TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Unit-1: Highway development and Planning

07-10-2014 Prepared by G.Sirisha,

civil dept.

INRODUCTION
Transportation involves movement of persons and goods from one place (origin) to another (destination).
Here we apply the principles of science and mathematics such that various properties of matter and sources of
energy in nature (diesel, petrol,electicity produced from coal ,water etc.) are utilized to move persons and goods
in a manner useful to mankind and at minimum cost.
Moreover, we shall study about salient characteristics of various transportation system with respect to land
(highways and railways ,water ways and also airways).
Why are highways so important?

It is used to develop a economy of country

It is used to reducing journey time and cost
It is used to reduce the accidents rate
It is used to make the communications between countrys
Road maintenance cost saving
Vehicle operating cost saving
Environmental development
They help in making social and cultural advancement of people
They help in making the villagers active and alert members of society
They play a very important role in the defense of a country during war days
They enhance land value and thus help in bringing better revenue
They provide more employment opportunities to the people
Why we have to study transportation engineering?
1.6 million hours per day stuck in traffic
Avg. person spends one hour per day in their car
In India day by day increase the accident rate
Improper drainage systems
Traffic congestion
Aging of infrastructure
Increased truck weights
Aging of populations

The objects of highway planning are briefly given below :

To plan a road network for efficient and safe traffic operation , but a minimum coast. Here the costs of
construction , maintenance and renewal of pavement layers and the vehicle operation costs are to be given due
construction.
To arrive at the road system and the lengths of different categories of road which could provide maximum
utility and could be constructed within the available resource during the plan period under construction.
To fix up date wise priorities for development of each road link based on utility as the main criterion for phasing
the road development programme.
To plan for future requirements and improvement of roads in view of anticipated developments.
 To work out financing system.

Historical development of road construction

Early development
Roman roads
Tresaguet construction
Metcalf construction
Telford construction
Macadam construction
Further development
Early development
Animal
Animal drawn vehicle
Necessity of providing a hard surface
First road authentic record Assyrian empire constructed by about 1900 B.C
Large scale roads constructed in Roman empire period, Radiating, Military operations
HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
Jayakar Committee (1927)
Central Road Fund (1929)
Indian Roads Congress (IRC), 1934
Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), 1950
National Highway Act, 1956
National Highway Authority of India (NHAI),1995
National highway act ( 1956 )
Second twenty year road plan ( 1961 )
Highway Research board ( 1973 )
National Transport Policy committee ( 1978 )
Third twenty year road plan ( 1981 )
Jayakar Committee, 1927

Road development should be made a national interest since the provincial and local govt do not have financial and
technical capacity for road development.
Levy extra tax on petrol from road users to create the road development fund.
To establish a semi-official , technical institution to pool technical knowledge, sharing of ideas and to act as an
advisory body.
To create a national level institution to carry research , development works and consultation.
Central Road Fund

Central Road Fund (C.R.F) was formed on 1st march 1929

Extra 2.64 Paise per litre of petrol were charged from consumers
Form this they got 20% of annual revenue to build up this roads
Balance 80% is allowed by central govt for various works based on actual consumption petrol
CRF are maintained by the accountant General of central revenue and control on the expenditure is exercise by
the Roads wing of Ministry of Transport
Indian Roads Congress
Central semi official body known as Indian Road Congress (IRC) was formed in 1934
Pooling of experience and ideas on the all matters affecting the planning, construction and maintenance
It is active body controlling the specifications, standardization and recommendations on materials, design of roads
and bridges
It publishes journals, research publications, standard specifications guide lines
Motor Vehicle Act
It was formed in 1939
To regulate the road traffic in the form of traffic laws, ordinances and regulations
3 phases primarily covered are control of driver, vehicle ownership and vehicle operation
This was revised on 1988
CRRI

engaged in carrying out research and development projects.

design, construction and maintenance of roads and runways, traffic and transportation planning of mega and
medium cities, management of roads in different terrains,
Improvement of marginal materials,
Utilization of industrial waste in road construction,
Landslide control,
Ground improvements environmental pollution,
Road traffic safety
Service life assessment and rehabilitation of highway & railway bridges.
Ministry of Road Transport & Highways
Planning, development and maintenance of National Highways in the country.
Extends technical and financial support to State Governments for the development of state roads and the roads of
inter-state connectivity and economic importance.
Evolves standard specifications for roads and bridges in the country.
Serves as a repository of technical knowledge on roads and bridges.
Nagpur Road Conference 1943
The second World War saw a rapid growth in road traffic and this led to the deterioration in the condition of roads
To discuss about improving the condition of roads, the government convened a conference of chief engineers of
provinces at Nagpur in 1943
The result of the conference is famous
Highway Planning in India
First twenty year road development plan for India called it as Nagpur plan for the period of 1943-63
Second twenty year road development plan for India called it as Bombay plan for the period of 1961-81
Third twenty year road development plan for India called it as Lucknow plan for the period of 1981-2001
Nagpur Road Plan
o The conference of chief engineer held at Nagpur in 1943 finalized the first twenty year road plan
o The road network in the country classified into five categories
National highways (N.H)
State highways (S.H)
Major district roads (M.D.R)
Other district roads (O.D.R)
Village roads (V.R)

o The committee planned to construct 2 lakhs Kms of road across the country within 20 years
o They recommended the construction of star and grid pattern of roads throughout the country
o A long-term plains desired for road development work to facilitate greater communication and mobility all over
the country.
o Deteriorated roads should be maintained routinely on a short-term basis.
o One of the objective was that the road length should be increased so as to give a road density of 16 kms per 100
sq.km

Bombay road plan

 It was the second 20 year road plan (1961-1981)
The total road length targeted to construct was about 10 lakhs.
The length of roads envisaged under the Nagpur plan was achieved by the end of it, but the road system was
deficient in many respects.
The changed economic, industrial and agricultural conditions in the country warranted a review of the Nagpur
plan.
Accordingly a 20-year plan was drafted by the Roads wing of Government of India, which is popularly known as
the Bombay plan.
They suggested that the length of the road should be increased so as to give a road density of 32kms/100 sq.km
The construction of 1600 km of expressways was also then included in the plan.
Length of railway track is considered independent of the road system and hence it is not subtracted to get the road
length
The development factor of only 5 % is provided for future development and unforeseen factors