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The idea is to run a Carnot engine between temperatures T and T-dT for a two-phase medium and to let it
undergo a change in phase. We can then derive an important relation known as the Clausius-Clapeyron
equation, which gives the slope of the vapor pressure curve. We could then measure the vapor pressure
curve for various substances and compare the measured slope to the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. This can
then be viewed as an experimental proof of the general validity of the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics!
Figure 8.8: Carnot cycle devised to test the validity of the laws of thermodynamics
Consider the infinitesimal Carnot cycle shown in Figure 8.8. Heat is absorbed between states and .
To vaporize an arbitrary amount of mass, , the amount of heat
(8..1)
must be supplied to the system. From the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics the thermal efficiency for a
Carnot cycle can be written as
(8..2)
The work along and nearly cancel such that the net work is the difference between the work along
and , and can be viewed as the area enclosed by the rectangle :
(8..3)
Rearranging terms yields the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, which defines the slope of the vapor pressure
curve:
(8..4)
The beauty is that we have found a general relation between experimentally measurable quantities from first
principles (1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics).
In order to plot the Clausius-Clapeyron relation and to compare it against experimentally measured vapor
pressure curves, we need to integrate Equation (8.4). To do so, the heat of vaporization and the specific
volumes must be known functions of temperature. This is an important problem in physical chemistry but
we shall not pursue it further here except to mention that if
the integration can be readily carried out8.1. Making these approximations, the Clausius-Clapeyron equation
becomes
Note that the vapor pressure curves are straight lines if is plotted versus and that the slope of the
curves is , directly related to the heat of vaporization. Figures 8.9, 8.9, and 8.22 depict the vapor
pressure curves for various substances. The fact that all known substances in the two-phase region fulfill the
Clausius-Clapeyron equation provides the general validity of the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics!
Figure 8.9: Clausius-Clapeyron Experimental Proof (1) [Gyarmathy, Thermodynamics I, Eidgen ssische
Technische Hochschule Z rich, 1992]
Figure 8.10: Clausius-Clapeyron Experimental Proof (2) [Mahan, Elementary Chemical Thermodynamics,
1963]