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Working
SCR BY SASMITA JULY 31, 2015

Silicon Controlled
Recti er (SCR)
In this article we are going to discuss the
construction and working of an silicon
controlled recti er (SCR) in detail.

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The silicon controlled recti er ( SCR ) is a


three terminal semiconductor switching
device which can be used as a controlled
switch to perform various functions such as
recti cation, inversion and regulation of
power ow.
Click on video to unmute

An SCR can handle currents upto several


thousand amperes and voltages upto more
than 1kV.

The SCR has appeared in the market under Categories


different names such as thyristor, thyrode
Ampli er (10)
transistor. Amplitude Modulation (18)
Angle Modulation (3)
Like the diode, SCR is a unidirectional Basic Electrical Engineering
device,i.e.it will only conduct current in one (1)
Big Data (2)
direction only, but unlike a diode, the SCR
Blogging (1)
can be made to operate as either an open-
Boolean Logic (2)
circuit switch or as a rectifying diode Capacitors (2)
depending upon how its gate is triggered. Career Advice (4)
Combinational Circuit (7)
In other words, SCR can operate only in the Communication (4)
switching mode and cannot be used for Computer Networking (73)

ampli cation. Conversion Rate


Optimization (2)
Converters (1)
Hence, it is extensively used in switching
CRO (5)
d.c. and a.c., rectifying a.c. to give
Crystal Diode Recti er (1)
controlled output, converting d.c. into a.c. DC-DC Converters (2)
etc. Diac (1)
Differential Ampli er (1)
Digital multiplexing (1)

Constuctional Details of
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Constuctional Details of Electric Current and Ohm's


Law (1)
SCR Electronics and
Communication Engineering
When a pn junction is added to a junction Questions and Answers (2)
transistor, the resulting three pn junctions Electronics Instruments (1)

device is called a silicon controlled recti er. Electronics Questions and


Answers (18)
Filter Circuits (9)
Fig.1(i) shows the construction of an SCR.
Founder Speaks (3)
Integrated Circuits (7)
JK Flip Flop (2)
Logic circuits (1)
Logic Gates and Boolean
Algebra (10)
Long Questions and
Fig.1 (i) Answers (3)
Multiple Choice Questions
It is clear that it is essentially an ordinary and Answers (44)

recti er (pn) and a junction transistor (npn) Number System (1)


Operational Ampli er (3)
combined in one unit to form pnpn device.
Oscilloscopes (2)
Popular (3)
Three terminals are taken; one from the
Product Reviews (1)
outer p-type material called anode A,
Recti er (2)
second from the outer layer of n-type Relay (2)
material called cathode K and the third from Resistors (3)
the base of transistor section and is called SCR (3)

gate G. Semiconductor (4)


Semiconductor Diode (3)

In the normal operating conditions of SCR, Sequential Circuit (3)


Short Questions and
anode is held at high positive potential w.r.t.
Answers (15)
cathode and gate at small positive potential Signal Processing (3)
w.r.t. cathode. Sinusoidal Oscillator (3)
Special Purpose Diodes (1)
Fig.1 (ii) shows the symbol of SCR. Switching Circuits (2)
Tech (16)

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Tech News (2)


Transistor (10)
Triac (1)
Uncategorized (6)
VLSI Design (5)
Voltage Regulator (11)
Fig.1 (ii) Waveform coding
techniques (2)

Working of SCR Zener Diode (1)

In a silicon controlled recti er, load is


connected in series with anode.

The anode is always kept at positive


potential w.r.t. cathode.

The working of SCR can be studied under


the following two heads:

1. When gate is open:


Fig.2 shows the SCR circuit with gate open
i.e. no voltage applied to the gate.

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Fig.2

Under this condition, junction J2 is reverse


biased while junction J1 and J3 are forward
biased.

Hence, the situation in the junctions J1 and


J3 is just as in a npn transistor with base
open.

Consequently, no current ows through the


load RL and the SCR is cut off.

However, if the applied voltage is gradually


increased, a stage is reached when the
reverse biased junction J2 breaks down.

The SCR now conducts heavily and is said to


be in the ON state.

The applied voltage at which SCR conducts


heavily without gate voltage is called
Breakover voltage.

2.When gate is positive


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2.When gate is positive


w.r.t. cathode
The SCR can be made to conduct heavily at
smaller applied voltage by applying a small
positive potential to the gate as shown in
g.3.

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1 49 42


Fig.3

Now junction J3 is forward biased and


junction J2 is reverse biased.

The electrons from n-type material start


moving across junction J3 towards left
whereas holes from p-type towards the
right.

Consequently, the electrons from junction


J3 are attracted across the junction J2 and
gate current starts owing .

As soon as the gate current ows, anode


current increases.

The increased current in turn makes more


electrons available at junction J2.

This process continues and in an extremely


small time, junction J2 breaks down and the

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SCR starts conducting heavily.

Once SCR starts conducting, the gate loses


all control. Even if gate voltage is removed,
the anode current does not decrease at all.

The only way to stop conduction i.e. to bring


the SCR in off condition, is to reduce the
applied voltage to zero.

Conclusion
The following conclusions are drawn from
the working of SCR:

1. An SCR has two states i.e. either it does


not conduct or it conducts heavily.
There is no state inbetween. Therefore,
SCR behaves like a switch.
2. There are two ways to turn on the SCR.
The rst method is to keep the gate
open and make the supply voltage equal
to the breakover voltage. The second
method is to operate SCR with supply
voltage less than breakover voltage and
then turn it on by means of a small
voltage applied to the gate.
3. Applying small positive voltage to the
gate is the normal way to close an SCR
because the breakover voltage is usually
much greater than supply voltage.

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4. To open the SCR e. to make it non-


conducting, reduce the supply voltage
to zero.

Equivalent Circuit of SCR


The SCR shown in g.4 (i) can be visualized
as separated into two transistors as shown
in g.4 (ii).

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(i)
(ii)
(iii)


Fig.4

Thus, the equivalent circuit of SCR is


composed of pnp transistor and npn
transistor connected as shown in g 4.(iii).

It is clear that collector of each transistor is


coupled to the base of of the other, thereby
making a positive feedback loop.

The working of SCR can be easily explained


from its equivalent circuit.

Fig.5 shows the equivalent circuit of SCR


with supply voltage V and load resistance
RL.

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Fig.5

Assume the supply voltage V is less than


breakover voltage as is usually the case.

With gate open (i.e. switch S open), there is


no base current in transistor TR2. Therefore,
no current ows in the collector of TR2 and
hence that of TR1.

Under such conditions, the SCR is open.

However, if the switch S is closed, a small


gate current will ow through the base of
TR2 which means its collector current will
increase.

The collector current of TR2 is the base


current of TR1. Therefore, collector current
of TR1 increases.

But collector current of TR1 is the base


current of TR2. This action is accumulative
since an increase of current in one transistor

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causes an increase of current in the other


transistor.

As a result of this action, both transistors


are driven into saturation, and hence heavy
current ows through the load RL.

Under such conditions, the SCR closes.

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Sasmita
Hi! I am Sasmita . At
ElectronicsPost.com I

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pursue my love for


teaching. I am an M.Tech
in Electronics &
Telecommunication
Engineering. And, if you
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about me, please visit my
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