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Abstract
This paper presents the development and applications of the finite element software, NASAB, which can be used for linear, geometrically
nonlinear, and materially nonlinear analyses of structure and nonlinear aerostatic stability analysis of cable-supported bridges. The software
program consists of two main parts: a programming part and a computational part. The windows programming part written in FORTRAN90
was designed mainly to present the NASAB software in a user-friendly environment. The computational part was written in FORTRAN77.
The use of FORTRAN77 is to effectively take advantage of existing codes, thus speeding up code design and implementation. The usefulness
of FORTRAN programming language to develop a user-friendly interface including pre-processing and post-processing has been
demonstrated by the present version of the software.
q 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Finite element software; Cable-supported bridges; Aerostatic stability; Nonlinear analysis
1. Graphical user interface Fig. 3. Graphical user interface of the NASAB software.
J. Cheng et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 34 (2003) 287296 289
Fig. 8. Display finite element model window for the NASAB software.
END DO
END
3. Element library
2 3
MzA MzB MyA MyB
6 0 2 0 0 0 7
6 L2 L2 7
6 7
6 6FxB M MxB FxB 7
6 yA 7
6 0 7
6 5L L L 10 7
6 7
6 7
6 6F xB M zA F xB M xB 7
6 2 7
6 5L L 10 L 7
KgAA 6
p
6
7
6 K MzA MzB MyA MyB 7 7
6 2 7
6 7
6 L 6 6 7
6 7
6 2F L 7
6 xB
0 7
6 7
6 15 7
6 7
4 2FxB L 5
Symm:
15
2 3
MzA MzB MyA MyB
6 0 2 0 0 0 7
6 L2 L2 7
6 7
6 MzA MzB 6F M M F 7
62 2 xB yB
2 xB xB 7
6 0 7
6 L 2 5L L L 10 7
6 7
6 M M 7
6 yA yB 6F xB M zB F xB M xB 7
6 0 2 2 2 7
6 L2 5L L 10 L 7
KgAB 6
p
6
7
7
6 MyA M K M M MyA MyB 7
6 0 2 2 zA
2 2 zA zB 7
6 L L L 6 6 7
6 7
6 7
6 M F M M F L M 7
6 0 2
yB xB
2 zA zB
2 xB xB 7
6 7
6 L 10 6 30 2 7
6 7
4 FxB MxB MyA MyB MxB FxB L 5
0 2 2 2 2
10 L 6 2 30
2 3
MzA MzB MyA MyB
6 0 2 0 0 0 7
6 L2 L2 7
6 7
6 6FxB M MxB FxB 7
6 yB 7
6 0 2 2 7
6 5L L L 10 7
6 7
6 7
6 6F xB M zB F xB M xB 7
6 2 7
6 5L L 10 L 7
KgBB 6
p
6
7
7
6 K M M MyA MyB 7
6 zA zB
2 7
6 L 6 6 7
6 7
6 7
6 2F L 7
6 xB
0 7
6 7
6 15 7
6 7
4 2FxB L 5
Symm:
15
where FxA ;FyA ;FzA nodal axial and shear forces at node A; The cable element stiffness matrix is given by Karoumi [14]
FxB ;FyB ;FzB nodal axial and shear forces at node B; 2 3
2k1 2k2 k1 k2
MxA ;MyA ;MzA nodal torsion and bending moments at 6 7
6 7
node A; MxB ;MyB ;MzB nodal torsion and bending 6 2k 4 k 2 k4 7
cable
Kt 6 6 7 5
moments at node B; K Wagner coefficient. 7
6 2k 2k 7
4 1 2 5
Symm: 2k4
3.3. Cable element formulation where
!!
1 Lu 1 P4 P
To accurately consider cable sag effect, a two-node k1 2 2
catenary cable element is used in the NASAB software. det H EA w Tj Ti
J. Cheng et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 34 (2003) 287296 293
!!
1 P1 1 1 cable-supported bridges. A new method proposed by Cheng
k2 2 2 [2] was implemented in the NASAB software for the
detH w Tj Ti
!! nonlinear aerostatic stability analysis of cable-supported
1 Lx 1 P4 P2 bridges. The method can consider the nonlinear effects as
k4 2 follows: nonlinearity effect of wind load, geometric
det H P1 w Tj Ti
!! nonlinearity arisen from cable sag effects, axial force and
Lu 1 P4 P2 bending interactions and large deflection or change of
det H 2 2 geometry effect. The accuracy and efficiency of the method
EA w Tj Ti
has been verified in Ref. [2]. For completeness, the method
!! !!2
Lx 1 P4 P P1 1 1 is summarized as follows.
2 2 2 The equilibrium equation of structural system under
P1 w Tj Ti w Tj Ti
wind loads can be expressed as
Lu 1 P4 T j Ku{u} PFy a; Fz a; Ma 6
Lx 2P1 ln
EA w Ti 2 P2
where Ku the structural stiffness matrix including
Lu unstressed cable length; Ti ; Tj cable tension at the elastic stiffness matrix and geometrical stiffness matrix;
two nodes of the element; P1 ; P2 ; P3 ; P4 components of {u} the nodal displacement; PFy a; Fz a; Ma the
end cable forces in local system; w weight of cable per total wind load which includes drag force Fy a, lift force
unit length. Fz a and pitch moment Ma; a the effective wind angle
To accurately evaluate the cable element stiffness matrix, of attack.
an iterative procedure is used. A detailed description of the To solve Eq. (6), an incremental-two-iterative method is
iterative procedure has been given by Karoumi [14], and is used. The procedure of solving the critical wind velocity by
not repeated here. this method can be summarized as follows:
If satisfied, then add wind velocity according to This example is extensively used in examination of finite
scheduled step length. Otherwise go to steps 3 5 to element procedures for geometrically nonlinear beam
continue the iteration until Eq. (7) is satisfied or the analysis. Finite element results by the NASAB beam
maximum number of iteration is reached. element are compared, with the numerical results of
6. If iteration is not converge under certain wind velocity, Mattiasson [16], and the numerical results of the ANSYS
then get back previous wind velocity and recalculate by [17] beam element in Fig. 12. The results of the ANSYS
shortening step length of wind velocity until the [17] beam element with 5 or 10 elements are identical to
difference between two successive wind velocity is less those of Mattiasson [16]. The results by the ANSYS [17]
than prescribed tolerance.
5.1. Example 1: Cantilever beam with a transversal Displacement NASAB OBrien and Michalos Jayaraman and
point load of load point (ft) Francis [22] [23] Knudson [18]