Objectives:

1. H
2. H
3. H

NORM
- an assemblage of stable means objectively existing in the language and
systematically used.
- is an invariant, which should embrace all variable phonemic, morphological,
lexical, and syntactic patterns with their typical properties circulating in the
language at a definite period of time.
- is a regulator that controls the set of variants (Makayev). The most characteristic
and essential property of norm is flexibility.
- As soon as the feeling of the norm is instilled in the mind one begins to appreciate
its talented fluctuations. The norm may be perceived and established only when
there are deviations from it, it happens so to say against their background.

The norm is an abstract notion, an invariant which should embrace all variants with their
most typical properties.

Halperin: the norm is the invariant of phonetic, morphological, lexical and

syntactical patterns, circulating in language-in-action (speech) at a given period of
time.

=> it is very important to master the received standard of the given period
in order to comprehend the correspondence of this or that form to the
recognized form of the period.
The norm can be grasped when there is a deviation from it.
Skrebnev: the essence of stylistic perception consists in mental confrontation of
what one hears (or reads) with ones previous linguistic experience.

I havent ever done anything

I aint never done nothing
 Norm may be defined as a set of language rules which are considered to be most
standard and correct in a certain epoch and in a certain society. It is next to
impossible to work out universal language norms because each functional style
has its own regularities. The sentence "I ain't got no news from nobody" should be
treated as non-grammatical from the point of view of literary grammar though it is
in full accordance with special colloquial English grammar rules.

1. The concept of norm in stylistics.

The norm is the invariant of the phonemic, morphological, lexical and syntactical patterns
circulating in language-in-action at a given period of time.

Variants of these patterns may sometimes diverge from invariant, but they never exceed
the limits set by the invariant lest it should become unrecognizable or misleading.

Norm is a set of rules and restraints. Norm is a psychological and social phenomenon
(not only a system of signs)
A.E.Darbyshire: The norm is a linguistic abstraction, an idea thought up by linguists and
existing only in their minds.

Norm can become less rigid. Basic to all rules are grammar rules.
The notion of norm always presupposes a recognized or received standard. There is no
universally accepted norm of the standard literary language. There are different norms.
The norm is regarded by some linguists as a regulator which controls a set of variants,
the border of variations and also admissible and inadmissible variants (E.A.Makayev)

One of the most essential characteristics of the norm is its flexibility. A too rigorous
adherence to the norm brands the writers language as pedantic,

2. Variation of the norm. Hierarchy.

The problem of norm has many solutions and aspects. The most important is the
RELATIVE and PROBABILISTIC nature of the norm, as a deviation from one norm can
correspond to a norm of secondary order: the presence of a deviation is identified on the
basis of probabilistic prognosis

The linguistic competence can be defeated in a qualitative or quantitative way.

e.g. Those eyes the greenest of things blue
The bluest of things grey (Swingburn)
The superlative degree, the exclamatory sentences; the repetition
Hierarchy of norms:

- Standard (national standard) English [literary written] is more strict; Genre-normes

- Modified standard (pronunciation) former British colonies where the British
somehow modified the pronunciation
- Regional varieties (Am., Australian, New Zealand, Indian Englishes), Estuary English
is a bit simpler than BBC English peculiarities at all language levels. National norm
with specific features at all levels.
- Local Dialects (Cockney) working class

Charles Dickens Pickwick Club servant who speaks Cockney. A lot of grammar
violations.

Functional (acc. to the subject matter, situation of communication)

- written or oral
- individual norm
- genre norm
- text norm each text creates its variations acc. to USER or USE

Neutral words, which form the bulk of the English vocabulary, are used both in literary
and colloquial language. Neutral words are the main source of synonymy and polysemy.
The most neutral words are of monosyllabic character. This phenomenon has led to the
development of conversion as the most productive means of word-building.

Common literary words are chiefly used in writing and in polished speech. One can always
tell a literary word from a colloquial
Coll. Neut. Lit.
Kid child infant
Daddy father parent
Chap fellow associate
Get out go away retire
Go on continue proceed

Language norm in its dynamic aspect as socially and historically determined result of
speech activity, fixing traditional realizations of the system and creating new language
facts, revealing connections with the potential capacities of the language system and
the existing patterns. Variation of language units: variants within the limits of the norm
as the basis of stylistic choice: synonymic means of the language. stylistic variation of the
word ( allo-lexemes). Functional nature of norm \V.V.Vinogradov\. The conformity of
expression to the literary standard is the function of communicative-stylistic validity of the
utterance, functional style, jenre. Functional validity of a language unit, as the most
important criterion in establishing the conformity of the unit to the norm... as language is
a means of communication and communication always has a purpose \A.A.Leontiev\.
. Normative level - conformity with the orthographic, punctuation, orthoepic, lexical,
grammar norms of the language. Communicative level - purposeful usage of the
language means within the limits of the language norm and the norm of the functional
style for the sake of realizing a communicative task, the formation of a communicative
strategy.

REFERENCES:

http://www.studfiles.ru/preview/4538381/

http://studopedia.su/14_27063_Part-VI-Functional-Styles-of-the-English-Language.html

http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:5DBvkDYiJFQJ:www.novsu.r
u/file/4775+&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ph

http://www.novsu.ru/file/4775
 ----------------------------------------------

STYLE a selection of non-distinctive features of language

INDIVIDUAL STYLE a unique combination of language units peculiar to a given writer

which makes his works easily recognizable

The Main Terms, Categories and Notions of Stylistics.

To define the limits of stylistics it is necessary to state what we mean under its main
term style.

This word is of Latin origin derived from the word stilus which meant a short sharp stick
used by the Romans for writing on wax tablets.

Now the word style is used in many senses that is why it has become a permanent
source of ambiguity. It may denote:

The correspondence between

An individual manner of making use of language

The set of rules how to write a composition sometimes style is associated with very
simple notions like style is the man himself (Buffon 18thc.)

Style is depth, said Darbyshire in 1971 A Grammar of Style; style is deviation-

considered Enkvist in his book Linguistic Stylistics published in the Hague in 1973.
All these definitions deal somehow with the essence of style that is summed up by the
following observations:

Style is a quality of language which communicates precisely emotions or thoughts or

a system of them peculiar to the author
A true idiosyncrasy of style is the result of an authors success in compelling
language to conform to his mode of experience (Middleton Murry)
Style is a contextually restricted linguistic variation (Enkvist)
 Style is a selection of non-distinctive features of language(Bloomfield)
Style is simply synonymous with form or expression(Benedetto Croce)

In the broad sense we understand style as a feature adherent to music, clothes,

architecture, painting, historical epoch, etc.

Archibald Hill states structures, sequences and patterns which extend or may extend
beyond the boundaries of individual sentences define style.

The most frequently met definition of style belongs to Seymour Chatman: Style
is a product of individual choices and the patterns of choices among linguistic possibilities
. Werner Winter continues this idea by claiming that the style may be characterized by a
pattern of recurrent selections from the inventory of optional features of a language.

Summing up these numerous definitions we may single out the traits upon which
most of the scholars agree:

Style is a set of characteristics by which we distinguish one author from another

Style is regarded as something that belongs exclusively to the plane of expression
and not to the plane of content

Individual style implies the peculiarities of a writers individual manner of using

language means to achieve the effect he desires. The speech of any individual, which is
characterized by particular elements, is called an idiolect that reveals his breeding and
education. A writer will try to avoid showing his idiolect, instead he would leave room for
genuine SD. Alexander Block once said that the style of a writer is so closely connected
with the content of his soul that the experienced eye can see the soul through his style.

Some people think that one has to possess what is called a feeling for the language in
order to be able to understand its norms and variations. But this feeling is deeply rooted
in the knowledge (often unconscious) of the language laws and history. As soon as the
feeling of the norm is instilled in the mind one begins to appreciate its talented
fluctuations.
The norm may be perceived and established only when there are deviations from it, it
happens so to say against their background.

While studying style we come across the problem of language-as-a-system and

language-in-action, that actually reflects the opposition of language and speech
(discourse), langue and parole.

All rules and patterns of language collected in the textbooks on grammar, phonetics and
lexicology first appear in languagein-action where they are generalized, then framed
as rules
and patterns of language-as-a-system. The same happens with SDs. Born in speech
they gradually become recognized facts of language-as-a-system.

----
Style as Conformity

Style as conformity can be seen as the first available option for a writer to express
himself.

That is, a writer needs, first of all, to decide whether to conform with the established
style or to deviate. It is not in all situations that a writer enjoys flexibility to deviate. Style
as conformity is often strictly enforced in certain fields or circumstances. This is often in
academic/educational field as regard students research projects. It is also found so in
some professional writings, where a considerable conformity to the established format or
diction is expected for a text to earn acceptability.

One major weakness of conformity to the established style is that it clips creativity.

-----
LECTURE 1 pdf

A very important notion is the distinction between automatization and foregrounding in

language.

Automatization refers to the common use of linguistic devices which does not attract
particular attention by the language decoder, for example, the use of discourse markers
(e.g. well, you know, sort of, kind of) in spontaneous spoken conversations.
Automatization thus correlates with the usual background pattern, or the norm, in
language useit encompasses those forms and structures that competent language
users expect to be used in a given context of situation.

Foregrounded linguistic devices, on the other hand, are usually not expected to be used
in a specific context and are thus considered conspicuousthey catch the language
decoders attention (e.g. the use of old-fashioned and/or very formal words such as
epicure, improvident, and whither in spontaneous spoken conversations).

Foregrounding thus captures deviations from the norm. It is obvious that what is
considered as automatized and foregrounded language use depends on the
communication situation at hand. In technical fields of discourse, for instance, specialized
vocabulary items tend to be automatized (e.g. lambda marker in molecular biology), but
in everyday communication become foregrounded devices.

The norm is an abstract notion, an invariant which should embrace all variants with their
most typical properties.
Halperin: the norm is the invariant of phonetic, morphological, lexical and
syntactical patterns, circulating in language-in-action (speech) at a given period of
time.

Characteristic property its flexibility.

Following the norm too rigorously pedantic style.

Neglect of the norm an attempt to violate the established patterns of the

language.
 A constant process of gradual change in the forms of a language and in
meaning.

=> it is very important to master the received standard of the given period

in order to comprehend the correspondence of this or that form to the

recognized form of the period.

The norm can be grasped when there is a deviation from it.

Skrebnev: the essence of stylistic perception consists in mental confrontation of

what one hears (or reads) with ones previous linguistic experience.

I havent ever done anything

I aint never done nothing

Both norm. But:

1 literary,

2 uneducated speaker.

There are as many norms as there are sublanguages.

The notion of norm. Norm may be defined as a set of language rules which are
considered to be most standard and correct in a certain epoch and in a certain
society. It is next to impossible to work out universal language norms because each
functional style has its own regularities. The sentence "I ain't got no news from
nobody" should be treated as non-grammatical from the point of view of literary
grammar though it is in full accordance with special colloquial English grammar
rules.

3. The concept of norm in stylistics.

The norm is the invariant of the phonemic, morphological, lexical and syntactical patterns
circulating in language-in-action at a given period of time.
Variants of these patterns may sometimes diverge from invariant, but they never exceed
the limits set by the invariant lest it should become unrecognizable or misleading.

Norm is a set of rules and restraints. Norm is a psychological and social phenomenon
(not only a system of signs)
A.E.Darbyshire: The norm is a linguistic abstraction, an idea thought up by linguists and
existing only in their minds.

Norm can become less rigid. Basic to all rules are grammar rules.
The notion of norm always presupposes a recognized or received standard. There is no
universally accepted norm of the standard literary language. There are different norms.
The norm is regarded by some linguists as a regulator which controls a set of variants,
the border of variations and also admissible and inadmissible variants (E.A.Makayev)

One of the most essential characteristics of the norm is its flexibility. A too rigorous
adherence to the norm brands the writers language as pedantic, no matter whether it is
a question of speech or writing. To draw a line of demarcation between facts that illustrate
the flexibility of the norm and those which show its violation is not so easy. Some people
think that one has t possess what is called a feeling for the language. It is deeply rooted
in the unconscious knowledge of the laws according to which a language functions.
4. Deviation of the norm.

Deviation is a stylistic means it compels attention: for an element to be noticed it has

either to be REPEATED or UNPREDICTABLE

Deviation is a symbol. In stylistics it is important to know how to create a certain effect

Function of stylistic means is to DRAW ATTENTION. The chain of predictability should

be broken.

- He who attempts to tease the cobra

- Is soon a sadder he and SOBRA (O.Nash)
The 2 unpredictable elements: SOBRA (gram. Unpredictable) > SOBERER > repetition

Some deviations, if they are motivated, may occur here and there in the text. Through
constant repetitions such deviations may become legitimate variants of the norm and
establish themselves as members of a language system.

One of the most characteristic and essential properties of the norm is its flexibility. The
extremes are apparent, but border cases are blurred. Thus, footsteps on the sand of war
(E.E.Cummings) or below a time are clearly violations of the accepted norms of word-
building or word-combinations.
But silent thunder, the ors and ifs and the like may from one point of view be regarded
as a practical application of the principle of flexibility of the norm and from another as a
violation of the semantic and morphological norms of the English language.

There is a constant process of gradual change taking place in the forms of language and
their meaning at any given period of time.

5. Variation of the norm. Hierarchy.

The problem of norm has many solutions and aspects. The most important is the
RELATIVE and PROBABILISTIC nature of the norm, as a deviation from one norm can
correspond to a norm of secondary order: the presence of a deviation is identified on the
basis of probabilistic prognosis

The linguistic competence can be defeated in a qualitative or quantitative way.

e.g. Those eyes the greenest of things blue
The bluest of things grey (Swingburn)
The superlative degree, the exclamatory sentences; the repetition

Hierarchy of norms:

- Standard (national standard) English [literary written] is more strict; Genre-normes

- Modified standard (pronunciation) former British colonies where the British
somehow modified the pronunciation
- Regional varieties (Am., Australian, New Zealand, Indian Englishes), Estuary English
is a bit simpler than BBC English peculiarities at all language levels. National norm
with specific features at all levels.
- Local Dialects (Cockney) working class

Charles Dickens Pickwick Club servant who speaks Cockney. A lot of grammar
violations.

Functional (acc. to the subject matter, situation of communication)

- written or oral
- individual norm
- genre norm
- text norm each text creates its variations acc. to USER or USE

Neutral words, which form the bulk of the English vocabulary, are used both in literary
and colloquial language. Neutral words are the main source of synonymy and polysemy.
The most neutral words are of monosyllabic character. This phenomenon has led to the
development of conversion as the most productive means of word-building.

Common literary words are chiefly used in writing and in polished speech. One can always
tell a literary word from a colloquial
Coll. Neut. Lit.
Kid child infant
Daddy father parent
Chap fellow associate
Get out go away retire
Go on continue proceed

It goes without saying that these synonyms are not only stylistic but ideographic as well.
The main distinction between synonyms remains stylistic. Colloquial words are always
more emotionally coloured than literary ones.
Both literary and colloquial words have upper and lower level. The line of demarcation
between common literary and neutral and between common colloquial and neutral on the
other side are blurred. The process of interpenetration of the stylistic strata becomes
HERE most apparent.

The neutral vocabulary may be viewed as the invariant of the Standard English
vocabulary. Common colloquial vocabulary is a part of Standard English.

The stylistic function of the different strata of the E vocabulary depends not so much on
the inner qualities of each of the groups, as on their interaction when they are opposed
to one another.

Certain set expressions have been coined within literary English and their use in ordinary
speech will inevitably make the utterance sound bookish. In accordance with, with regard
to, to speak at great length, to lend assistance, to draw a lesson

Special literary vocabulary:

a) terms
b) poetic and high literary words (are called upon to sustain the special
elevated atmosphere of poetry)
c) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete words
d) Barbarisms (words of foreign origin which have not entirely been
assimilated into the English Language) and Foreignisms
e) Literary Coinages

Special Colloquial vocabulary:

a) slang the special vocabulary used by any set of persons of a low or disreputable
character; language of a low vulgar type
b) jargonisms (old words with entirely new meanings imposed on them)
c) professionalisms
d) dialectal words
e) vulgarisms
f) colloquial coinages

bileti_durow-500
 Norm and Variation in Language. The dynamic character of norm. The static
aspect ( the system of language units) and dynamics ( language functioning). Language
norm in its dynamic aspect as socially and historically determined result of speech
activity, fixing traditional realizations of the system and creating new language facts,
revealing connections with the potential capacities of the language system and the
existing patterns. Variation of language units: variants within the limits of the norm as
the basis of stylistic choice: synonymic means of the language. stylistic variation of the
word ( allo-lexemes). Functional nature of norm \V.V.Vinogradov\. The conformity of
expression to the literary standard is the function of communicative-stylistic validity of the
utterance, functional style, jenre. Functional validity of a language unit, as the most
important criterion in establishing the conformity of the unit to the norm... as language is
a means of communication and communication always has a purpose \A.A.Leontiev\.
The principle of communicative validity the basis of assigning the norm \ .G. Kostomarov,
A.A.Leontiev\. Literary standard as the model variant of the national language, the result
of reasonably applied rules, i.e. norm Literary language the sum total of all the
realizations of the language system adopted by the society at a certain stage of its
development and thought of as correct and model \N.N.Semenuck\. Basic oppositions
revealing normative co-relations in the language:
system : norm : individual speech
national norm : dialect
neutral style : colloquial style : bookish style
literary standard ( correct speech) : low colloquial speech \I.V.Arnold\
Written and oral forms of literary standard. Orthographic and orthoepic norms of the
language. Variants of literary language ( literary language used by two or several peoples,
e.g. the British and American variants of the English language. Stylistic norm Stylistic
and speech mistakes. Orthographic, punctuation, orthoepic, lexical, grammar norms of
the English language.
Language Norm and Speech Culture: normative, communicative and aesthetic
levels of speech culture. Normative level - conformity with the orthographic, punctuation,
orthoepic, lexical, grammar norms of the language. Communicative level - purposeful
usage of the language means within the limits of the language norm and the norm of the
functional style for the sake of realizing a communicative task, the formation of a
communicative strategy. Communicatively relevant deviations from the norm of the
language. Stylistically relevant deviations. The aesthetic level of speech culture the use
of language means in the aesthetic function as a rule in publicist style and fiction.
Principles and rules of communicative interaction. Theory of social convention. X.Grices
maxims. Speech etiquette. Formal and informal communication. Speech
communication in different situation and spheres of human activity. Oratory. Oratorical
devices. Rhetorics as the science of oratorical canons and devices.