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The Kennedy
Assassination
By John McAdams
1995-2013

"He didn't even have the satisfaction of being killed for civil
rights . . . . It's it had to be some silly little Communist."
Jackie Kennedy, on hearing that a leftist had been arrested for her
husband's murder.

It's the most controversial case in modern American history. Did Lee Harvey Oswald kill John Kennedy
by himself, or did a conspiracy do it? And if a conspiracy did it, did the conspiracy include Oswald?

If you are like most Americans, you believe that a conspiracy killed Kennedy. And if you are like most
Americans, you have heard a vast number of bogus factoids about the case.

This web site is dedicated to debunking the mass of misinformation and disinformation surrounding the
murder of JFK. If you are believer in Oswald as a lone gunman, you are likely to enjoy this web site,
since most of that misinformation and disinformation has come from conspiracists. But if you are a
sophisticated conspiracist, you likely understand that the mass of silly nonsense in conspiracy books and
documentaries does no service to the cause of truth in the assassination, and simply buries the "case for
conspiracy" under layers of bunk.

Regardless of what you believe, several web sites, mostly conspiracy-oriented are worth checking out.
And you may also want to check out my list of recommended books on the assassination.

What sort of evidence is there?

Dealey Plaza
What about those witnesses? Didn't everyone hear shots from the Grassy Knoll? What about the Tague
wounding? Who was the "Umbrella Man?" Was the rifle recovered really a Mauser? Does "acoustic
evidence" show a shot from the Grassy Knoll? Were the Three Tramps suspicious? How could Kennedy's
head go "back and to the left?"

The Single Bullet Theory

You've seen Kevin Costner give the conspiracy version of the Single Bullet theory. You know: Connally
seated directly in front of Kennedy, at the same height, and facing straight ahead. Was that really what
happened?

Lee Harvey Oswald

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What sort of person was he? Did he really have "Top Secret" security clearance? Did he shoot at General
Walker? Were there two Oswalds? If Oswald shot Kennedy, what was his motive? Was the man exhumed
in 1981 really somebody besides Oswald?

Jim Garrison and New Orleans

Did Oswald really share an office with Guy Banister? Did Clay Shaw really use the alias "Clay
Bertrand?" Why did Oliver Stone make a movie about the Shaw trial and not even mention Perry
Raymond Russo? Did David Ferrie die a "mysterious death?" What about Jim Garrison and the Mafia?

Medical Evidence
Did the bullet that hit Kennedy in the back penetrate only an inch and fall out? Was Kennedy hit in the
head by a bullet from in front? Are the autopsy photos and x-rays faked? Did all the doctors at Parkland
Hospital believe that Kennedy was hit in the front of the neck, and if so, are their opinions decisive
evidence that that is what happened? Was the back of Kennedy's head blown out? Are the autopsy photos
faked?

Bogus Evidence
Did you know that all the evidence in this case proven to be forged has been on the conspiracy side? One
key piece originated with the KGB! Did you know that the "mysterious deaths" are virtually all not so
"mysterious" when you look at them closely? Do you trust authors like Mark Lane to tell you the truth
about what witnesses said?

Jack Ruby
The "lone nut" theory of the assassination is really the "two lone nuts" theory. What sort of person was
Jack Ruby? A mobster? An intelligence agent? A small-time hustler? The sort of volatile character who
might really have shot Oswald out of righteous anger?

Oliver Stone's Movie "JFK"

We expect Hollywood movies to take some liberties with the historical record. But what do we think
when Hollywood turns history on its head? Oliver Stone wants to overturn the verdict in the Clay Shaw
trial. The jury found that District Attorney Jim Garrison had no case so Stone invents a case on
celluloid. Just how honest was Oliver Stone, Shaw's Hollywood prosecutor?

John Kennedy: Liberal Martyr?

For some in the conspiracy crowd, John Kennedy was a liberal saint, who was going to implement
policies that would bring America into a new Utopia. So, of course, a threatened Power Elite had to kill
him. Was Kennedy the kind of left liberal who threatened established interests? Was he a hero of Civil
Rights? Had he decided to pull out of Vietnam? Historian Eric Paddon dissects these claims in a series of
essays based on his posts on the Internet.

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Assassination Logic
Some notions about logic, probability and statistics necessarily underlie all discussion of "conspiracy" or
"lone assassin." Does the lone assassination theory involve too many implausible "coincidences?" Are
there a suspicious number of "connections" between various figures in the case? Is the Single Bullet
Theory highly "improbable?"

Assassination Witnesses
In writings about the assassination, as in real-world criminal justice, witness testimony looms large. But
just how reliable are the witnesses? How many witnesses are just flat out telling tall tales? How often are
apparently sober and reliable witnesses just flat wrong?

Did a Secret Service Agent Shoot JFK by Accident?

It's plausible enough that some people accept it, although very few committed buffs do: the notion that
assassination was a friendly fire incident. Supposedly, Agent George Hickey, riding in the follow-up car,
accidently shot the president. This theory has been repeatedly debunked, most recently by Peter Mucha in
the Philadelphia Inquirer, and by Dale Myers and Gus Russo in an article on Myers site.

The Assassination Context

What we think about the assassination is dependent on what we think about history, and about the
behavior of government officials and bureaucrats. Was Kennedy a radical who threatened the status quo?
Did top administration officials order a coverup of a conspiracy soon after the assassination? If the FBI
and the CIA withhold documents, does this mean that they are protecting assassination conspirators?

Release the Documents!

This has long been the cry of the conspiracy theorists. Supposedly, the documents show that a conspiracy
killed Kennedy. In fact, the government in the 1990s released a massive number of documents. The
Assassination Records Review Board had a mandate to identify and oversee the release of documents in
government hands, and in private hands.

Hear History Happen

Recording devices monitored the two radio channels used by the Dallas Police Department, and these
recordings are a vivid "real time" account of the frenzy of activity that followed the shooting. Here are
selected audio clips beginning a couple of minutes before the assassination and ending with the arrest of
Oswald in the Texas Theatre.

Newsgroup
Do you want to ask for more information, or discuss or debate some of the issues raised here?
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The moderated newsgroup:

alt.assassination.jfk

run by Peter Fokes and John McAdams, is the place to go whether you are a "newbie" with
questions to ask, or a researcher with some evidence you want to present to the research community.

Featured Articles
I don't necessarily agree with all the conclusions these authors have drawn, but everything here is a solid
piece of work that deserves your attention. All are copyrighted, and all posted here with permission.

While the vast majority of JFK assassination documents in the hands of the U.S. government
have been released, some haven't, which raises the possibility that they might contain information
suggesting a conspiracy (or perhaps, merely government malfeasance). An article from the
Associated Press outlines current attempts to get documents released, and particularly an effort by
journalist Jefferson Morley to get documents which might indicate more pre-assassination
knowledge about Oswald on the part of the CIA than they have admitted.
Richard Belzer's book Hit List has gotten a fair amount of attention recently. It's an extended
explication of the supposed "mystery deaths" associated with the assassination. Unfortunately, as
Marilyn Elias explains in her review of the book, it's the sort of book one would write if one surfs
conspiracy sites on the Internet, and believes everything one finds there.
Jeff Morley is a journalist who has gotten some good press recently for his attempts to pry
documents he thinks are related to the JFK assassination from the CIA. Most everybody applauds
these efforts, but some have taken him to task for making claims that go far beyond the evidence he
(or anybody else) has. Dale Myers and Gus Russo critique a variety of Morley's assertions in
"Drums of Conspiracy" and "Fanning Wisps of Smoke." Morley, in turn, has responded on his site
JFKFacts here and here.
A recent TV special from the National Geographic channel featured enhancements of assassination
films and an attempt to study the missed first shot that many researchers believe Oswald fired.
From Max Holland's website, here is the technical report giving full details of the project.
The notion that Kennedy was killed because he intended to withdraw from Vietnam has become the
conventional wisdom among conspiracists, and a recent treatment of that theory, James W.
Douglass' JFK and the Unspeakable, has drawn some attention. But unfortunately, the author not
only distorts history, but unintentionally paints a very unflattering portrait of JFK. See our review
of the book here.
Zombie assassins? The notion that "Manchurian candidate" assassins might be "programmed" to
commit murder has been a recurring one. Most often invoked in the murder of Robert Kennedy, it
has also surfaced in the JFK assassination. British author Mel Ayton explores this issue in his essay
"Bogus Manchurian Candidate Theories."
A recent book by Abraham Bolden tells a most interesting story about the first black Secret Service
agent who supposedly knew about conspiratorial goings-on in Chicago, and who was (he claims)
framed, convicted and sent to jail on charges of corruption. The media have been rather credulous
about his account, but in fact he was almost certainly guilty as charged. Indeed, when the House
Select Committee examined his claims in the late 1970s, they found them to lack credibility. While
the mainstream media is suitably skeptical when the conspiracy card is played, they suspend that
skepticism when the race card is played.
Garrisonites are a rather peculiar and paranoid cult among conspiracy believers, and Joan Mellen's
book A Farewell to Justice is the latest to defend District Attorney Jim Garrison, whose ill-

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conceived campaign to convict Clay Shaw of the JFK assassination was the subject of the movie
"JFK." Yet, like the movie, Mellen has fallen into the trap of believing the most incredible sources
and adopting the most outlandish theories in an attempt to vindicate the DA, as Patricia Lambert
shows in this review of the book. In another essay, Dave Reitzes discusses Garrison's central,
critical witness, a fellow named Perry Raymond Russo. Mellen accepts his testimony, which
Reitzes shows was vastly unreliable. Finally, Lambert shows how Mellen blew off the testimony of
a key reliable witness, one Dr. Frank Silva, when it conflicted with the Garrison version of events.
When a reputable historian publishes a JFK assassination book with a reputable academic press, it
should be judicious in its use of sources and prudent in its judgments. But, alas, David Kaiser's
book The Road to Dallas turns out to be just another conspiracy book, not too different from scores
of others. Read a review by webmaster John McAdams on the e-zine Washington Decoded.
Nothing about the assassination is more important than the issue of when the shots in Dealey Plaza
were fired. Pick your timing, and it may be consistent with or entirely debunk a single shooter in
the Texas School Book Depository. A new essay by Kenneth R. Scearce supports a new theory
about the timing that puts the first shot far earlier than anybody has heretofore theorized. Of course,
this theory has generated controversy, so you might want to check out a reply from computer
animation specialist Dale Myers.
Author David Talbot ought to the the sort of sober and serious person we would expect a member
of the mainstream media to be on the assassination, but alas he isn't. Veteran journalist Don
Bohning, who long reported on Talbot's prime suspects in the Miami Cuban community, finds
Talbot's book Brothers to be pretty much another buff book, with credulous acceptance of suspect
witnesses and a very selective use of the documentary record.
Mel Ayton has a new essay on Conspiracy Thinking and the John F. Kennedy, Robert Kennedy and
Martin Luther King Assassinations." Ayton believes that all conspiracy thinking has several
common threads.
There has been a recent spate of new books and new theories about the assassination, including a
German television documentary called "Rendezvous With Death" from Wilfried Huismann and
Gus Russo and the book Ultimate Sacrifice by Lamar Waldron and Thom Hartmann. Do we have
any compelling new evidence or interpretations here, or is this just more unsupported conspiracy
theorizing? A new essay by Mel Ayton critically examines the evidence.
"Rendezvous With Death", claims to have discovered compelling new evidence that Fidel Castro
had John Kennedy killed, using Lee Oswald as hit man and patsy. It has received a mixed
reception, at best. A new essay by David Lifton accepts, for the sake of argument, the data
produced by the authors of "Rendezvous With Death" and points out that it could be interpreted in a
way very different from what the documentary proposes.
The History Channel has a record of showing reasonably reliable documentaries on subjects like
wars, Nazis, the history of popular culture and the like. But their record on the Kennedy
assassination is abysmal. The series "The Men Who Killed Kennedy" has a record of touting the
most implausible and bizarre theories. But they managed to reach a new low with an episode titled
"The Guilty Men" which fingered Lyndon Johnson as the prime mover behind the assassination. In
this article, journalist and historian Max Holland dissects the entire series, and especially the
installment on LBJ. And veteran JFK researcher Dave Perry critiques the reliability of the supposed
"evidence" in an article from his website. And one of the accused conspirators, Malcolm Liggett,
sued The History Channel over the supposed "documentary" and received a settlement.
The "acoustic evidence" got a boost in 2001, when a scientist named D.B. Thomas published an
article claiming to have corrected the statistical treatment in earlier studies and found clear
evidence of a shot from the Grassy Knoll. However, a recent careful study of the timing on the
events on the Dallas Police tape by Michael O'Dell shows that the "shots" happened too late to
actually be shots. Thus the "acoustic evidence" was to acoustic science what cold fusion was to
physics: an example of how even reputable scientists can jump to conclusions when faced with the
possibility of an "explosive" discovery.
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Of course there are all kinds of wild and woolly theories connecting Oswald to the CIA. But some
responsible and sober researchers have argued that the Agency knew more about and had a more
intense interest in Oswald than they have ever admitted. One such researcher is Jefferson Morley,
world news editor of washingtonpost.com. His article "What Jane Roman Said" outlines the
evidence.
Among conspiracy-oriented researchers, there is a deep gulf between the more moderate and
sensible ones, and those who'll promote any bogus piece of "conspiracy evidence." Ulric Shannon
is one of the former, and he explains in this essay why he thinks the "I'll believe anything that
implies conspiracy" crowd is so harmful.
Researcher Bill Drenas debuted his essay "Car #10, Where Are You" on this web site in 1997. The
current version has some minor factual corrections and much new material. Not pushing any
conspiracy theory, but not a debunking exercise either, it's a very careful attempt to nail down
Tippit's whereabouts minute by minute on the day he died.
A related essay from Drenas involves the Top Ten Record Shop. This classic Oak Cliff location
was where Officer Tippit stopped shortly before he was shot. It's still in business, and you'll almost
certainly want to visit when you are in Dallas.
Long-time researcher Gus Russo, author of the recently released book Live By the Sword has an
interesting story to tell about his own personal commitment to the case, and his changing views
about who killed JFK, and his changing views of John and Robert Kennedy, excerpted from his
book.
Canadian Peter Whitmey is a conspiracy-oriented researcher who sometimes takes issue with
conspiracy arguments and witnesses. His articles on this site deal with issues such as a possibly
sinister conversation overheard in a Winnipeg airport, a little-known New Orleans figure named
Clem H. Sehrt, an interesting connection between Oswald biographer Priscilla McMillan and a
rather suspect New Orleans witness named Ron Lewis and the phone records of David Ferrie,
accused plotter. Another essay outlines what Whitmey considers "Deception and Deceit" in the
media in reporting the assassination. Finally, a long essay of his titled "Creating a Patsy" brings his
research up to date as of the release of the Vincent Bugliosi book.
Gerald Posner and his book Case Closed have come under heavy attack from the community of
conspiracy-oriented "researchers." In "Defending Posner" Michael Russ compares what the
conspiracy buffs say Posner said to what Posner actually said. It seems buffs are no more accurate
when attacking their enemies than when discussing the assassination.
Michael Beck was once a JFK "buff" -- a believer in a Kennedy assassination conspiracy. He now
believes that Oswald did it all my himself. How did his beliefs change? This is his personal account
of an intellectual odyssey.
Researcher David Perry has been "doing" the assassination for several years, and has seen a
continual stream of "revelations" come and go. In his essay "A Few Good Men" he discusses
publicity-seeking, and particularly the Loy Factor story.
Tony Marsh's essay "Circumstantial Evidence of a Head Shot From The Grassy Knoll" is now
available online. Based on careful analysis of the movements of the occupants of the presidential
limo, of the HSCA acoustic evidence, and of a "jiggle analysis" of the Zapruder film, it represents a
bold and interesting attempt to put the evidence together in a compelling way. It was originally
presented at the 1993 Third Decade Conference.
Just how many different people have been accused of being (or have confessed to being) either a
shooter or an accomplice in Dealey Plaza? Researcher David Perry has compiled the most complete
known list. His Rashomon to the Extreme! is that list. Of the 68 people on this list, at least one is
guilty.
The essay, A Conspiracy Too Big by Fred Litwin asks about the credibility of any theory that holds
that a conspiracy faked all the evidence that conspiracy theorists say is faked.
John Locke's FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) outlines the evidence, from the perspective of a
person who believes Oswald did it alone. A good briefing for someone who has only read
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conspiracy books, and wants the other side of the story.

A Bad Case of Deja Vu, another essay by John Locke, compares the O.J. Simpson defense to
conspiracy thinking in the Kennedy assassination. Would the intellectual habits of the conspiracy
buffs have let O.J. go free? Locke says "yes."

Do you have comments on this web page? Want to report some technical problems? Send E-
mail to John McAdams

You can now search an index containing every document on this site.

Visit the new Photo Gallery with a variety of interesting images.

Take a look at John McAdams' picks of the best resources on other Kennedy
assassination web pages. These are "out of the ordinary" offerings by web authors who have
made something unique and unusual available on the 'net.

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