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Abstract
The most interesting results among those described in literature on the development and application of
the materials for adsorption purification of water from petroleum and oil products are considered and
generalized. Sorbents used both for elimin ation of oil outflow and for purification of oil-containing waste
water are considered. Natural (plant- and mineral based), artificial and synthetic sorbents are described.
Fibrous (non-woven, in the form of chaotically positions fibres, wool, pressed, etc.) materials are considered
along with those used in the dispersed or granulated form. It is stressed that combin ation of materials
differing both in origin and in the state of aggregation, with addition al modifications if necessary (for the
purpose of enhancing the actual properties or imparting new characteristics) leads to a multi ple increase in
the efficiency of purification process.
Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
2. Adsorbents for elimination of outflow of petroleum and oil products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
2.1. Materials used in dispersed and granulated form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
2.2. Fibrous materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
3. Materials for purification of oil-containing waste water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
3.1. Purification of oil-containing waste water with the help of filters made of
n atural and artificial materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
3.2. Purification of oil-containing waste water with the help of combined filters . . . . . 371
4. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
petroleum about 25 years ago. The sorbent was both for oil outflow elimin ation and for
manufactured in the form of a mattress; purification of petroleum-containing waste
treatment was carried out either by immersing water (PCW) from oil-mining and oil-processing
straw into the solution of a polymer or by plants, petroleum storage depots, refueling
spraying it over the material [14]. However, this stations, car wash, etc.
sorbent could not be recovered, possessed rather
low adsorption capacity, and was rather difficult
to manufacture. 2. ADSORBENTS FOR ELIMINATION OF THE ACCIDENTAL
OUTFLOW OF PETROLEUM AND OIL PRODUCTS
Modern materials are more up-to-date and
technologically reason able. For example, a
Outflow in oil mining (oil blowout at the
method was proposed to purify water from OP
Bravo drilling platform in the North Sea, at
by introducing adsorbents into a layer of OP
the underwater well Istok-1 in Mexico, etc.) and
[15]. Porous materials based on schungite,
during transportation of petroleum and OP
tri poli, pearlite, diatomite, calf (with particle
with the help of oil-pi pe lines, means of river,
size not more than 500 m) and a thermoplastic
sea and trucking delivery services, etc. (pi peline
hydrophobic polymer (with particle size not
breaking in the Persian Gulf, in Louisiana, at
more than 300 m) with the mineral : polymer
the Usinskoye oil field; tanker wreck near the
mass ratio of 100 : (25130) are used as
shores of France in 1999 when more than
adsorbents. The mixture is subjected to thermal
10 000 t of crude oil and the products of its
treatment at a temperature of the melt off
processing got into the sea [11], etc.) causes
the thermoplastic polymer for 540 min. Low-
large-scale losses of the valuable raw material
or high-pressure polyethylene, wastes of
(from several tons to tens thousand tons) and
polyethylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl
at the same time very dangerous environmental
chloride in the form of powder. After thermal
pollution [16].
treatment, a sorbent is formed into different
The strategy of measures against oil outflow
shapes: discs 515 mm thick with the diameter
events includes localization of the oil patch,
of 1501000 mm; cylinders with the external
collection of the major part of oil spoiled over
diameter of 1501000 mm, length of 2501000
the water surface, and elimin ation of the
mm and wall thickness of 515 mm; a
residual film [16, 17].
continuous ribbon 501000 mm wide and 1.5
In order to localize an oil patch on water
2.0 mm thick. The sorbent ribbon is duplicated
surface and at the same time to absorb spoiled
on one side with a non-woven fabric of the
OP, and in order to remove continuous layers
same width not more than 1 mm thick at a
temperature equal to the melting temperature of OP up to several millimeters thick in small
of the polymer of non-woven fabric. A disc, a water areas, sorbents encapsulated in permeable
cylinder or a ribbon is placed into water polluted shells are often used in the form of harbour
with OP and rotated at a frequency of booms of different design and kinds [18, 19].
1120 rpm. Adsorbed products are continuously Adsorbents are used in different
taken off with knives, brushes or by suction. arrangements to collect spoiled oil and OP. In
This method also involves shaping of the the disperse or granulated form in thin layer,
sorbent as plates of various configuration which adsorbents are mainly used to elimin ate
are immersed into water to be purified and kept separate spots of products on water surface.
there for a time interval necessary for OP In order to remove continuous layers of spoiled
removal to the level of MPC equal to 0.05 mg/l. OP up to several centimeters thick from a small
Recovery is carried out by centrifuging [15]. water area, sorbents made in the form of mats
In the present work we have made an are most frequently used. The use of sorbents
attempt to generalize and an alyze some data in the form of n apkins excludes some
reported in literature on the development and densification of the material, which sometimes
application of materials for adsorption occurs with mat formation and causes a slight
purification of water from petroleum and oil decrease in capacity. In mechanical oil-spill
products. We consider sorbents that can be used boats, sorbents are used in the form of
362 E. E. SIROTKINA a nd L. YU. NOVOSELOVA
multilayer units, absorbing shells, etc.; this water areas from OP and to treat oil-containing
provides collection of OP from water surface, water. The material is cheap, technologically
removal of OP from the absorbing material, favourable (filters have a simple design, it is
followed by their export into a collector. The easy to deposit the sorbent onto water surface
above-listed materials for elimin ation of oil and to collect it after sorption) and exhibits
outflow (mats, n apkins, booms, absorbing increased sorption capacity, which is about 8 g/g.
shells, etc.) are manufactured on the basis of In addition, pearlite modified by OSC, after
disperse, granulated and fibrous sorbents working in a filter in the dynamic mode, can
considered in detail below. be used to collect floating oil.
Some synthetic materials, for example
polyurethane foam, absorb petroleum and OP
2.1. Materials used in the disperse in the amount 20 times as large as their own
a nd gra nulated form mass. Such foam plastic can absorb a layer of
petroleum up to 10 mm thick from water
As we have already mentioned, among
surface and decrease the oil content of water
natural sorbents, most frequently used ones are
from 40006000 to 1014 mg/l [13].
turf, bog moss, sawdust, wood chi ppings, etc.
In addition, sorbents based on polyurethane
For instance, 1 kg of bog moss absorbs 8.5 kg
foam allow one to solve the problem of oil
of transformer oil, 9.8 kg of crude oil and
collection with simultaneous prevention of its
12.9 kg of petrol [13].
spread over water. For this purpose, the foam
Artificial sorbents based on natural pearlites,
plastic is obtained directly on water surface by
vermiculite, zeolites, aleurite, silica, silicates,
mixing the components prelimin arily. For
scoria and so on are widely used. Thus, an
example, after mixing polyester, carbamide
adsorbent of interest to collect oil from water is
that based on circulite; the specialists from the solution and toluylenediisocyanate at a bank or
Kiev Polytechnical Institute and Institute of on board the shi p, followed by discharge of the
Colloid Chemistry and Water Chemistry, National resulting mixture to an oil spot on water surface,
Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, developed foam plastic is formed which prevents oil from
the technology of obtaining this sorbent. The spreading and at the same time absorbs it. Such
sorption capacity of this kind of pearlite is mote a foam plastic may be recovered by mechanical
than 800 % of its own mass and is maximal for streak or by washing with solvent and used many
the fraction size of 0.20.4 mm [13]. times as usual petroleum sorbent [16].
Modification of circulite by organosilicon It was also proposed to use plastic plamilon
compounds (OSC) causes its hydrophobization micro-containers developed at BashNIPIneft as
and an increase in the efficiency of collecting the sorbing material. Plamilons are obtained by
the floating oil (oil capacity increases by a factor spraying a mixture of synthetic thermoreactive
of 34). Another advantage of pearlite modified resin, gas forming agent and a solidifying agent
by OSC in comparison with circulite is the in drying chambers. These materials are
possibility to use the former both to purify open recommended for use when it is necessary to
TABLE 1
Parameters of the purification of water surface from petroleum with the help of microballoons with a size of 1 1054 104 m [13]
TABLE 3
Results of test of sorbent [24]
preci pitating it form the aqueous solution in of spinning are used to manufacture this
the amount of 115 % of cellulose mass using sorbent) shaped as mats with a thin layer of
a water-soluble aluminium salt in equimolar machine or transformer oil sprayed onto their
amount with the sodium soap [25]. outer surface [27]. A layer of cotton-containing
In order to reduce the cost of production sorbent is fixed in a mat between the layers of
of highly efficient fibrous adsorbents for cotton or synthetic sparse cloth or a cotton net.
petroleum and OP collection from water surface The distance between threads in the cloth or
and at the same time to solve the problem of mesh size in the net fixing the sorbent in a mat
efficient utilization of large-scale wastes formed is less than the particle size of cotton-containing
in flax raw processing, the authors of [26] sorbent. The length and width of the mat are
developed adsorbents based on the wastes of 0.51.0 m, the ratio of its thickness to the
flax production. Prelimin ary cottonizing thickness of spoiled petroleum or OP layer is
followed by hydrophobization with OAPP (0.5 : 1.0)(1 : 1).
allowed obtaining sorbents with the capacity On the basis of one of the waste products
with respect to petroleum 1114 g/g, while the of cotton-processing plants, SINTAPEKS
initial material itself possessed oil capacity of sorbent was developed. It is close to sheet
45 g/g. wadding and sintepon in its oil absorbing
Purification of water surface from capacity but it is cheaper [18]. The absorbing
petroleum and OP is possible also with the help capacity of this material towards a broad range
of a cotton-containing sorbent (cotton wastes of OP (from petrol to various kinds of oil) is
TABLE 4
Oil capacity of some materials based on cellulose, treated with various hydrophobizing agents
*In the form of sheet wadding, technical wool or wastes from textile plant.
**Prelimin ary cottonizing of the material.
MATERIALS FOR ADSORPTION PURIFICATION OF WATER FROM PETROLEUM AND OIL PRODUCTS 365
520 g/g. After collecting OP, the sorbent can solvent and an ali phatic ester of carboxylic
easily be squeezed and can be used many times. acids; then it is dried. Feltproofing elements
The SINTAPEKS sorbent can be used to made of basalt cloth are set onto the dried
remove oil outflow not only in the form of mats layer, then again a layer of impregn ated
but also in the disperse form in a thin layer, as basaltic cloth and fin ally a layer of reinforcing
cylindrical booms, as well as in mechanized oil- elements made of basaltic cloth. For strength,
spill boats providing sorption, extraction and the layers are stitched. Plaits or ribbons made
petroleum withdrawal into a collector. of basalt cloth with the specific surface of 500
An alysis of the data shown in Table 4 700 m 2 /g are imposed on the resulting
indicates that all the materials based on cellulose multilayer cloth (the number of layers depends
exhibit high oil capacity. In this row, a minimal on the required characteristics). The multilayer
(45 g/g) capacity of flax-based sorbent is likely sorbent is cut into charts or stri pes. Purification
to be due to an increased size of flax fibres as of surfaces from petroleum and OP within one
the roughest material. An increase in the capacity working cycle sorption desorption includes
of the flax sorbent can be achieved by contacting with the sorbent (preferably in a
preliminary cottonizing of the raw material [26]. separator), sorbent recovery with live steam,
An increase in the ability of a sorbing addition al introduction of the active substance
material to be used repeatedly in cycles and hydrophobizing agent (about 0.71.4
(especially for collecting stiff petroleum) is mass %) [28]. Disadvantages of this method
ensured when a multilayer sorbent is used [28], include complicated obtaining technology and
which is a material composed of basaltic fibres increased consumption of the modifying agents
impregn ated with an active substance and with (the hydrophobizing agent and active substance)
a hydrophobizing agent; it is equi pped with due to partial washout during operation.
reinforcing, feltproofing, thermo- and steam- At present, increasingly wide application for
resistant elements made of basalt cloth. The adsorption purification of water from petroleum
application of this material ensures many cycles and OP has been won by synthetic fibrous
of purification process (the number of cycles materials [3035].
reaches 20004000 for one sample), high For instance, a material based on
sorption rate (the characteristic sorption time thermoplastic polymer [31] with chaotically
is 1020 s), high oil capacity and mechanical positioned fibres 520 m in diameter with the
strength of the sorbent (the limit may be due density of 0.010.20 g/cm3 is known. Liquids
to a decrease in the strength of basaltic fibres are soaked and retained in this sorbent due to
due to fatigue processes). capillaries formed by the fibres twisted in balls
The sorbent is composed of altern ating and plaits; the content of these capillaries in
layers of the fibrous basis made of basaltic the material reaches 60 %.
fibres 0.22 m in diameter with the specific A sorbent composed of nonwoven fabric was
surface of 7001400 m2/kg (7093 mass %). proposed; the sorbent is impregn ated with a
These layers are impregn ated with the active mixture of alkyl carboxylic acid fractions from
substance belonging to the class of alkyl C9 to C27 and with ali phatic esters of alkyl
carboxylic acids (15 %) and a hydrophobizing carboxylic acids, reinforced with the elements
agent which is an ali phatic ester if alkyl made of polyethylene threads in epoxy resin
carboxylic acids (15 %), then feltproofing or thermofibre in thermoplastic polymers; the
elements made of basalt cloth with the specific sorbent is equi pped with feltproofing elements
surface of 200300 m2/kg (35 %) are imposed; made of glass fibre [29]. The capacity of this
finally, thermo- and steam-proof elements are sorbent is about 4246 kg/kg, number of
placed at the outer side of the sorbent. operation cycles is 2336, and a decrease in
The procedure of sorbent obtaining includes capacity per cycle is 25 %.
several stages. The basaltic fibre with the A material for petroleum and OP sorption
specific surface of 7001400 m2/g) is merged was developed which is a nonmoven fabric
for 1.01.5 h into a solution containing a mixture made of hydrophobic and/or hydrophobized
of alkyl carboxylic acids C 9C27 in organic polymeric fibres attached to each other (the
366 E. E. SIROTKINA a nd L. YU. NOVOSELOVA
TABLE 5
Sorption capacity (Vg) of the samples of polymeric fibre with respect to hydrocarbon liquids, g/g [35]
of its multi ple use. The kinds of coal most observed for diesel fuel (98 %). An increase in
suitable for water purification are considered the adsorbent to solution ratio under static
to be KAD-iodine, AG-3, BAU, DAK, AGM. conditions leads to an increase in purification
The coal of KAD-iodine, AG-3 and BAU types degree; however, the efficiency of adsorp\bent
possesses high capacity towards the compounds use decreases.
with small molecules; BAU and DAK are The UFP of aluminium oxide obtained under
efficient for OP adsorption, KAD-iodine, AGM different conditions and possessing different
and AG-3 are used for addition al purification specific surface was used to purify water from
of biochemically purified WW [56]. mineral oil [76]. The initial oil content of water
To ensure efficient use of porous carbon was 109 mg/l. Purification was carried out in
materials as sorbents, it is also necessary to two stages. After the first one, the oil content
know the main characteristics of adsorbent of water was about 20 mg/l, after the second
particles and the parameters of larger one (with the fresh portion of sorbent) only
aggregates of particles, for example adsorbent the trace amount of oil was detected in water.
layers. For example, the authors of [52] carried Water to be purified was in contact with the
out densitometric measurements and estimations sorbent for about 30 min, the concentration of
with the help of complexation theory and the sorbent was 5 g/l. As a result of
nomographs to determine porosity of the layers investigations, the authors of [76] concluded
of polydisperse materials. Carbon materials of that the amount of mineral oil sorbed is only
two kinds were studied: those made of AC and slightly dependent on the specific surface of
of the materials obtained by activation of coal sorbents, while purification itself is a layer-
tar pitch by carbon dioxide, and those made by-layer filling of the surface pores of disperse
of intercalation compounds of ferric trichloride materials.
with graphite. The possibilities to use such synthetic and
The authors of [74] studied WW purification n atural microporous materials as the UFP of
processes with aluminium compounds as aluminium oxide, mineral adsorbent ADM-2F
adsorbents. It is known that aluminium oxide is (aluminosilicates polyfunctional adsorbent based
an efficient sorbing material: it is widely used on n atural opal-cristobalite rocks, with total
in chromatography as filler, in the production pore volume 0.7 cm3/g [77]) and natural zeolite
of catalysts, in purification processes, etc. At khongurine were studied by the authors of [78].
present, ultrafine materials attract much The concentration of dissolved OP was
attention. It was established [75, 76, 78, 87 monitored by means of IR spectroscopy, that
89, 91, 92] that synthetic sorbents based on of emulsified OP by means of
ultrafine powder materials (UFP), in particular photocolorimetry with Sudan dye [79, 80].
oxide-hydroxide phases of aluminium (OHA) One can see in the data presented in Table 6
can be used to collect petroleum and oil products and Fig. 4 that the most efficient material among
from aqueous solutions and emulsions. It was those listed above is the adsorbent based on
shown [75] that for adsorption of the dissolved OHA. In the opinion of the authors, high
and emulsified petroleum, diesel fuel and sorption capacity of this UFP is due to the
petrol, the highest water purification degree is nanometer-sized nature of the particles of this
TABLE 6
Comparison of the efficiency of purification of model petroleum-containing water with microporous adsorbents [78]
Note. Initial content of oil products in the dissolved and emulsified hydrocarbons is 5.7 and 500 mg/l, respectively.
370 E. E. SIROTKINA a nd L. YU. NOVOSELOVA
hydrocarbon recovery even after operation of the sorbents for OWW purification in the dyn amic
material for a long time was 90 % [85]. mode were studied.
An investigation described in [86] deals with
the studies of physicochemical and filtration
3.2. OWW purification with combined filters
characteristics of a number of FM
manufactured at plants in Russia. The subjects Combined adsorbing filters involve various
of investigation were basalt wool, pressed combin ations of materials differing both in the
basalt fibre with the clay-cellulose binder origin (natural, artificial and synthetic) and in
(manufactured by the Federal Research and the aggregate state (powdered, granulated,
Production Centre Altay), nonwoven carbon ground, etc.; fibrous nonwoven in the form
FM VM [84], and polypropylene fibrous of chaotically positions fibres, wool, pressed
nonwoven material. It should be noted that the ones, etc.). In addition, the materials can be
nonwoven carbon FM is based on a carbonized additionally subjected to modification (chemical
composition of polycaproamide and pitch and and/or physical, etc.) for the purpose of
possesses porous fibrillar structure with the enhancing the existing properties or rendering
following characteristics: fibre diameter 0.1 new ones. Such an approach allows one to
3.0 m, total pore volume 23 cm 3 /g. develop new purification technologies including
Investigation showed that the most efficient a large number of materials, and purification
sorbents are pressed basalt fibre and nonwoven flowcharts admitting flexible rearrangement and
carbon material; the use of these materials characterized by high efficiency [88, 89, 93, 94].
allows one to achieve 7080 % purification of Synthetic sorbents based on UFP, in
water from OP. High cost of the fibrous carbon particular OHA, are actively proposed in
material limits its application on the industrial various efficient combin ations with other
scale. Filters based on basalt wool and nonwoven materials [78, 8789, 9193].
PP material demonstrated lower efficiency (50 For example, it was shown in [8789] that
70 % purification degree), possibly due to low the combin ation of the adsorbents of different
porosity of these materials (88 and 84 %, types in one filter results in a multi ple increase
respectively). So, it was established that the in the capacity characteristics of such a filter.
most promising sorbent among the proposed Combin ations of some FM were tested:
number of sorbents is the pressed basalt fibre hydrophobized cellulose, carbon FM
which possesses high adsorption ability with (Viskumak, Mytishchi city, Moscow Region;
respect to petroleum and OP, strength, thermal carbon cloth, Perm) and basalt fibre of various
stability, availability and low cost. In addition, modifications (BSTV-1, Kemerovo), with fine
it was demonstrated that the basalt fibre does aluminium-containing powders [87].
not become caked and consolidated by water Comparative estimation of the efficiency of
flow thus increasing filter restriction, does not fibrous sorbents showed that the best results
require any addition al fixing partitions, etc. [86]. are demonstrated by carbon cloth; however,
We have already mentioned above (see its high cost allows us to recommend it only
Section 2.2) the investigations of synthetic for application in domestic filters to purify
fibrous sorbents made of the wastes of drinking water. Cellulose is distinguished by
thermoplastics (polyethylene-polypropylene instability to putrefaction under humid
single-use medical syringes and plastic bottles conditions. So, hydrophobized basalt fibre is
made of polyethyleneterephthalate) [3235]. It recommended for use in industrial fibres [[89].
should be reminded that the operation of the Investigations of the processes of water
filtering charge of steady purification purification from EDOP and DOP with
constructions was modeled in the dyn amic miltilayer filters containing both UFP based on
mode of determin ation of sorption capacity OHA and fibrous polypropylene and basalt
of these materials with respect to petroleum, sorbents were described in detail in [87]. Some
industrial oil, summer diesel fuel and AI-92 data obtained in these investigations are shown
petrol (see Table 5) [35]. So, the possibilities in Fig. 5.
to use the indicated materials as fibrous It was established that the use of
hydrophilic and hydrophobic adsorbents at the
372 E. E. SIROTKINA a nd L. YU. NOVOSELOVA
same time in one filter broadens the range of and decreases the flow-through capacity of the
problems that can be solved with such a filter. devices. Maximal resistance is observed in a thin
Separation of an ultrafine oxide adsorbent layer at the boundary between FM and the
possessing high bulk density into the layers with powder; to decrease this resistance, it is
the help of FM results in a decrease in filter desirable to separate the fibrous and powdered
restriction. In addition, fibrous hydrophobic materials with a layer of a porous material: a
adsorbents operate satisfactorily with high ceramic membrane, nonwoven cloth, etc. As a
concentrations of OP in coalescence regime. result, it is expected to achieve a substantial
With the OP content not higher than 10 mg/l, increase in the filter cycle [91].
FM are inefficient as the collectors of OP [87]. On the basis of a new original adsorption
However, it was noted that the application of technology, the filtration station for WW
polypropylene FM allowed the authors of [90] purification from OP was developed at the
to achieve the maximal OP capacity. It seems Institute of Petroleum Chemistry, SB RAS,
likely that the polypropylene FM obtained on and launched into experimental operation since
the basis of PP wastes (which was studied by 1995 at the Tomsk Petroleum Storage Depot
the authors of [87]) does not provide high of the Tomsknefteprodukt JSC [92]. The
purification degree due to its characteristic filtration-adsorption set-up Sever-3 based on
smooth surface. Either further improvement of multilayer adsorbents (firstly oxide ones) is able
the technology of obtaining this sorbent or its to purify water efficiently if the initial content
special modification is necessary. of OP is 2530 to 300 mg/l and more. The
One of the problems arising with the use degree of purification from suspended and
of multilayer filters based on ultrafine UFP of emulsified OP reaches 100 %, as a rule (with
aluminium oxide, basalt ultrathin fibre, efficient removal of DOP). The OP content of
polyamide FM, etc.) is due to high resistance the purified water is 0.2 to 0.8 mg/l; even after
of adsorbent layers, which hinders filtration the resource of filter operation is exceeded 23
times, this value reaches 1.62 mg/l.
A multilayer filter for water purification
both from DOP and EOP includes an adsorbent
based on pressed basalt fibre and the layers of
adsorbent based on OHA [78]. The major part
of petroleum emulsion is filtered through the
basalt fibre, while DOP and their drops with a
size less than 1 m are sorbed with UFP of
OHA. As a result, the purification degree
increases from 77 (for a single-layer filter made
of pressed basalt fibre) to 97 % (for the
multilayer filter described above).
As we have mentioned above several times,
the combinations of materials for OWW can
be diverse. Let us consider the use of n atural
sorbents in these combined filters [9597].
A set-up for the purification of WW from
car wash units was developed and
recommended for application at the Tomsk
State University of architecture and
construction; the set-up is equi pped with the
cassette-type filters with the combined charge
including granulated turf and FM from PP
Fig. 5. Effect of the initial concentration of emulsified oil wastes. The use of this set-up allows one to pass
products on the degree of purification with the filters:
oxide + basalt fibre (a) and oxide + polypropylene fibre
to the recycling zero-discharge water supply of
(b) [87]: 1 diesel fuel, 2 petroleum, 3 petrol. the dirty cycle with the purification of waste
MATERIALS FOR ADSORPTION PURIFICATION OF WATER FROM PETROLEUM AND OIL PRODUCTS 373
So, in the present work we made an attempt 5 G. A. Roev, V. A. Yufin, Ochistka stochnykh vod i
to generalize and analyze some reported data vtorichnoye ispolzovaniye nefteproduktov, Nedra,
Moscow, 1987.
on the development and application of materials 6 Yu. A. Izrael, A. V. Tsyban, Antropogenn aya ekologiya
for adsorption purification of water from okean a, Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1989.
petroleum and oil products, either to elimin ate 7 A. B. Gornitskiy, L. M. Gurvich, O. G. Mironov et al., Metody
i sredstva borby s neftyanym zagryazneniyem vod
the consequences of oil outflow or to purify Mirovogo Okeana, Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1989.
petroleum-containing waste water from oil- 8 L. M. Gurvich, Zashchita Okruzh. Sredy v Neftegaz.
mining and oil-processing plants, petroleum Komplekse, 1 (2004) 21.
9 L. M. Gurvich, Khim. i Tekhnol. Vody, 12 (1990) 934.
storage depots, car filling stations, car wash
10 R. N. Aliev, Zashchita Okruzh. Sredy v Neftegaz.
units, etc. Natural (plant-based or mineral), Komplekse, 2 (2004) 28.
artificial and synthetic sorbents are described. 11 L. Mazeas, H. Budzinski, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 2
Fibrous (nonwoven in the form of chaotically (2002) 130.
12 E. A. Kaidalov, Yu. V. Kozlov, T. P. Isakova, Tez. dokl.
positioned fibres, wool, pressed, etc.) materials 41th Nauch.-tekhn. konf. studentov i aspirantov KhGTU,
and the materials used in disperse and Khabarovsk, 2002, p. 14.
granulated forms are considered. 13 L. G. Telegin, B. I. Kim, V. I. Zonenko, Okhran a
okruzhayushchey sredy pri sooruzhenii i ekspluatatsii
On the basis of an alysis of literature data, gazonefteprovodov, Nedra, Moscow, 1988.
the following conclusions can be made. In order 14 Pat. pending 5433887 Japan, 1979.
to elimin ate continuous layers of spoiled oil 15 Pat. 2182118 RF, 2002.
16 O. S. Mochalova, L. M. Gurvich, N. M. Antonova, Zashchita
products, the most efficient sorbents are fibrous
Okruzh. Sredy v Neftegaz. Komplekse, 3 (2004) 20.
ones encapsulated in permeable shells in the 17 Pat. Pending 10139308 Germany, 2003.
form of mats; the main method of their 18 R. N. Khlestkin, N. A. Samoilov, Mat. 4 Mezhdun ar. konf.
application is the so-called blotting. The oil Khimiya nefti i gaza, vol. 2, STT, Tomsk, 2000, p.
191.
capacity of the materials is characterized in 19 A. I. Vylkovan, L. S. Ventsyulis, V. M. Zaitsev,
this case by oil sorption in the static regime. It V. D. Filatov, Sovremennye metody i sredstva borby s
is most reason able to use the disperse or razlivami nefti, Tsentr-Tekhinform, St. Petersburg,
2000.
granulated sorbents to eliminate separate spots 20 V. M. Bembel, L. P. Gossen et al., in: Teoreticheskiye i
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most efficient with multilayer combined filters
21 Pat. 2097125 RF, 1997.
containing sorbents differing from each other 22 Pat. 2071829 RF, 1997.
both in origin (n atural and synthetic) and in the 23 Pat. 2071828 RF, 1997.
aggregate state. The oil capacity of the materials 24 Pat. 2152250 RF, 2000.
25 Pat. pending 96105798/25 RF, 1998.
in this case is characterized by oil sorption in 26 G. S. Shchegoleva, E. E. Sirotkin a, Mat. dokl. Mezhdunar.
the dynamic regime. In addition, it should be simp. Kontrol i reabilitatsiya okruzhaayushchey sredy,
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27 Pat. 2091539 RF, 1997.
materials additionally in order to enhance the 28 Pat. 2197321 RF, 2003.
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an approach in general allows one to develop 30 Pat. 2166362 RF, 2001.
31 Pat. 2126715 RF, 1999.
new purification technologies in which a large
32 Pat. 2093618 RF, 1997.
number of materials and purification flowcharts 33 Pat. 2117719 RF, 1998.
is used, admitting flexible adjustment and 34 Technical Sertifications 228200149396 30599.
characterized by high efficiency. Materialy voloknistye sinteticheskiye.
35 G. G. Volokitin, A. N. Doronin, A. P. Koshin,
T. S. Shepelenko, Mat. 4 Mezhdunar. konf. Khimiya nefti
i gaza, vol. 2, STT, Tomsk, 2000, p. 519.
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MATERIALS FOR ADSORPTION PURIFICATION OF WATER FROM PETROLEUM AND OIL PRODUCTS 375