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edu/4697937/Practice_Exams_-Research_1_Chapter_1_Multiple_Choice

1. Complete this sentence. A hypothesis is:

a. The methodical evaluation of research evidence.
b. A statement which serves as the basis for further investigation.
c. A statement of the aims of an investigation.
d. All of these.
2. Complete this sentence. Confounding variables are a problem in:
a. Correlational studies.
b. Experimental studies.
c. Longitudinal studies.
d. All of the above.
3. Complete this sentence. Ideally, if a study concluded that jealousy caused violence, it
would have to:
a. Measure jealousy and violence, over a period of time, on at least two intervals.
b. Randomly assign participants to groups of high and low jealousy and
compare their violence.
c. Show a correlation between jealousy and violent behavior in participants.
d. Assign participants to groups of high and low violence and compare their
jealousy.
4. Randomized assignment is:
a. Applied to participant groups to control for a confounding variable.
b. Sometimes done to data to allow cause and effect to be analyzed.
c. Applied to data to control for a confounding variable.
d. Applied to participant groups to keep similar participants grouped together.
5. ____ is a statistical index which describes the degree and direction of the relationship
between two characteristics or variables.
a. Correlation
b. Probability
c. Mean
d. T-test
6. What is the name for a variable which wholly or partially accounts for the
relationship between two other variables?
a. Consistent variable.
b. Congruent variable.
c. Confounding variable.
d. Confounded variable.
7. Conducting research, and keeping abreast of current findings is more important to
research psychologists than it is to those psychologists who are concerned with the
practice of psychology.
a. True
b. False
8. Why is it important to read original articles when you are reviewing the literature?
a. To obtain an overview of methods and procedures.
b. To look for flaws in the method.
c. To examine the validity of the conclusions.
d. All of these.
9. You are about to do a literature search, what would be the first stage?
a. Read introductory textbooks.
b. Order some inter-library loans.
c. Do a literature search online.
d. Ask your lecturer for some articles.
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10. Which section of a journal article is provided in most online electronic databases?
a. Introduction.
b. Conclusion.
c. Abstract.
d. Results.
11. What should be included in scholarly literature? Select all that apply.
a. Research reports reported in primary sources only
b. Conceptual and theoretical literature from primary sources only
c. Published and unpublished reports of research
d. Primary and secondary sources
12. Reviews of the literature are conducted for PURPOSES OF RESEARCH as well as
for the CONSUMER OF RESEARCH. How are these reviews similar? Select all that
apply.
a. Amount of literature required to be reviewed
b. Degree of critical reading required
c. Importance of conceptual literature
d. Purpose of the review
13. What are characteristics of the literature review required for a quantitative research
study? Select all that apply.
a. The review is exhaustive and must include all studies conducted in the area
b. Doctoral dissertations and masters theses are excellent sources of
information
c. Computer-accessed materials are acceptable
d. Primary sources are not as important as secondary source
14. Which of the following is an example of a primary source in a research study?
a. A published commentary on the findings of another study
b. A doctoral dissertation that critiques all research in the area of attention deficit
disorder
c. A textbook of medical-surgical nursing
d. A journal article about a study that used large, previously unpublished
databases generated by the United States census
15. When planning to do social research, it is better to:
a. Approach the topic with an open mind
b. Do a pilot study before getting stuck into it
c. Be familiar with the literature on the topic
d. Forget about theory because this is a very practical undertaking
16. Which comes first, theory or research?
a. Theory, because otherwise you are working in the dark
b. Research, because that's the only way you can develop a theory
c. It depends on your point of view
d. The question is meaningless, because you can't have one without the other
17. We review the relevant literature to know:
a. What is already known about the topic
b. What concepts and theories have been applied to the topic
c. Who are the key contributors to the topic
d. All of the above
18. A deductive theory is one that:
a. Allows theory to emerge out of the data
b. Involves testing an explicitly defined hypothesis
c. Allows for findings to feed back into the stock of knowledge
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d. Uses qualitative methods whenever possible

19. Which of the following is not a type of research question?
a. Predicting an outcome
b. Evaluating a phenomenon
c. Developing good practice
d. A hypothesis
20. What does 'sampling cases' mean?
a. Sampling using a sampling frame
b. Identifying people who are suitable for research
c. Literally, the researcher's brief-case
d. Sampling people, newspapers, television programs etc.
21. Which of the following is not a data-collection method?
a. Research questions
b. Unstructured interviewing
c. Postal survey questionnaires
d. Participant observation

22. Mean, Median and Mode are :

a. Measures of deviation
b. Ways of sampling
c. Measures of control tendency
d. None of the above
23. Research is
a. Searching again and again
b. Finding solution to any problem
c. Working in a scientific way to search for truth of any problem
d. None of the above
24. Which of the following is the first step in starting the research process?
a. Searching sources of information to locate problem.
b. Survey of related literature
c. Identification of problem
d. Searching for solutions to the problem
25. A common test in research demands much priority on
a. Reliability
b. Usability
c. Objectivity
d. All of the above
26. A reasoning where we start with certain particular statements and conclude with a
universal statement is called
a. Deductive Reasoning
b. Inductive Reasoning
c. Abnormal Reasoning
d. Transcendental Reasoning
27. The essential qualities of a researcher are
a. Spirit of free enquiry
b. Reliance on observation and evidence
c. Systematization or theorizing of knowledge
d. All the above
28. In the process of conducting research Formulation of Hypothesis is followed by
a. Statement of Objectives
b. Analysis of Data
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c. Selection of Research Tools

d. Collection of Data
29. A research paper is a brief report of research work based on
a. Primary Data only
b. Secondary Data only
c. Both Primary and Secondary Data
d. None of the above
30. An empirical study is based on
a. The method of tenacity.
b. The method of authority.
c. The method of experience.
d. Objectively quantifiable observations
31. In one study, half of the rats are given one food pellet each time they correctly run a
maze, and the other half of the rats are given two food pellets each time they correctly
run a maze. The researchers record the average amount of time it takes the rats to run
the maze. In this study, the number of food pellets represents the __________
variable.
a. Independent
b. Dependent
c. Extraneous
d. Intrinsic
32. Mary is interested in determining if active learning strategies promote better student
learning than passive learning strategies. She teaches groups of volunteer students for
one hour, using active learning strategies with half of the students and passive
learning strategies with the other half of the students. The students are then given a
test over the material and Mary records the number of items each student answers
correctly. In this study, the independent variable is __________ and the dependent
variable is __________.
a. type of learning strategy; number of correct answers
b. number of correct answers; type of learning strategy
c. number of correct answers; the test
d. type of learning strategy; the test
33. Which of the following is NOT a component of an experiment?
a. Control of extraneous variables
b. Manipulation of the independent variable
c. Measurement of the dependent variable
d. Manipulation of the dependent variable
34. Undesired variables that could invalidate an experiment are referred to as _______
a. Variables
b. Independent
c. Dependent
d. Extraneous
e. Intrinsic
35. Cause-and-effect relationships can be determined through
a. Replications
b. Experiments
c. empirical research
d. None of the above
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36. Students who have been given extra credit will report more satisfaction withtheir
course than students who have not been given extra credit. This statement best
represents a(n)
a. Theory
b. Hypothesis
c. extraneous variable
d. problem
37. Janell has discovered in her literature review that people often learn by imitation and
observation (termed social learning). For example, when children see an adult behave
violently toward a doll, they often imitate this violent behavior. Janell decides to do a
study in which children who are initially afraid of snakes either view an adult playing
with a snake or view nothing at all. She thinks that the children who view an adult
playing with a snake will be more likely to later pet a snake than children who view
nothing at all. Which of the following statements best represents the hypothesis
a. Social learning refers to the idea that people often learn by imitation and
observation.
b. Children who view an adult playing with a snake will be more likely to later
pet a snake than children who view nothing at all.
c. Past research has found that when children see an adult behave violently toward
a doll, they often imitate the violent behavior.
d. All of the above can be considered hypotheses.
38. Which of the following components of the research process should be conducted
first?
a. Conducting the experiment
b. Conducting the literature review
c. Coming up with the hypothesis
d. Data analysis
39. The general plan for selecting participants, assigning participants to experimental
conditions, controlling extraneous variables, and gathering data is known as the
a. Hypothesis
b. Theory
c. research design
d. Literature review
40. Which of the following steps in the research process occurs AFTER the data is
collected?
a. Formulate the hypothesis.
b. Conduct a literature review
c. Make decisions in terms of past research and theory
d. Consider theories relevant to your project
41. Joanna, a budding undergraduate researcher, is interested in studying whether people
see bright lights after they die. Why is this poor research idea?
a. Everyone already knows that people see bright lights after they die.
b. It is too big of an idea for an undergraduate to tackle.
c. This project is not testable.
d. None of the above.
42. All of the following would be presented in the Method section EXCEPT:
a. The number of participants in the experiment.
b. The results of the statistical tests.
c. The equipment used by the researcher.
d. The procedure of the experiment.
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43. The experimenters predicted outcome of a research project is known as a(n)

a. Theory
b. Hypothesis
c. extraneous variable
d. problem
44. The informed consent contains all of the following EXCEPT:
a. statement about the deception used in the research
b. a sentence stating that participants are free to leave the experiment at anytime
c. a line for the participants signature
d. a list of any risks associated with the study
45. As the amount of exercising decreases, weight increases. This statement represents
a _________ correlation.
a. Zero
b. Positive
c. Negative
d. Curvilinear
46. If there is a positive correlation between number of hours spent studying and exam
grades, then the _____ time people spend studying, the _____ their exam grades
a. more; lower
b. more; higher
c. less; higher
d. None of the above
47. Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in developing a good survey?
a. Identify the types of questions to use
b. Pilot test the items
c. Develop instructions for the survey
d. All of the above are steps in developing a good survey.
48. Suppose a survey contains the following item: Explain in words your opinion onthe
death penalty. This question represents a(n)
a. Likert-type scale
b. Multiple choice question
c. open-ended question
d. Forced alternative question.
49. Which of the following types of questions allows the researcher to calculate
anaverage or mean response?
a. Open-ended
b. Yes-noc
c. Likert-type scaled
d. Forced alternative
50. Which of the following is one of the guidelines for writing good survey questions?
a. Questions should use familiar vocabulary
b. Questions should be lengthy so that participants will be able to understand them
better
c. Questions should be above the reading level of the individuals you intend to test
d. All of the above.
51. Secondary/existing data may include which of the following?
a. Official documents
b. Personal documents
c. Archived research data
d. All of the above
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52. When each member of a population has an equally likely chance of being selected,
this is called:
a. A nonprobability sampling method
b. A quota sample
c. A snowball sample
d. A probability selection method
53. Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample?
a. Choosing volunteers from an introductory psychology class to participate
b. Listing the individuals by ethnic group and choosing a proportion from within
each ethnic group at random.
c. Numbering all the elements of a sampling frame and then using a random number
table to pick cases from the table.
d. Randomly selecting schools, and then sampling everyone within the school.
54. People who are available, volunteer, or can be easily recruited are used in the
sampling method called ______.
a. Convenience sampling
b. Cluster sampling
c. Systematic sampling
d. Simple random sampling
55. Which of the following would generally require the largest sample size?
a. Cluster sampling
b. Simple random sampling
c. Systematic sampling
d. Proportional stratified sampling
56. What is the sample size if the population is 2,350 and the margin of error is 5%?
a. 342
b. 350
c. 400
d. 234
57. The following are examples of qualitative data except one
a. Attitude scores
b. Religion
c. Citizenship
d. gender
58. What is the most appropriate method of collecting data to be used if the title is The
physical and behavioral changes in guinea pig subjected to a new medicine for
SARS
a. Observation
b. Registration
c. Experimentation
d. Direct method
59. The following are types of non-probability sampling except one
a. stratified random sampling
b. quota sampling
c. Convenience/accidental sampling
d. Purposive sampling
60. In the study entitled Relationship Between Attitude Towards Mathematics and
Problem Solving Abilities of Junior students in Business Mathematics. What is the
dependent variable?
a. Attitude towards Mathematics
b. Junior students
c. Business Mathematics
d. Problem solving abilities
61. Based on item number above what is the independent variable?
a. Attitude towards Mathematics
b. Junior students
c. Business Mathematics
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d. Problem solving abilities

62. Mary is interested in determining if active learning strategies promote better student
learning than passive learning strategies. She teaches groups of volunteer students for
one hour, using active learning strategies with half of the students and passive
learning strategies with the other half of the students. The students are then given a
test over the material and Mary records the number of items each student answers
correctly. In this study, the independent variable is __________ and the dependent
variable is __________.
a. type of learning strategy; number of correct answers
b. number of correct answers; type of learning strategy
c. number of correct answers; the test
d. type of learning strategy; the test
63. Psychologists often use college students enrolled in introductory psychology courses
as participants. This is referred to as a?
a. random sample
b. representative sample
c. stratified random sample
d. convenience sample
64. Which of the following is NOT one of the four scales of measurement?
a. Ratio
b. Interval
c. Ordinal
d. Variable
65. Karen categorizes people in her sample as either male or female, which represents
which scale of measurement?
a. Ordinal
b. Interval
c. Nominal
d. Ratio
66. Why is it important to understand scales of measurement?
a. The scale of measurement for the dependent variable determines the kind of
statistical test that can be conducted.
b. Scales of measurement are integral for inferential statistics (but not necessarily
descriptive statistics).
c. Scales of measurement are integral for descriptive statistics (but not necessarily
inferential statistics).
d. Researchers can only analyze data on interval and ratio levels of measurement.
67. If we rank the winners of a horse race (first, second, third), we are using a(n)
____________ scale of measurement.
a. Ratio
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Nominal
68. The most frequently occurring score in a distribution is the
a. Median
b. Mean
c. Mode
d. Range
69. Consider the following scores: 1, 2, 3, 3, and 11. What is the mode?
a. 3
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b. 4
c. 11
d. 20
70. The _________ is the score that divides the distribution in half.
a. Mean
b. Mode
c. Median
d. Variance