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03 (A)
OBJECTIVE: - Study of Half wave and Full wave rectifier. Measurement of V rms,
V dc and ripple factor. Also study use of filter-ripple reduction (RC Filter).
THEORY
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER:- A diode is a unidirectional conduction device. It
conducts only when its anode is at a higher voltage with respect to its cathode. In a
half-wave rectifier circuit, during positive half-cycle of the input, the diode gets
forward biased and it conducts. Current flows through the load resistor R L and
voltage is developed across it. During negative half-cycle of the input, the diode gets
reverse biased. Now no current (except the leakage current which is very small) flow.
The voltage across the load resistance during this period of input cycle is zero. Thus
a pure ac signal is converted into a unidirectional signal. It can be shown that
(i)
V dc = V m
Where, V DC is the output DC voltage and Vm is peak AC voltage at the input the
rectifier circuit
(ii)
Ripple Factor = ac voltage at o\p = 1.21
dc voltage at o\p
A A
T T
CENTRE TAP RECTIFIER: - In a full-wave rectifier circuit there are two diodes,
a transformer and a load resistor. The transformer has a centre-tap in its secondary
winding. It provides out-of-phase voltages to the two diodes. During the positive half-
cycle of the input, the diode D2 is reverse biased and ti does not conduct. But diode
D1 is forward biased and it conducts. The current flowing through D1 also passes
throught the load resistor, and a voltage is developed across it. During the negative
half-cycle, the diode D2 is forward biased and D1 is reverse biased. Now, current
flows through diode D2 and load resistor. The current flowing through load resistor
R L passes in the same direction in both the half-cycles. The dc voltage obtained at
the output is given as
(i).
Vdc = 2Vm
Where Vm is the peak value of the ac voltage between the centre tap points & one of
the diodes.
( ii ) . Ripple factor = ac voltage at o / p = 0.482
dc voltage at o / p
Bridge type full wave without filter Bridge type full wave with
filter
PROCEDURE :-
(A) HWR:-
1. First connect the primary side of the transformer to the AC main as shown in
fig
2. Connect the C.R.O. probes to the output points. By proper setting of C.R.O.,
a good &stable wave shape can be seen on its screen .Plot this wave form
& also observe the wave shape at the o\p points.
3. Using multimeter measure the AC voltage at the secondary terminals of the
transformer. This gives the RMS value, also measure AC & DC voltage at
output points.
4. Multiply this RMS value by 2 to get the peak value Vm calculate the
theoretical value of DC voltage using formula
Vdc = Vm /
Compare this theoretical value with practically measured value of output dc
voltage.
5. Using the measured value of DC & AC output voltages, calculate
Ripple factor .It should be near about 1.21.
6. Measure the peak inverse voltage across diode which should be Vm.
(b) FWR (CENTRE TAP):-
1. Connect the primary of center tapped transformer to main supply. At the
output points of full wave rectifier ckt, connect the vertical plates of CRO & by
adjusting its knob, get a stationary pattern on the screen. Now touch the CRO
probes at the centre tap & one of the diodes. Observe the wave shapes on
CRO compare the two wave shapes.
2. By multimeter, measure the AC voltage at the input & output points. Also
measure the dc voltage at the output point.
3. Multiply the ac input voltage by 2 to get peak value & calculate the dc
voltage by Vdc = 2Vm /
Compare this theoretical value with the practical value.
4. Calculate the ripple Factor by using formula
Ripple Factor = (AC voltage at o\p) = 0.482
(DC voltage at o\p)
5. Measure the PIV across the diode. It should be 2Vm.
(c) FWR (BRIDGE TYPE):-
1. First, connect the full or half wave rectifier circuit to the high value capacitor c
as shown in fig. & load R L also.
2. Connect the CRO at the output of rectifier terminals and note down the wave
shape. Now connect the CRO at the output of filter see i.e. across R L .
3. Measure the input ac voltage at the input of T secondary to get the peak
value, multiply it by 2.
Measure the output dc voltage when shunt capacitor is used in the circuit.
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
S. No. Applied Input Voltage Observe Output Voltage Remark
CALCULATION:-
Similarly, a Negative clipper clips the negative half cycles of the input waveform as
shown in fig 3(b).(b).
PROCEDURE: -
1. Connect the circuit as per the given figure.
2. Set the ac input voltage to V volts.
3. Observe the output waveform on the CRO.
4. Plot the graph of the input and output waveform.
RESULT:- The clipper and clamper circuits are studied and waveform is plotted
on the graph.