in a rotational manner. The 3rd-generation
like most other media players, Apple does not support iPod Shue does not have any controls on the actual
Microsoft's WMA audio formatbut a converter for player; instead it has a small control on the earphone ca-
WMA les without Digital Rights Management (DRM) is ble, with volume-up and -down buttons and a single but-
provided with the Windows version of iTunes. MIDI les ton for play and pause, next track, etc. The iPod Touch
also cannot be played, but can be converted to audio les has no click-wheel; instead it uses a 3.5 touch screen
using the Advanced menu in iTunes. Alternative open- along with a home button, sleep/wake button and (on the
source audio formats, such as Ogg Vorbis and FLAC, are second and third generations of the iPod Touch) volume-
not supported without installing custom rmware onto an up and -down buttons. The user interface for the iPod
iPod (e.g., Rockbox). Touch is identical to that of the iPhone. Dierences in-
During installation, an iPod is associated with one host clude the lack of a phone application. Both devices use
computer. Each time an iPod connects to its host com- iOS.
puter, iTunes can synchronize entire music libraries or
music playlists either automatically or manually. Song
ratings can be set on an iPod and synchronized later to the 3.2 iTunes Store
iTunes library, and vice versa. A user can access, play,
and add music on a second computer if an iPod is set to Main articles: iTunes and iTunes Store
manual and not automatic sync, but anything added or
edited will be reversed upon connecting and syncing with
the main computer and its library. If a user wishes to au- The iTunes Store (introduced April 29, 2003) is an on-
tomatically sync music with another computer, an iPods line media store run by Apple and accessed through
library will be entirely wiped and replaced with the other iTunes. The store became the market leader soon af-
computers library. ter its launch[56] and Apple announced the sale of videos
through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length
movies became available on September 12, 2006.[57]
3.1 Interface At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio
les used the AAC format with added encryption, based
iPods with color displays use anti-aliased graphics and on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to ve authorized com-
text, with sliding animations. All iPods (except the 3rd- puters and an unlimited number of iPods could play the
generation iPod Shue, the 6th & 7th generation iPod les. Burning the les with iTunes as an audio CD, then
Nano, and iPod Touch) have ve buttons and the later re-importing would create music les without the DRM.
generations have the buttons integrated into the click The DRM could also be removed using third-party soft-
wheel an innovation that gives an uncluttered, mini- ware. However, in a deal with Apple, EMI began selling
3.4 File storage and transfer 5

DRM-free, higher-quality songs on the iTunes Stores, in ing the video game handheld console market. Even video
a category called iTunes Plus. While individual songs game magazines like GamePro and EGM have reviewed
were made available at a cost of US$1.29, 30 more than and rated most of their games as of late.[61]
the cost of a regular DRM song, entire albums were avail- The games are in the form of .ipg les, which are ac-
able for the same price, US$9.99, as DRM encoded al- tually .zip archives in disguise. When unzipped, they re-
bums. On October 17, 2007, Apple lowered the cost of veal executable les along with common audio and image
individual iTunes Plus songs to US$0.99 per song, the les, leading to the possibility of third party games. Ap-
same as DRM encoded tracks. On January 6, 2009, Ap- ple has not publicly released a software development kit
ple announced that DRM has been removed from 80% of
(SDK) for iPod-specic development.[62] Apps produced
the music catalog, and that it would be removed from all with the iPhone SDK are compatible only with the iOS on
music by April 2009.
the iPod Touch and iPhone, which cannot run clickwheel-
iPods cannot play music les from competing music based games.
stores that use rival-DRM technologies like Microsoft's
protected WMA or RealNetworks' Helix DRM. Exam-
ple stores include Napster and MSN Music. RealNet-
works claims that Apple is creating problems for itself[58]
by using FairPlay to lock users into using the iTunes
Store. Steve Jobs stated that Apple makes little prot
from song sales, although Apple uses the store to promote 3.4 File storage and transfer
iPod sales.[59] However, iPods can also play music les
from online stores that do not use DRM, such as eMusic
or Amie Street. All iPods except for the iPod Touch can function in disk
mode as mass storage devices to store data les[63] but
Universal Music Group decided not to renew their con-
this may not be the default behavior, and in the case of
tract with the iTunes Store on July 3, 2007. Universal
[60] the iPod Touch, requires special software. If an iPod is
will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity.
formatted on a Mac OS computer, it uses the HFS+ le
Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on Septem- system format, which allows it to serve as a boot disk for
ber 5, 2007, in its Media Event entitled The Beat Goes a Mac computer.[64] If it is formatted on Windows, the
On.... This service allows users to access the Music Store FAT32 format is used. With the release of the Windows-
from either an iPhone or an iPod Touch and download compatible iPod, the default le system used on the iPod
songs directly to the device that can be synced to the users line switched from HFS+ to FAT32, although it can be re-
iTunes Library over a WiFi connection, or, in the case of formatted to either le system (excluding the iPod Shue
an iPhone, the telephone network. which is strictly FAT32). Generally, if a new iPod (ex-
cluding the iPod Shue) is initially plugged into a com-
puter running Windows, it will be formatted with FAT32,
3.3 Games and if initially plugged into a Mac running Mac OS it will
be formatted with HFS+.[65]
Main articles: iPod game and App Store (iOS) Unlike many other MP3 players, simply copying audio or
video les to the drive with a typical le management ap-
Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. plication will not allow an iPod to properly access them.
The original iPod had the game Brick (originally inventedThe user must use software that has been specically de-
by Apples co-founder Steve Wozniak) included as an signed to transfer media les to iPods, so that the les are
easter egg hidden feature; later rmware versions added playable and viewable. Usually iTunes is used to transfer
it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added media to an iPod, though several alternative third-party
three more games: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz. applications are available on a number of dierent plat-
In September 2006, the iTunes Store began to oer ad- forms.
ditional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7, iTunes 7 and above can transfer purchased media of the
compatible with the fth generation iPod with iPod soft- iTunes Store from an iPod to a computer, provided that
ware 1.2 or later. Those games were: Bejeweled, Cubis 2, computer containing the DRM protected media is autho-
Mahjong, Mini Golf, Pac-Man, Tetris, Texas Hold 'Em, rized to play it.
Vortex, Asphalt 4: Elite Racing and Zuma. Additional Media les are stored on an iPod in a hidden folder, along
games have since been added. These games work on the with a proprietary database le. The hidden content can
6th and 5th generation iPod Classic and the 5th and 4th be accessed on the host operating system by enabling
generation iPod Nano. hidden les to be shown. The media les can then be
With third parties like Namco, Square Enix, Electronic recovered manually by copying the les or folders o the
Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft all making games for the iPod. Many third-party applications also allow easy copy-
iPod, Apples MP3 player has taken steps towards enter- ing of media les o of an iPod.
6 6 SALES

4 Models and features iPod Sales Chart

Units sold worldwide in Millions, per fiscal quarter
24

Mini 1G

Mini 2G, Shuffle 1G

Nano 1G

Nano 4G, Touch 2G

Nano 5G, Touch 3G

Shuffle 4G, Nano 6G, Touch 4G

Nano 7G, Touch 5G

Classic 1G

Classic 2G

Classic 3G

Classic 4G
Classic 4G Photo

Classic 4G Color

Classic 5G

Classic 6G, Nano 3G, Touch 1G

Shuffle 2G, Nano 2G

Shuffle 3G
Main article: List of iPod models 20

16

12

While the sux Classic was not introduced until the 8

sixth generation, it has been applied here retroactively to 4

all generic iPods for clarity. 0

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Units sold worldwide in Millions, per fiscal year

60
50
40
30

5 Patent disputes 20
10

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Source Apple Inc Created using Gnumeric and Inkscape

In 2005, Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent

infringement by the iPod line and its associated iPod quarterly sales. Click for table of data and sources. Note
technologies:[70] Advanced Audio Devices claimed the that Q1 is October through December of previous year, the holi-
iPod line breached its patent on a music jukebox,[71] day season.
while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called
Pat-rights led a suit claiming that Apples FairPlay tech-
caused its U.S. market share to increase from 31% to 65%
nology breached a patent[72] issued to inventor Ho Ke-
and in July 2005, this market share was measured at 74%.
ung Tse. The latter case also includes the online music
In January 2007 the iPod market share reached 72.7%
stores of Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch
according to Bloomberg Online.
as defendants.[73]
On January 8, 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced
Apples application to the United States Patent and Trade-
that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license
mark Oce for a patent on rotational user inputs,[74]
agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were
as used on the iPod interface, received a third non-
usedincluding Wal-Martand these iPods eventually
nal rejection (NFR) in August 2005. Also in Au-
made up 5% of all iPod sales. In July 2005, HP stopped
gust 2005, Creative Technology, one of Apples main ri-
selling iPods due to unfavorable terms and conditions im-
vals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a
posed by Apple.[80]
patent[75] on part of the music selection interface used
by the iPod line, which Creative Technology dubbed the In January 2007, Apple reported record quarterly revenue
Zen Patent, granted on August 9, 2005.[76] On May 15, of US$7.1 billion, of which 48% was made from iPod
2006, Creative led another suit against Apple with the sales.[81]
United States District Court for the Northern District of On April 9, 2007, it was announced that Apple had sold
California. Creative also asked the United States Inter- its one-hundred millionth iPod, making it the biggest
national Trade Commission to investigate whether Apple selling digital music player of all time. In April 2007,
was breaching U.S. trade laws by importing iPods into the Apple reported second quarter revenue of US$5.2 bil-
United States.[77] lion, of which 32% was made from iPod sales.[82] Ap-
On August 24, 2006, Apple and Creative announced a ple and several industry analysts suggest that iPod users
broad settlement to end their legal disputes. Apple will are likely to purchase other Apple products such as Mac
pay Creative US$100 million for a paid-up license, to use computers.[83]
Creatives awarded patent in all Apple products. As part On October 22, 2007, Apple reported quarterly revenue
of the agreement, Apple will recoup part of its payment, of US$6.22 billion, of which 30.69% came from Ap-
if Creative is successful in licensing the patent. Creative ple notebook sales, 19.22% from desktop sales and 26%
then announced its intention to produce iPod accessories from iPod sales. Apples 2007 year revenue increased to
by joining the Made for iPod program.[78] US$24.01 billion with US$3.5 billion in prots. Apple
ended the scal year 2007 with US$15.4 billion in cash
and no debt.[84]
6 Sales On January 22, 2008, Apple reported the best quarter
revenue and earnings in Apples history so far. Apple
See also: iPod advertising posted record revenue of US$9.6 billion and record net
quarterly prot of US$1.58 billion. 42% of Apples rev-
Since October 2004, the iPod line has dominated digital enue for the First scal quarter of 2008 came from iPod
music player sales in the United States, with over 90% sales, followed by [85] 21% from notebook sales and 16%
of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% from desktop sales.
of the market for all types of players.[79] During the year On October 21, 2008, Apple reported that only 14.21%
from January 2004 to January 2005, the high rate of sales of total revenue for scal quarter 4 of year 2008 came
 7

from iPods.[86] At the September 9, 2009 keynote presen- 8 Criticism

tation at the Apple Event, Phil Schiller announced total
cumulative sales of iPods exceeded 220 million.[87] The
8.1 Battery problems
continual decline of iPod sales since 2009 has not been
a surprising trend for the Apple corporation, as Apple
The advertised battery life on most models is dierent
CFO Peter Oppenheimer explained in June 2009: We
from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fth
expect our traditional MP3 players to decline over time
generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14
as we cannibalize ourselves with the iPod Touch and the
hours of music playback. An MP3.com report stated that
iPhone. Since 2009, the companys iPod sales have con-
this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage con-
tinually decreased every nancial quarter and in 2013 a
ditions, with a writer for MP3.com getting on average less
new model was not introduced onto the market.[88]
than 8 hours from an iPod.[101] In 2003, class action law-
As of September 2012, Apple reported that total number suits were brought against Apple complaining that the bat-
of iPods sold worldwide was 350 million.[89] tery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated
and that the battery degraded over time.[102] The lawsuits
were settled by oering individuals either US$50 store
credit or a free battery replacement.[103]
7 Industry impact iPod batteries are not designed to be removed or replaced
by the user, although some users have been able to open
the case themselves, usually following instructions from
iPods have won several awards ranging from engineer-
third-party vendors of iPod replacement batteries. Com-
ing excellence,[90] to most innovative audio product,[91]
pounding the problem, Apple initially would not replace
to fourth best computer product of 2006.[92] iPods often
worn-out batteries. The ocial policy was that the cus-
receive favorable reviews; scoring on looks, clean design,
tomer should buy a refurbished replacement iPod, at a
and ease of use. PC World says that iPod line has altered
cost almost equivalent to a brand new one. All lithium-
the landscape for portable audio players.[91] Several in-
ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when
dustries are modifying their products to work better with
not in use[104] (guidelines are available for prolonging life-
both the iPod line and the AAC audio format. Exam-
span) and this situation led to a market for third-party
ples include CD copy-protection schemes,[93] and mobile
battery replacement kits.
phones, such as phones from Sony Ericsson and Nokia,
which play AAC les rather than WMA. Apple announced a battery replacement program on
November 14, 2003, a week before[105] a high publicity
Besides earning a reputation as a respected entertainment
stunt and website by the Neistat Brothers.[106] The ini-
device, the iPod has also been accepted as a business de-
tial cost was US$99,[107] and it was lowered to US$59 in
vice. Government departments, major institutions and
2005. One week later, Apple oered an extended iPod
international organisations have turned to the iPod line as
warranty for US$59.[108] For the iPod Nano, soldering
a delivery mechanism for business communication and
tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the
training, such as the Royal and Western Inrmaries in
main board. Fifth generation iPods have their battery at-
Glasgow, Scotland, where iPods are used to train new
tached to the backplate with adhesive.[109][110]
sta.[94]
The rst generation iPod Nano may overheat and pose a
iPods have also gained popularity for use in educa-
health and safety risk. Aected iPod Nanos were sold
tion. Apple oers more information on educational
[95] between September 2005 and December 2006. This is
uses for iPods on their website, including a collec-
due to a awed battery used by Apple from a single bat-
tion of lesson plans. There has also been academic re-
[96] tery manufacturer.[111] Apple recommended that owners
search done in this area in nursing education and more
of aected iPod Nanos stop using them. Under an Ap-
general K-16 education.[97] Duke University provided
ple product replacement program, aected Nanos were
iPods to all incoming freshmen in the fall of 2004, and
[98] replaced with current generation Nanos free of charge.
the iPod program continues today with modications.
Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade,
best-of list, saying, Yes, children, there really was a
8.2 Reliability and durability
time when we roamed the earth without thousands of our
favorite jams tucked comfortably into our hip pockets. iPods have been criticized for alleged short lifespan and
Weird.[99] fragile hard drives. A 2005 survey conducted on the Mac-
The iPod has also been credited with accelerating shifts InTouch website found that the iPod line had an aver-
within the music industry. The iPods popularization of age failure rate of 13.7% (although they note that com-
digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to ments from respondents indicate that the true iPod fail-
entire albums and instead be able to choose specic sin- ure rate may be lower than it appears). It concluded
gles which hastened the end of the Album Era in popular that some models were more durable than others.[112] In
music.[100] particular, failure rates for iPods employing hard drives
8 11 REFERENCES

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sleeves. Comparison of portable media players
Comparison of iPod managers
8.3 Labor disputes
iPhone
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reported that iPods are mainly manufactured by work-
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15-hour shifts.[116] Apple investigated the case with inde-
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12 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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W7KyzmJt, Joshbrez, Sfacets, Computerjoe, Kusma, Ianblair23, Gene Nygaard, Tobyc75, UTSRelativity, Robert Harper, JackCarter,
Rzelnik, April Arcus, Kbolino, RyanGerbil10, Duke33, Mahanga, Ron Ritzman, Revived, Empoor, Feezo, KUsam, Googleaseerch,
Weyes, Rskjr, N3m6, Makeyourself, Rorschach, Veemonkamiya, OwenX, Woohookitty, Dangman4ever, Aurelien Fache, Hello5959us,
RHaworth, TigerShark, LOL, Webdinger, Simon Shek, Samsoncity, Yansa, PoccilScript, 25or6to4, Wackyvorlon, Rajiv Varma, Uncle
G, Stickguy, Madchester, JFG, Pol098, Zippo, WadeSimMiser, JeremyA, Chochopk, MONGO, Microtherion, Howabout1, Hailey C.
Shannon, Kmg90, Schzmo, Firien, Rhun~enwiki, Scootey, Bbatsell, Ppk01, Lol~enwiki, I64s, Mangojuice, TotoBaggins, Tobymarshman,
Flamingspinach, Bowman, GregorB, SCEhardt, Csaribay, BlaiseFEgan, Maartenvdbent, LocoBurger, Frungi, Macaddct1984, Timcruz,
Mb1000, Rjoseph, Zzyzx11, Wayward, , ThomasHarte, Mckoss, Tokek, Wisq, Christopher Thomas, ArrowmanCoder, Ambar,
Exult, Allen3, Gerbrant, Dysepsion, Paxsimius, Mandarax, Avnit, Fairway~enwiki, Graham87, Deltabeignet, Magister Mathematicae,
Zeromaru, Jp3z, Xizer, Soonercary, Gladmax, Electricmoose, Tomhormby, BD2412, Elvey, MC MasterChef, Kbdank71, FreplySpang,
Zzedar, RxS, RadioActive~enwiki, Reisio, Mendaliv, Mlewan, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Tykell, IanMcGreene, Nightscream, Koavf, Rogerd,
Omicron91, Prateekrr, IRT.BMT.IND, Akkar, NekoFever, Adjusting, Alu369, Commander, Vary, Harry491, Ikh, PinchasC, PHenry, Ril-
lian, Hack-Man, MusicAndMath, JoshuacUK, JHMM13, Tangotango, Sdornan, MZMcBride, Tawker, Jollybengali, Roccyraccoon, Nick
R, Benzamin, Nneonneo, HappyCamper, Ligulem, UriBudnik, ElKevbo, CalPaterson, JP Godfrey, Bubba73, Feco, Brighterorange, The
wub, Plastictv, Cheesy123456789, Sdkfdslkf, Nandesuka, The Rumour, Fred Bradstadt, GregAsche, Husky, Sango123, Randomgbear,
Ptdecker, Syced, Yamamoto Ichiro, A Man In Black, Leithp, Gringer, Baryonic Being, Exeunt, Flarn2006, Titoxd, MatthewMastracci,
JeStickney, Peterburk~enwiki, Matharvest, Tre89, Gywst, SchuminWeb, RobertG, Windchaser, Latka, Margosbot~enwiki, Teon,
Godlord2, Nihiltres, Crazycomputers, JiFish, Jw21, JYOuyang, Mark83, Alfred Centauri, Psyk0, SuperDude115, MosheZadka, Flow-
erparty, Skillz187, RexNL, Gurch, Sidewithus, DEIDATVM, Arctic.gnome, Jakg, Hannu83, Quuxplusone, OrbitOne, Drumguy8800,
CoolFox, Amir Reza Moosavi, Krun, Ghingo, OriginalGamer, Gesiwuj, TheSiGuy, Alphachimp, GreyCat, Bmicomp, Supersaiyanplough,
Mikesolo, Kri, ApolloBoy, Silivrenion, PowerMacX, Gurubrahma, BradBeattie, Mrschimpf, Acett, Blackened~enwiki, Psantora, Irreg-
ulargalaxies, King of Hearts, Joemc72, Guanxi, Jer, Daev, Chobot, SirGrant, Antilived, Lightsup55, P0per, Bornhj, Mhking, JesseGar-
rett, Garas, Lababidi, SwordshII, Stephen Compall, Cactus.man, Digitalme, GarconDansLeNoir, Ghoshsanjoy, Mr.Do!, NSR, Myseku-
rity, Gwernol, Joseph11h, Bw1470, MamboJambo, SPT, Uriah923, The Rambling Man, Theimacguy, Sillstaw, Albanaco, TexasAndroid,
Cdr1122334455, Mushin, Smnioe, Angus Lepper, RattusMaximus, Tommyt, Extraordinary Machine, Eraserhead1, Sceptre, OtherPer-
son, Kencaesi, Jimp, Kafziel, Alethiareg, Kiscica, Adam1213, RussBot, FrenchIsAwesome, Crazytales, Kirin, Jtkiefer, Clib, Musicpvm,
Peter S., Anonymous editor, Conscious, KamuiShirou, Sotomura, Splash, Lexi Marie, Ramallite, Limulus, Damon Mah, LordBleen,
13.1 Text 13

Gateman1997, Nurmsook, Lar, RadioFan2 (usurped), Hydrargyrum, Akamad, JohnJSal, Barefootguru, Gaius Cornelius, CambridgeBay-
Weather, Shaddack, Member, Kb1koi, Kimchi.sg, Rsharich, Varnav, UKWiki, Ugur Basak, Anomalocaris, Theshadow27, MilitantRabbit,
MosheA, Shanel, NawlinWiki, Nahallac Silverwinds, Rumple84, Formina Sage, Richard Allen, Shreshth91, Bigbadbyte, Wiki alf, Mipadi,
Markt3, BigCow, Daunrealist, Therampage, Mauimonica, Krystyn Dominik, Thatdog, Julian Grybowski, Nathan8225, Thealok, Johann
Wolfgang, Welsh, Oberst, Captainstarbucs, Viridis, Clam0p, ONEder Boy, Tareq Dowla, Chopsticks, Ino5hiro, Howcheng, Robchurch,
Emfraser, Rson-W, SimFan10076, Thiseye, Cleared as led, Nick, Retired username, Aaron Brenneman, Anetode, Shinmawa, Sturm105,
FFAFRoxorzMyBoxorz, Xdenizen, The Land of Smeg, Betakate, Matticus78, Mteorman, Corevette, Larsinio, Yoasif, Fshepinc, Jhes-
sela, Ghent, EverettColdwell, Moe Epsilon, Rudykog, O!, Froth, Sfarmer76, Jalabi99, Misza13, MySchizoBuddy, Joxy~enwiki, Tony1,
Nanouk, Bucketsofg, Pele Merengue, NpaK13, Aaron Schulz, Falcon9x5, Samir, Georgalis, EmiOfBrie, Lw99dds, DeadEyeArrow,
PS2pcGAMER, Jeremy Visser, WoodlakeMan, Mistercow, CLW, JustAddPeter, Brisvegas, The Spith, Nick123, Wknight94, Tobeyjag-
gle, LifeStar, AjaxSmack, Rofthorax, Pejhman, Ryanbutterworth, Searchme, Mugunth Kumar, FF2010, Kawika, Sandstein, Donbert,
Light current, 21655, Imrananwar, Zzuuzz, PTSE, Trisreed, Gtdp, Imaninjapirate, Bayerischermann, Ageekgal, Huangcjz, ChrisGriswold,
Cmarcus, Theda, VeiledAbyss, Jwissick, Newguineafan, Pb30, Htmlguy716, Bushing, Esprit15d, Loft, Tsunaminoai, Modify, Canley, Sean
Whitton, Petri Krohn, GraemeL, JoanneB, Alasdair, Willkm, Sitenl, Xenctuary, Rurik, CWenger, Shawnc, Dimwell, Exvicious, Danny-
choo, Fram, Peter, PureLegend, Thatoldsoul, Thelb4, HereToHelp, Pearljam123, Hayden120, JLaTondre, RenamedUser jaskldjslak904,
MrMurph101, Neonblue2, Giant89, CritCol, Chris1219, Johnpseudo, Ilmari Karonen, Ybbor, Itself, ViperSnake151, PMHauge, Ephilei,
Katieh5584, Moomoomoo, Honeyman, Tyrhinis, Racliv~enwiki, Doom127, Thegrin, NeilN, Maxamegalon2000, Eptin, Thebonobo,
Airconswitch, V Man767, Samuel Blanning, SalvadorRodriguez, Ergosteur, Mikegrant, Amberrock, Selmo, Perardi, DVD R W, Kf4bdy,
Kayotic, Qtac, Narkstraws, SGDentarthurdent, Dposse, Eykanal, Luk, The Wookieepedian, Wilkus, 1337 pirate 13, Sardanaphalus, At-
tilios, Krasimir, A bit iy, SmackBot, VolunteerFD, YellowMonkey, Teenwriter, Aido2002, FunnyYetTasty, Zakhebeone, Classiclms,
NSLE, Moeron, Arjunm, Nihonjoe, Reedy, Prodego, KnowledgeOfSelf, Royalguard11, Olorin28, Hydrogen Iodide, Wcquidditch, Go-
heels681, Although, The Monster, Jfwjxn, Bigbluesh, Pgk, Crashbandicoot, Lawrencekhoo, Gary Kirk, Blue520, Jurriaan van Hengel,
Davewild, Tjp1982, Btm, ScaldingHotSoup, Jdmt, CMD Beaker, Pieleric, Edmunds~enwiki, Delldot, Chych, SkiBumMSP, Jab843, Hardy-
plants, Ahmadr, Mcamargo, PJM, ProveIt, Ulquiorra, Fnfd, Ccscott, CHawke, Nscheey, Edgar181, HalfShadow, Kungfuazn, Alsandro,
Two stripe, Screwball23, David Fuchs, Toonmon2005, Darijoe, VSquared, ToMmYgUn, Jjnguy, Ipod guy, Lakhim, Pumapayam, Vegas-
rebel29, Xaosux, Aksi great, Richmeister, Unforgettableid, Demosthenes 1, Sloman, Gilliam, Brianski, Portillo, Ohnoitsjamie, Choalba-
ton, Oscarthecat, Skizzik, MPD01605, Ekozie, King Cole, ERcheck, SlapAyoda, ApnAEA, Moocow135, Lindosland, Saros136, Shalroth,
Bh3u4m, Chris the speller, Bhutti, GoldDragon, Dr. Woo, JordeeBec, Emericaskateforever, Trebor, Agateller, Bartimaeus, Rogerthat,
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Oatmeal batman, JBelkin, Jungleman1, A. B., Yakuman, Nintendude, Yanksox, Saucealexman, Hgrosser, Joebloggsy, CherryL.ollipops,
Di.ckFa.ceC.aptainFart, Podfather, Wetyuppy, Lenin and McCarthy, ModernTenshi04, Zsinj, Synchroblst, Macic7, Can't sleep, clown
will eat me, Justinemery, Edward Nygma, DoSoMeThiN', Qazwsx1~enwiki, Ojibberish, Konstantino, AussieLegend, Masterhand10, The
Placebo Eect, Srw985, Zambaccian, OrphanBot, Nixeagle, JonHarder, Jmorrisseyd, Yidisheryid, 1Goofy1, Egglord, Run!, Theseijiman,
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Spectacgurl215, Khoikhoi, Steven X, Dharmabum420, MartinRobinson, Krich, Sahaskatta, JamesHPurdy, Emre D., Metalmallow, Theon-
lyedge, Omex, Iapetus, JR98664, Nibuod, Decltype, Somnium~enwiki, Brandon10092, Supernabo, Nakon, Duckbill, Hondaman, Pointy-
Ointment, Kntrabssi, Chris3145, RetroPod, Vertigociel, Rajrajmarley, Dream out loud, Localzuk, Shadow1, Herb-Sewell, Eric343, Bad-
coverversion, Warren, T3h, Trieste, MBCF, Caudex Rax, J0 13, MacPrince, Thomasexciting, Weregerbil, WereWolf, Andrewag, IE, Matt
Whyndham, Brdforallseasons, Illnab1024, Hammer1980, Joshspazjosh, DMacks, Darkkefka, Afterthought.cjb.cc, Titan Rain, GrigorIII,
Tomkinsc, Toosmart215, DDima, Chconline, Ck lostsword, Alcuin, Pilotguy, Ronaz, Kukini, Nintenman, NeoVampTrunks, Acaz93, ,
LDHan, Tesseran, Fxg97873, Wilt, TenPoundHammer, Ohconfucius, BlueMint, Kkailas, Cyberevil, James Allison, J Dogg, Midkay, Ban-
daria, Wikiraphe, Tydus Arandor, SashatoBot, Panicciac, Zooobala, Nishkid64, Lexusdevotee, Sdeeyre, Rory096, Swatjester, Doug Bell,
Iansexybeast, J306, Harryboyles, Stewie814, NotMuchToSay, Romansanders, Rjcyer@aol.com, Vanished user 9i39j3, Kuru, Akendall,
Hyperfried, Messatsu, Sparklamb698, Vufors, Euchiasmus, Magicmarc, Zapptastic, Martinribadeneira, Jameswc, Buchanan-Hermit,
Jan.Smolik, A3u2s8a5, Crazyviolinist, Heimstern, X 0, Loodog, Gobonobo, JGT-5151, Harlanh001, Adamr20, Dishwasherrat, Oagersnap,
Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, Perfectblue97, Linnell, Edwy, DMurphy, Andrew1990, Minna Sora no Shita, Roeme, Mechanical Ani-
mals 666, Reuvenk, Michael miceli, Syferus, Hackerssidekick, Bssc81, The Statue With The Dictionary, Tymothy, Bucs, Lewys93, Ekrub-
ntyh, Ckatz, FrostyBytes, N1h1l, The Man in Question, CyrilB, 16@r, WAZAAAA, Simonlebon, Citikiwi, JHunterJ, Footballplayr69,
Gavani, Slakr, Special-T, Aceofskies05, Pezza Mac, Stwalkerster, TheHYPO, Tasc, Martinp23, StanBrinkerho, Akshayvarma89, Kond-
spi, Kyoko, Bollinger, Dicklyon, Mudcower, Stizz, Joedadog2, Mj 1903, DragonWR12LB, Andyroo316, Spi666, SandyGeorgia, Aragami,
David~enwiki, Kliqjaw, Funnybunny, Tuspm, Corktin, Whomp, Majorkev, NJA, Ryulong, Zorxd, Condem, Citicat, EEPROM Eagle, Su-
per4814, Jdude204, Mrtrblmkr1, RHB, Mercury12, Kvng, JohnnyBGood, Sifaka, ShakingSpirit, SereR0KR~enwiki, TJ Spyke, Stephen B
Streater, Lucid, Lamename3000, Spongesquid, SimonD, Amanda6758, Raskolnikov4138, BranStark, OnBeyondZebrax, Vter4life, ILove-
Plankton, Nicoli nicolivich, Iridescent, Rellum, PullTheWires, Zootsuits, MFago, Johan h, LeyteWolfer, Dockingman, JoeBot, Stevebot,
Oh.cera, Blakegripling ph, Shoeofdeath, Mastercheif, Misty1, Muro, J Di, Coldheart95, Igoldste, Cbrown1023, Fsotrain09, Sam Li,
CapitalR, Bramo126, Aeons, Golden14, Muhand, Kipijo42, Bandan, Jed meyers, FIshstick, Kjkj17, Yacov, Az1568, Adambiswanger1,
Thinspirit, Linkspamremover, Coeezombie, Shayonsaleh, WakiMiko, Intomwetrust, Tawkerbot2, Pi, Alegoo92, Daniel5127, Buid,
Ghosthost, Chitoboy, RaviC, Timrem, Davidbspalding, DKqwerty, Y2kcrazyjoker, TheHorseCollector, BenKnauss, Mrmaroon25, Jtnt,
Jo3.scott, Icedevil6, Zenmark, RideABicycle, Jwood74, The Haunted Angel, SkyWalker, Dgurka052, JForget, Hamish2k, Ohthelame-
ness, Mobovivo, MetraB, Magic100, Pteren, DaedalusBTJ, CmdrObot, Gordonjay, Ivan Pozdeev, Nickelbacknut, TheEditrix, Wafulz,
Sir Vicious, Zarex, ASG1022, MOCKBA, Sfgiants320, SPARTEN II, Tamajared, Iced Kola, Addict 2006, Stephenjh, Ilikefood, Lhas-
apso, Big Jock Knew, N3X15, Patrickmcgrath, Fandangojones, Drinibot, Rohan2kool, CWY2190, Devoindahouse, Benwildeboer, Dgw,
Rockysmile11, Fr0oze91, Kickin' Da Speaker, Dallen19~enwiki, OMGsplosion, Jherm, Ferdiaob, BigMar992, Timothylord, Outriggr
(2006-2009), Skylercall, Pgr94, Casper2k3, Gregsimon, Soupmix, Besidesamiracle, Imamathwiz, Mike 7, Alton, Mojo29, Expectations,
Fletcher, Pewwer42, MikeWren, Angelsfreeek, Nilfanion, Alexignatiou~enwiki, TJDay, Mister macphisto, Jeronimomomo2, Big balls
ben 28, Peteturtle, Deviantmind, Hybee, Cydebot, Shitmaster 5, Karimarie, Fluence, Peripitus, Foolfromhell, ChristTrekker, Whatever
you want it to be, Reywas92, Tkircher, ColinCameron, ClonedPickle, Steel, O mores, Howard Dawber, Forgetaboutit3000, Vanished
user vjhsduheuiui4t5hjri, VashiDonsk, Michaelas10, Yshoulduknow, JDonkey123, Thoraxcorp, Frzl, Samsquamptch, Gogo Dodo, Fel-
lowWikipedian, JFreeman, Jon Stockton, Corpx, Islander, Bourega, GRevolution824, Myscrnnm, Yuymako, Maxster, Amists, Acs4b,
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Rover007TN, Miranda, Alreajk, Z.E.R.O., Anonymous Dissident, Uggh, Koopa turtle, Zanorath, Someguy1221, Sudoku4U, Cowfear,
Gusapple, Moocow12345, ChrisLawrence2007, John0027, PS3 FTW, T Cash, Xxrobtasicxx, Joel.labes, Soyturk, Muddypuppy17, Toma-
toesrfruits, Martin451, Seb26, Goosemiester, Trekky0623, Jdtyler, Abdullais4u, Bkkasper, Jorophose, Spudzonatron, Seb az86556, Ilia
Kr., Cremepu222, Everything counts, Timro, Bearian, Qtpa2tnh, Maxim, Dennin, InnityAndBeyond, Sonucoolkid, Smokeonit~enwiki,
Fr usc, Madhero88, Ianjones50, Tri400, Megahurtz83, HarrisonB, Gorillazx1, Gunit5000, Jookieapc, Lethalwiki, Minimac93, Petho,
Vector Potential, Holeshot07, Tamer of hope, Max.goedjen, Djmckee1, Danieldanielnova, Slickshooter001, Will866, Editcount tester, Fly-
ingostrich, Asim18, Farcaster, Dsdukcy, AlleborgoBot, Nagy, GSAViolist, Blaske, Abhiramesh, Lc2022, Disk Crasher, Gastel, L0uIs3,
Saltycrayons, Dannydream9999, Ipodstabber, Shadow2598, Jteazy, Memo232, Runewiki777, Tinny186, EmxBot, Earlwayne, Darrylis-
cool, Gustav von Humpelschmumpel, Jorge22s, Jimmayoy007, Martha p, Yrrot, Userof2, JOSamsung, SieBot, Onyiexca1mill, Zenlax,
Alecao89, Foshizzel, Tresiden, Tiddly Tom, Shadowmario64fan, CatherS, BotMultichill, Jpp42, Defparadox, Tiucsib, Gilly0824, Acps110,
Animal91X, Swaq, Azureman, Bmader, Bopash4, Das7002, Alcoholica1, Arda Xi, RexMaztar, Schurginator, Exert, Theaveng, Komu-
sou, Jsfouche, Arbor to SJ, Biker14, Torolegend, Omar6000, Avaarga, Maybemaybe, Jimthing, Mslake, Rhanyeia, Shawn21099, Skit-
tlesrgood4u, Dragon.slayer72, Oxymoron83, Antonio Lopez, Faradayplank, Csaag, DREWcorp, Cskorik, Jdaloner, Lightmouse, Rpvt,
Voltron, Gunmetal Angel, Bysisky, Drizz 360, Ampedup, OKBot, Gyrferret, Stephen Shaw, Ahmad0410, NiggardlyNorm, Maelgwnbot,
Hippie Metalhead, NastalgicCam, Apedia, Rathee, StaticGull, Raidako~enwiki, Ipathshoes1985, TheHoax, Wiknerd, Altzinn, Joshschr,
Bardofcornish, Sitush, Xnatedawgx, IFEice, ImageRemovalBot, I.am.lost, WikipedianMarlith, Gloss, Year 2144, Loren.wilton, Martarius,
MBK004, Littlebr96, Pevalou, ClueBot, Binksternet, Hutcher, Xdannock, Kylevk, Mark Heiden, Mwakin21, CurlyGirl93, The Thing That
Should Not Be, Errorlines, Rjd0060, Plastikspork, ZippyGoogle, Cpfan0446, Mx3, Grawp~enwiki, Deepa87, Mjmarshall, SkeletorUK,
Frmorrison, Kathleen.wright5, Alex9865, Zero6532, Gigarice, Anecdote, Iuhkjhk87y678, 91at1, Cornbread2145, Evannxmcrr, Jgjg123,
ThePinkEmoRanger, Madeinusa, Dantheman1128, Jstar8, BrowserWARwarning, Triver83, Grandmastergrawp, Giantgrawp, Mongo95,
Toad of Steel, Neverquick, Mspraveen, Imjake9, MindstormsKid, Flaming, Oriolpont, DragonBot, CaseyAlicia, Edd69, Dillio411, Alexbot,
Anon lynx, Cmerca678, .telus., Crazeguy, DeathShot39, Timsdad, Gbelk08, 2irbuland, Vivio Testarossa, NewYorkDreams, Lartoven,
13.2 Images 15

FOARP, ParisianBlade, StrengthOfNations, Skytreader, Sanity123321, Terra Xin, Jotterbot, Promethean, BSKBGM7172495, Philip
Pasch, Dim386, Bigman241, SoxBot, Razorame, Kidfromnowhere, Dekisugi, Thedjbogus, JasonAQuest, Wikiweb87, Sdrtirs, Revrit,
Error 128, Aorent1, Porkman Pork, Aitias, Lillie666, Arkarian01, Canberra photographer, Romney yw, Mczack26, Johnburnham192,
Burner0718, Cookiehead, J matula, Rachzach96, Compaq1011, Moon unit 3000, Ginbot86, DumZiBoT, Bingobangobongoboo, My-
wymedia, Tealwisp, InternetMeme, Mkid4500, Timeforacatnap, XLinkBot, Fastily, Chrisca123, Gnowor, Huggle, Penguinpablo, Stic-
kee, Wikiuser100, ObeyK1NGTaz, Sakura Cartelet, WikiRedactor, Shieber, Neonrusso, Moptophaha, Ilikepie2221, Smartguy777, Jo
Alem, Rebeccafong, NellieBly, Cool-guy357, Manvillez, NHJG, Zodon, MichaelsProgramming, Bradley0110, Airplaneman, Magnicator,
Kbdankbot, Deydeydey, Pepperpocket, Prowikipedians, Addbot, Proofreader77, Speer320, LabradorLover456, Greenday21, Willk-
ing1979, DOI bot, Jojhutton, Tcncv, Garrett18, Alexisamattlover, CalumCook234, CL, Footoo, Charlie2fart, Metagraph, Mrmikenator,
Motboylol, Lynx46, Bruce010479, Elsendero, Older and ... well older, TutterMouse, Nickavl, J3tolmer1, 666iii, Murphykidash, Hooten-
togger, Joe99sam, Anonymous1234567890, Dandanmatthews, Kiltedspartan, KorinoChikara, JanusK, Len115566, RogerRanger, Cana-
dianLinuxUser, Angrypriceandkobangus, Kookcooza, Pilgore, Jonnyx13, Reedmalloy, SPBLU, Bestsoft666, PranksterTurtle, LAAFan,
Qaovxtazypdl, Debresser, Roux, Favonian, LinkFA-Bot, Habanero-tan, Fireaxe888, TheFreeloader, Llamagirl625, Devalleric, Numbo3-
bot, Maquirri91, Hereford, MJisnotmylover, St ttb, Serge KGB, Mr.Xp, Snoopyish 2b, Tide rolls, Collinhotchkiss, PriceCullen, Light-
bot, Jackwosere, Mrqueen, AtomicKitty2006, Luckas Blade, Hawkdude1, The isteve, Vexion321, Cream horn, Poomccheese, Guitar-
rhythm, Cathlicmetal, Windward1, Mrg5283, Legobot, MxyzptlkD5, Kyro, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Donfbreed, Amirobot, Silencer01, 2100
x, Dylpickleh8, Amicon, Ericchubb, OregonD00d, Koman90, DanTheMan702, AnomieBOT, VanishedUser sdu9aya9fasdsopa, Sertion,
Keepitreal74, Pyrrhus16, ISquishy, Piano non troppo, Mamaluigibob, Maximilian Caldwell, Justme89, Photographerguy, Bonusballs,
Lrose551, ArthurBot, LovesMacs, MacintoshWriter, Boxstaa, Xqbot, TinucherianBot II, Timmcgraw, Rockgodkp, Mdarwin2003, Sol-
dierboy06, Sir Stig, Dunnybrusher, Miracleworker5263, Ponticalibus, Justinxtreme, MarkWarren, Salazan, BigBrightStars, AV3000,
GrouchoBot, Daredevil2794, Lizardnada, Mark Schierbecker, RibotBOT, ZV1998, Amaury, House, Alainr345, Yoganate79, AntiAbuse-
Bot, Doulos Christos, Ijsportsman, Shadowjams, Rat2, Jonghyun0411, Erik9, Frogzorz, Nuiop729, Nixn, Aljurians, Surv1v4l1st, Sock,
Patchy1, Drummyo, Jose209, Sandgem Addict, 14545, Zac and jordan, Pepper, Wikipe-tan, Chelseat04, Idyllic press, Robin-april,
Iamaditya, Snapplegal, Haha7778, Plaztikstarz, Angiiluvsfob, Anoojvedd, R4wr, Ballin20914, Jayleen23, Thelockedown, Jimscott09,
Chrisadamsa, Idontlie52, Sdluvzu4, Citation bot 1, Snazzra, Ver-bot, Jonesey95, A8UDI, RedBot, HINSTAMAN, Nofoolz, Mrmerino,
Nirinsanity, Evosoho, Fti, TobeBot, Lexischemen~enwiki, Mono, T c951, Suomi Finland 2009, LilyKitty, Jackgeddes1234, UnrealCoop-
Net, Jtdude101, Vanished user aoiowaiuyr894isdik43, Hellogirls12, Spunkybailey, Tbhotch, Bualo242424, Inoh, Grant146, Loggie4,
34i65278345, RjwilmsiBot, Alph Bot, Ripchip Bot, Jw12321, NerdyScienceDude, Slon02, Whywhenwhohow, EmausBot, Eekerz, Eca-
cious, Look2See1, Sgs101, Jasonanaggie, PH1RESTRIKE, 1980fast, Ichthyoid, H3llBot, Someguy432, Bxj, Panoramedia, Music Sorter,
Catotac, Flvio Paiva F1, Alex Neman, Keesal, 16bitz, Marioluigi98, LikeLakers2, GrayFullbuster, ClueBot NG, Peter James, Esebi95,
Hazhk, Mikeypotter, Carlover08, Canihuan300, Wbm1058, Honeymanl, Arnavchaudhary, Gomada, Winner11111, Bigdon128, Ashsebs,
Compfreak7, Therealelizacat, Zach Vega, Gallagher783, Miss Bono, Yengamaurice, Wyatt th3 one ninja, Elvis7hockey7, David349, ,
Makmaxima, Semcguire, Fontafonta2, Chappinator, Urion2699, BattyBot, Jimw338, JBrown23, Soulparadox, Moderato6th, Dobie80,
Dexbot, Lolametro, Mogism, Evoogd20, MadenssContinued, Jc86035, Pierspaterson, Lowercase sigmabot III, IVORK, Theos Little Bot,
, Justinhu12, George Parastatidis, Comp.arch, Chip Wildon Forster, Thevideodrome, Legiallity, Nick Mitchell 98, AH999, 22merlin,
Opencooper, Mhhossein, ElectronicKing888, Grammarlives, Ragilnih, PotatoNinja, GeorginaMat, Aytk, NotTheFakeJTP, Benjaminikuta,
KasparBot, CaseyMillerWiki, SemiDot, Feminist, Cmoney322, UpsandDowns1234, InternetArchiveBot, Eno Lirpa, GreenC bot, Beni
Bavuwu Lunkeba, Bender the Bot, 100 yEn, Aarons The Best, A84hg, Nookie123456789, Magic links bot, DSmurf and Anonymous:
3192

13.2 Images
File:1G_Nano_iPod.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/1G_Nano_iPod.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: es:Usuario:House
File:2G_Nano_iPod.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/2G_Nano_iPod.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: es:Usuario:House
File:4G_iPod.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/4G_iPod.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: es:Usuario:House
File:4_iPod_Chargers.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/4_iPod_Chargers.JPG License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: HereToHelp
File:4th_Generation_iPod_touch.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/4th_Generation_iPod_touch.
png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: iEatSoxLikeAnimal
File:5G_IPod_Shuffle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/5G_IPod_Shuffle.svg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:House
File:5th_Generation_iPod_Touch.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/5th_Generation_iPod_Touch.
svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Domaina
File:6G_IPod_Nano.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/6G_IPod_Nano.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:House
File:7th_Generation_iPod_Nano.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/7th_Generation_iPod_Nano.svg
License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Domaina
File:Apple_logo_black.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Apple_logo_black.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: http://www.apple.com/ac/globalnav/2.0/en_US/images/ac-globalnav/globalnav/apple/image_large.svg Original artist:
Original: Rob Jano
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:Design_portal_logo.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Design_portal_logo.jpg License: CC BY-
SA 2.5 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikinews to Commons. (transferred to commons by Microchip08) Original artist: Alainr345
16 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:EarPods_derecho.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/EarPods_derecho.JPG License: CC BY-SA

3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Juanibb
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by-
sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Green_ipodmini_1stgen.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Green_ipodmini_1stgen.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No
machine-readable author provided. JayKeaton assumed (based on copyright claims).
File:IOS_wordmark_(2017).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/IOS_wordmark_%282017%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: https://www.apple.com Original artist: Original: Apple Inc. Vectorization: Totie
File:IPod-Nano-5G-front.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/IPod-Nano-5G-front.png License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Lubyanka
File:IPod_Earbuds.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/IPod_Earbuds.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable
author provided. HereToHelp assumed (based on copyright claims).
File:IPod_Nano_4G_black_crop.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/IPod_Nano_4G_black_crop.jpg
License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Aconcaguas own work; HereToHelps crop Original artist: Aconcagua (<a href='//commons.
wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Aconcagua' title='User talk:Aconcagua'>talk</a>)
File:IPod_Touch_1G.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/IPod_Touch_1G.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: en:HereToHelp, based of of es:Usuario:House's 2G image
File:IPod_classic.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/IPod_classic.png License: CC BY 3.0 Contribu-
tors: Own work Original artist: Kyro
File:IPod_line_as_of_2014.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/IPod_line_as_of_2014.png License:
CC BY 3.0 Contributors: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod#mediaviewer/File:IPod_family.png Original artist: Kyro
File:IPod_mini_blue_front_2G.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/IPod_mini_blue_front_2G.jpg Li-
cense: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Noriv
File:IPod_nano_3g_black.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/IPod_nano_3g_black.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: iPod Nano 3rd Generation Original artist: Andrew from London, UK; modied by w:User:Rugby471
File:IPod_shuffle_1G.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/IPod_shuffle_1G.png License: CC BY 3.0
Contributors: own work, about 2h with Adobe Photoshop CS4. Original artist: Kyro
File:IPod_shuffle_3G.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/IPod_shuffle_3G.png License: CC BY 3.0
Contributors: travail personnel (own work), 1h15 on photoshop CS4 Original artist: Kyro
File:IPod_touch_2G.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/IPod_touch_2G.png License: CC BY 3.0 Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Kyro
File:IPod_wheel.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/IPod_wheel.svg License: Public domain Contribu-
tors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: The original uploader was Googleaseerch at English Wikipedia
File:IPodphoto4G_1.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/IPodphoto4G_1.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: From English Wikipedia, original image is/was here Original artist: Original Photograph - AquaStreak

File:Ipod_1G.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Ipod_1G.png License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors:

Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Addihockey10 using CommonsHelper. Original artist: The original uploader was
Rjcyer@aol.com at English Wikipedia
File:Ipod_2G.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Ipod_2G.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Addihockey10 using CommonsHelper. Original artist: The original uploader was
Rjcyer@aol.com at English Wikipedia
File:Ipod_5th_Generation_white_rotated.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Ipod_5th_Generation_
white_rotated.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Ipod_backlight_transparent.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Ipod_backlight_transparent.png
License: CC BY-SA 2.0 at Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Ipod_sales_per_quarter.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Ipod_sales_per_quarter.svg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MySchizoBuddy
File:Made_for_iPod.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Made_for_iPod.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.seeklogo.com/made-for-ipod-logo-87079.html Original artist: Apple Inc. (original uploader was Koman90 at
en.wikipedia)
File:Mergefrom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg License: Public domain Contribu-
tors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Office-book.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Office-book.svg License: Public domain Contribu-
tors: This and myself. Original artist: Chris Down/Tango project
File:Open_book_nae_02.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Open_book_nae_02.svg License: CC0
Contributors: OpenClipart Original artist: nae
File:Pink_iPod_touch_6th_generation.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Pink_iPod_touch_6th_
generation.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: 5th Generation iPod Touch.svg: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
5th_Generation_iPod_Touch.svg' class='image'><img alt='5th Generation iPod Touch.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/5th_Generation_iPod_Touch.svg/50px-5th_Generation_iPod_Touch.svg.png' width='50' height='104'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/5th_Generation_iPod_Touch.svg/75px-5th_Generation_iPod_
Touch.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/5th_Generation_iPod_Touch.svg/100px-5th_
Generation_iPod_Touch.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='462' data-le-height='957' /></a> Original artist: 5th_Generation_iPod_Touch.svg:
Domaina
13.3 Content license 17

File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0

Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
File:Shuffle_2G_iPod.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Shuffle_2G_iPod.svg License: CC-BY-SA-
3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: es:Usuario:House
File:Various_iPods.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Various_iPods.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0
Contributors: iPod(s) Original artist: Chris Harrison from Augusta, GA, USA
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rei-artur

13.3 Content license

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