EE Lab Manual

VCB 3033/VDB 2023 Environmental Engineering
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS

CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING PROGRAMME
32610 BANDAR SERI ISKANDAR
PERAK DARUL RIDZUAN
CONTENT
NO EXPERIMENT PAGE
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENT IN THE
2
LABORATORY
1 COLOR, pH MEASUREMENT & TURBIDITY 3
2 ACIDITY AND ALKALINITY 7
3 COLIFORM / BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION 11
4 SEDIMENTATION TANK UNIT 13
5 JAR TEST 19
6 BATCH SETTLING FILTRATION COLUMN 21
7 COMPOST QUALITY ANALYTICAL METHODS 28
8 AIR AND NOISE POLLUTION MEASUREMENT 31
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering 1

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENT IN THE LABS.
In all the laboratories there are certain poisonous, explosive, inflammable and
irritant substances. They vary in their degree of risk but at least 75% of them
are hazardous.
As well as chemical hazards there are bacteriological hazards from sewage,
and bacterial cultures.
Therefore, the following instruction will be followed:
1. Food and drink are not to be bought into or consumed in the labs at
any time, under all circumstances.
2. No smoking in the labs at any time.
3. Lab coat must be worn at all time.
4. All spillages must be reported immediately, whether solid / liquid and
cleaned up.
5. All accidents must be reported immediately, first aid will be given.
6. All breakages large or small must be reported.
7. Return all chemicals to the preparation room immediately after use.
Do not leave them lying around on the benches.
8. Take special care when handling acids and flammable liquids. Take
advice on how to avoid burns and risk of fire. Use safety glasses and
the fume cupboard if appropriate.
9. No mouth pipetting and hands must be washed before leaving the
laboratory.
SOME GENERAL POINTS

1. Keep your work area and your equipment clean and tidy.
2. When you have finished with samples solution or other materials
either return them to their proper place or dispose of them correctly.
3. Label all materials with the name, date and contents.
4. When disposing of broken glass keep it separate from paper waste
and put it in the special bins provided.
5. If you have any doubt ask to the technician

UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS

CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAMME
BANDAR SERI ISKANDAR
31750 TRONOH
PERAK DARUL RIDZUAN
EXPERIMENT 1
1.1 COLOR
OBJECTIVE
To determine the apparent or true color of water sample.
INTRODUCTION
Color may be expressed as apparent or true color. The apparent color includes
that from dissolved materials plus that from suspended matter. By filtering or
centrifuging out the suspended materials, the true color can be determined. The
procedure describes true color analysis. If apparent color is desired, it can be
determined by measuring an unfiltered water sample. The stored program is used for
both forms of color.
APPARATUS
Sample cells, 10 mL
Spectrophotometer
Filter apparatus : membrane filter, filter holder, filter flask and aspirator
SAMPLE
River water
Tap water
Distilled water

PROCEDURE
Assemble the filtering apparatus.

1.1.1 Rinse the filter by pouring about 50ml of distilled water through the filter.
Discard the rinse water.
1.1.2 Pour another 50ml of distilled water through the filter.
1.1.3 Blank preparation : Fill a sample cell with 10ml of distilled water.
1.1.4 Prepared sample : Fill a second sample cell with 10ml of sample.
1.1.5 Wipe the blank sample cell and insert it into the cell holder with the fill line
facing right.
1.1.6 Press ZERO. The display will show : 0 units PtCo.
1.1.7 Wipe the prepared sample cell and insert it into the cell holder with the fill line
facing right. Press READ. Result are in mg/L PtCo. This gives apparent
color value.
1.1.8 Filtered sample : Fill the sample cell into 10ml of filtered sample.
1.1.9 Wipe the filtered sample cell and insert it into the cell holder with the fill line
facing right. Press READ. Result are in mg/L PtCo. This gives true color
value.


31750 TRONOH
PERAK DARUL RIDZUAN
1.2 pH MEASUREMENT
OBJECTIVE
To determine the pH of sample either it acid, neutral or alkali.
APPARATUS
1. pH meter
2. Beaker
3. Water sample
PROCEDURE
1) Press the Dispenser Button once ( it will click ).
2) Inspect the end of the electrode for the presence of gel. If gel is not oozing from
the tube, press the Dispenser Button again.
3) Place the electrode in the sample. Be sure the entire sensing end is submerged
and there are no air bubbles under the electrode.
4) Record the pH value when the display is stable.
5) Rinse the electrode thoroughly with deionized water and blot dry.


31750 TRONOH
PERAK DARUL RIDZUAN
1.3 TURBIDITY
OBJECTIVE
* To determine the turbidity of water sample.
INTRODUCTION
Turbidity occurs in most surface waters as a result of suspended clay, slit, finely
divided organic and inorganic matter, plankton and other microorganisms. The
turbidity test measures an optical property of the water sample that results from the
scattering and absorbing of light by the particulate matter present. The amount of
turbidity measured depends on such variables as size, shape and refractive index of
the particles.
APPARATUS
Sample cells with cap
Turbidity meter, portable
water sample
PROCEDURE
1) Collect a representative sample in a clean container.

2) Fill a sample cell to the line ( about 15ml ), taking care to handle the sample cell
by the top. Cap the cell.
3) Wipe the cell with a soft, lint-free cloth to remove water spots and fingerprints.
4) Place the sample cell in the turbidimeter and take the turbidity reading.


31750 TRONOH
PERAK DARUL RIDZUAN
EXPERIMENT 2
2.0 ACIDITY AND ALKALINITY
OBJECTIVE
To determine the acidity and alkalinity of water samples.
APPARATUS
Burette
Burette stand
Conical flask 250mL
REAGENT
Water sample
0.02N NaOH
0.02N H2SO4
Methyl orange
Phenolphthalein
Acidity
Both mineral acidity and carbon dioxide acidity can be measured by titration
with a standard solution of an alkali ( 0.02N NaOH ) and represented in terms
of equivalent CaCO3/L. Mineral acidity is measured by titration to pH 4.5 (
methyl orange end point ). Titration to pH 8.3 ( phenolphthalein end point )
measures both mineral acidity and carbon dioxide acidity ( total acidity ).

PROCEDURE
1. For samples with pH < 4.5, take a 50.0 ml aliquot of the sample and
titrate using 0.02N NaOH with methyl orange as indicator ( color
change from red to yellow-orange ). This gives the mineral acidity or
methyl orange acidity.
2. Take another 50.0 ml aliquot of the sample and titrate using 0.02N
NaOH with phenolphthalein as indicator ( color change from
colourless to pink ). This gives total acidity or phenolphthalein
acidity.
3. Record mineral acidity and total acidity of the sample.
CALCULATION
Mineral acidity, as mg CaCO3/L = (mL NaOH titrant used) x Normality of NaOH X

50,000
mL sample
Total acidity, as mg CaCO3/L = (mL NaOH titrant used) x Normality of NaOH X

50,000
mL sample
CO2 acidity, as mg CaCO3/L = ( Total acidity Mineral acidity )
Alkalinity
All forms of alkalinity (hydroxide, carbonate and bicarbonate) can be

measured by titration with a standard solution of an acid (0.02N 0.02N H2SO4)
and represented in terms of equivalent CaCO3/L. For samples with initial pH
above 8.3, the titration is made in two stages. First titration is carried out until
the pH is lowered to 8.3 ( phenolphthalein end point ). This is followed by
titration of the aliquot to pH 4.5 (methyl orange end point). When the pH of
sample is less than 8.3, single titration to pH 4.5 is made.

PROCEDURE
1) For samples with pH > 8.3, take a 50.0 mL aliquot of the sample and titrate
using 0.02N H2SO4 with phenolphthalein as indicator (color changes from pink
to colourless). This gives phenolphthalein alkalinity.
2) To the same aliquot add methyl orange as indicator and titrate further with
0.02N H2SO4 (color changes from yellow-orange to red). This gives total
alkalinity.
3) Record phenolphthalein alkalinity and total alkalinity of the sample.
CALCULATION
Phenolphthalein alkalinity ( P ), as as mg CaCO3/L
= (mL H2SO4 titrant used) x Normality of H2SO4 X 50,000

mL sample
Total alkalinity (T ), as as mg CaCO3/

= (Total mL H2SO4 titrant used) x Normality of H2SO4 X 50,000
mL sample
The results obtained from the phenolphthalein and total alkalinity determinations affer
a means for stoichiometric classification of the three principle forms of alkalinity
present in many waters hydroxide, carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity.
If P = 0 T = Bicarbonate alkalinity
If P < T 2P = Carbonate alkalinity; T-2P = Bicarbonate alkalinity
If P = T 2P = Carbonate alkalinity
If P > T 2P T = Hydroxide alkalinity 2 (T-P) = Carbonate alkalinity
If P = T T = Hydroxide alkalinity
Alkalinity
Acidity
pH of Mineral CO2 Bicarbonate Carbonate Hydroxide
Water
8.3 - 14 - - XX XX XX
4.5 8.3 - X X - -
0 4.5 XX - - - -

o = Impossible to exist.
X = These will be present.
XX = Only this will be present.
RESULT
pH before =________ pH after =__________

Initial reading of burette = _________
Final reading of burette = _________


31750 TRONOH
PERAK DARUL RIDZUAN
EXPERIMENT 3
3.0 COLIFORM / BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
OBJECTIVE
To detect the amount of bacteria in 100ml of sample water.
INTRODUCTION
The biological characteristics of water primarily due to the resident aquatic population
of microorganisms. Bacterial in the water makes the water unsafe for consumption.
This experiment aims to detect the amount of bacteria in 100ml of water sample. The
equipment used is called Quanti-Tray / 2000.
THEORY / PROCEDURE
Quanti-Tray / 2000
This device is designed to count the amount of bacteria in 100ml samples using
IDEXX-d Substrate reagent product. Add the sample with reagent in Quanti-Tray /
2000, then seal in a Quanti-Tray Sealer and incubate to develop the population for 24
hours. After 24 hours count the number of positive large and small wells and use the
MPN table attached to determine the Most Probable Number ( MPN ).
Colilert Test Kit

1) Carefully separate one Snap Pack from the strip taking care not to accidentally
open adjacent pack.
2) Tap the Snap Pack to ensure that all of the Colilert powder is in the bottom part of
the pack.
3) Open one pack by snapping back the top at the shoreline as shown.
4) Add the reagent to the water sample in a sterile, transparent, non-fluorescent
vessel ( 100ml for WP020 and WP200, 50ml for W050 and W050B ).
5) Aseptically cap and seal the vessel.

6) Shake until dissolved.

7) Pour the sample reagent mixture from step 6 above directly into the tray avoiding
contact with the foil tab and then seal the tray according to Quanti-Tray
instruction.
8) Incubate for 24 hours at 35 + 0.5C.
9) Follow the same interpretation directions from step 8 above to count the number
of positive wells. Refer to the MPN table provided with the Quanti-Tray to
determine the Most Probable Number ( MPN ) of total coliforms ( yellow wells )
and E-coli ( fluorescent wells ) in your sample. The color and fluorescence
intensity of positive wells may vary.
10) Read the result at 24 hours. Compare each results against the comparator
dispensed into an identical vessel.
OBSERVATION / RESULT
After incubation for 24 hours, examine the sample under the fluorescence light.
Count the population using small comparator and large comparator. Then find from
the MPN table.
Sample Code Small Large MPN


31750 TRONOH
PERAK DARUL RIDZUAN
EXPERIMENT 4
4.0 SEDIMENTATION TANK UNIT
INTRODUCTION
The Sedimentation Tank Unit has been designed to demonstrate the hydraulic
characteristics and settling efficiencies of a settling basin. The unit consists of a
transparent rectangular tank with baffle, a sump tank, a feed pump, a rotameter and
a dye injection system.
For studies on sedimentation efficiencies, a suspension solution of known
concentration is prepared in a sump tank and pumped via a flow meter to join the
fresh water stream just before entry to the settling tank. The fresh water is taken
directly from the laboratory mains supply and is fed into the settling tank via a flow
meter. The well-mixed suspension solution flows into the tank uniformly under an
inlet baffle. For hydraulic tracer and visualization studies a known volume of dye
solution is accurately injected just before the entry to the settling tank.
The unit shall be suitable for students investigation on:
a) Sediment removal efficiencies
b) Comparison between real and idealized flow regimes
c) Effect of flow rate and baffle position on sedimentation efficiency
d) Qualitative studies on flow behaviour using a tracer

DESCRIPTION
Description and Assembly
Please refer to the process flow diagram in Figure 1.
1. Settling Tank ( B1 )
Rectangular tank made of clear acrylic comes with adjustable baffle. Inlet
ports for suspension solution, fresh water and dye solution. Drain ports.
2. Sump Tank ( B2 )
Rectangular tank made of stainless steel.
Capacity : 120 L
Size (cm) : 40 (W) x 75 (L) x 40 (H)
3. Feed Pump (P1)

Type : magnetic drive sealless centrifugal pump
Material : casing and impeller made of PP + glass fiber
Capacity : up to 60 LPM
Max. head : 5.6 m
Electrical : 230 VAC / 1-phase / 50Hz
4. Water Flow Meter ( FI 01 )

Type : in-line rotameter
Range : 2 to 10 LPM
5. Suspension Flow Meter ( FI 02 )

Range : 2 to 10 LPM
6. Dye Reservoir ( B3 )
Cylindrical vessel made clear acrylic
Capacity : approx. 500 ml
7. General Requirements
Electrical : 230 VAC / 1-phase / 50Hz
Water : laboratory mains supply
Consumables : blue dye and precipitated calcium carbonate
Analytical : stop watch, vials, spectrophotometer, turbidimeter.
8. Overall Dimensions
Height : 1.42 m
Width : 1.83 m
Depth : 0.76 m

OPERATING PROCEDURES
General Operating Procedures
The following procedures will serve as a quick reference for operating the unit.
1. Feed pump ( P1 )
The pump can be operated by simply turning on the ON / OFF switch button
at the electrical control box. The pump is protected from dry run by a level
switch installed in the sump tank ( B2 ).
The rate of suspension solution entering the settling tank ( B1 ) can be varied
by adjusting the valve V4.
2. Agitation of suspention solution.
In most instances, the test is conducted with by-pass valve ( V3 ) fully opened
to allow for a large portion of the suspension solution to be re-mixed in the
sump tank ( B2 ).
3. Tracer Injection
Fill up the dye reservoir ( B3 ) with appropriate concentration of dye solution.
Open valve V6 slightly to allow for a steady flow of dye solution into the
settling tank ( B1 ).

EXPERIMENT PROCEDURES
Experiment 1 :
Hydraulic characteristics of a sedimentation tank.
OBJECTIVE:
In this experiment, the qualitative characteristics of a model sedimentation tank will
be observed using tracer technique.
PROCEDURES:
1. Prepare the sedimentation tank unit without baffle for hydraulic characteristics
test. Record the internal dimensions of the tank. Prepare a standard
methylene blue calibration curve.
2. Calculate the flow rate, Q, that is required for an average detention time, td =
10 minutes. Calculate the corresponding overflow rate, v o.
3. Calculate the quantity of dye ( methylene blue ) solution which will yield a
concentration of 2 mg/L if completely mixed with the water in the settling tank.
4. Open and adjust valve V5 to obtain a fresh water flow rate entering the
settling tank as calculated in step 2. let the water flow for more than one
residence time.
5. Inject the tracer into the inlet of the settling tank. Simultaneously, start the
timer to monitor the elapsed time after injection.
6. Observe the progress of the flow along the depth and width of the settling
tank. Record the flow pattern.
7. As the colour wave approaches the outlet, collect the effluent sample in a vial
at a 30 sec interval.
8. Continue collecting samples until total elapsed time of 1.5 x td, theoretical.
9. Close valve V5 fully after withdrawing the last sample.
10. Mix the water in the settling tank thoroughly. Withdraw a sample to represent
average residual dye concentration.
11. Analyse all samples using a spectrophotometer and record the percentage
light transmission for each sample.
12. Repeat the above procedures with baffle installed at the inlet of the settling
tank.
13. Repeat the above procedures with baffle located at different locations.
14. Repeat the above procedures with both inlet and outlet baffles installed.

ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION
Tank without baffle

1. Tabulate the experimental values of time, t, and the effluent tracer
concentration, c (from the standard methylene blue calibration curve prepared
before), in addition to t/td and c/c0.
2. Plot t versus c on arithmetic graph paper and calculate the amount of tracer
which left the tank during the monitoring period. Check the tracer material
balance (add the amount of tracer remaining in the tank to what has been
monitored and compare with the amount of injected tracer).
3. Plot t/td versus c/c0 on arithmetic graph paper and evaluate ( t/td )i, ( t/td )m,
( t/td )1/2 and ( t/td )a which correspond respectively to the ratios of the initial,
modal, median and average times to the theoretical detention time.
Tank with baffle

1. Calculate the volumes of the inlet zone, V i, and the settling zone V s, and the
corresponding detention times, td,I and td,s into which the water volume, V,
and detention time, td are divided by the installment of the baffle.
2. Tabulate the experimental values of t and c. tabulate the ratios of t/td and c/c0
for the effluent data.
3. Plot t versus c on arithmetic graph paper and calculate the amount of tracer
which left the tank during the monitoring period. Check the tracer material
balance 9 add the amount of tracer remaining in the tank to what has been
monitored and compare with the amount of injected tracer).
4. Plot /td versus c/c0 on arithmetic graph paper and evaluate ( t/td )i, ( t/td )m,
( t/td )1/2 and ( t/td )a which correspond respectively to the ratios of the initial,
modal, median and average times to the theoretical detention time.

Experiment 2 :
Settling efficiency of a sedimentation tank.
OBJECTIVE:
In this experiment, the settling efficiency of a model sedimentation tank will be
studied by preparing a suspension solution and allowing it to settle In the settling
tank.
PROCEDURES:
1. Calculate the flow rate, Q, required for an average detention time td = 15
minutes, and the corresponding overflow rate, v o.
2. Prepare 4% w/w suspension solution by mixing precipitated calcium
carbonate with water.
3. Check that the suspension feed valve, V4 is closed. Switch on the suspension
feed pump and open the by-pass valve. Check that the clay is completely
dispersed in the feed tank.
4. Fill the settling tank with water and allow any turbulence to disappear. Then,
set the fresh water flow rate to of the calculated Q and set the suspension
flow rate to of the calculated Q by adjusting valves V4 and V5 accordingly.
5. When the suspension enters the tank properly, start time to zero. Sketch
turbidity pattern at intervals.
6. After one residence time period, take samples from the inlet and outlet of the
tank. Analyze samples with the turbidimeter.
7. Repeat the procedures 3 to 6 for the case where a simple baffle is installed at
the inlet.
ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

1. Calculate the percent removal for both tank arrangements (without baffle and
with baffle). Compare the settling efficiencies of the model tank with and
without the inlet baffle.


31750 TRONOH
PERAK DARUL RIDZUAN
EXPERIMENT 5
5.0 JAR TEST
INTRODUCTION
Jar testing, to determine the proper coagulant dosage, continues to be one of the
most effective tools available to surface water plant operators. Finished water quality,
cost of production, length of filter runs and overall filter life, all depend on the proper
application of chemicals to the raw water entering the treatment plant.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the optimum dose of alum for effective coagulation-flocculation of the
turbid surface water sample.
APPARATUS/EQUIPMENT
Six-paddle Jar Test apparatus with illuminated base
Six 1-L jars
Six 100-mL beakers
Two 10 mL graduated pipettes
Six 50-mL pipettes
Turbidimeter
pH meter

PROCEDURE
1. Prepare a 10 g/L stock alum solution by dissolving 10.0 g of Al2(SO4)316H2O

into 1000 mL of distilled water
2. Measure turbidity and pH of the water sample.
3. Fill six 1-L jars with 1000 mL of the water sample.
4. Place the jars under the paddles of the jar test apparatus and lower the
paddles to the same depth in each jar.
5. Start rapid mix at 100 rpm.
6. Dose the jars with alum as follows:
Jar # mL of Stock Alum Solution Alum Dose, mg/L

1 0 0
2 1.0 10
3 2.0 20
4 3.0 30
5 4.0 40
6 5.0 50
7. Continue rapid mix for 1 min.

8. Slow mix at 30 rpm for 20 min.
9. During slow mixing, observe flocculation (floc formation) in each jar and
record as good, fair and poor.
10. At the end of 20 min turn the stirrer off and allow settling for 30 min.
11. Carefully withdraw 50-mL supernatant sample from each jar and place in the
100-mL beakers.
12. Measure turbidity and pH of the supernatant samples.
13. Plot supernatant turbidity and pH versus alum dose.
14. Alum dose for lowest supernatant turbidity is the optimum alum dose for
effective coagulation-flocculation of the water.


31750 TRONOH
PERAK DARUL RIDZUAN
EXPERIMENT 6
6.0 BATCH SETTLING FILTRATION COLUMN
INTRODUCTION
The Batch Settling Filtration Column has been designed for students demonstration
on granular filtration. The unit consists of a column packed with filter media, a
transfer pump, sump tanks, a rotameter, a bank of manometer tubes and various
valves for flow control and sampling. Students shall be able to collect data that can
be used to design a scaled-up filtration unit.
The filtration column is made of clear acrylic with top and bottom flanges, and inlet
and outlet connections. Six sampling ports are provided at a fixed depth interval
along a section of the column. Tapping points are also provided along the column for
pressure drop measurements. These tapping points are connected with tubing to a
bank of manometers. The filter media is supported on some water distributing
materials below which are backed by a stainless steel mesh. The test solution is
prepared in a sump tank made of stainless steel before being pumped into the
column. By changing valve positions, students shall be able to carry out reversed
flow fluidization as well as backwashing.
The unit shall be suitable for students investigation on:
Effect of filtration run on total head loss
Pressure drop profiles through filter bed
Suspension concentration through filter bed
Fluidization and backwashing operations

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Description and Assembly

Please refer to the process flow diagram in Figure 1.
1. Filtration column ( K1 )
Cylindrical column made of clear acrylic.
Diameter : 250 mm
Height : 3.0 m
Wall thickness : 5 mm
No. of ports : 6 x ports
Filter media : fine sand (350 to 800 micron)
Water distribution : gravels (3 to 6 mm)
2. Feed tank ( B1 )
Cylindrical tank made of stainless steel.
Capacity : 250 L
3. Effluent tank ( B2 )
Rectangular tank made of stainless steel.
Capacity : 250 L
4. Feed pump ( P1 )
Type : single impeller centrifugal pump
Material : body, casing and impeller made of stainless
steel
Max. capacity : 90 L/min
Max. head : 20.7 m
Electrical : 230VAC / 1-phase / 50Hz
5. Flowmeter ( FI-01 )
Range : 2.0 to 19.0 LPM
6. Manometer with pressure gauge ( PI-01 )

Type : 6-tube bank
Height : 2m
Pressure range : 0 to 1.0 bar(g)
7. General requirements
Electrical : 230VAC / 1-phase / 50Hz
Water : laboratory mains supply
Analytical : vials, stop watch, turbidity meter
8. Overall dimensions
Height : 4.15 m
Width : 1.22 m
Depth : 1.22 m

OPERATING PROCEDURES
General Operating Procedures
It is important that the user read and fully understand all the instructions and
precautions stated in this manual. The following procedures will serve as a quick
reference for operating the unit.
1. Feed pump
The feed pump P1 can be operated by simply switching on the switch button
on the electrical control box. The pump has two feed sources, one from feed
tank B1 for filtration process while the other is from effluent tank B2 for
backwashing. Use valves V2 and V15 to choose which tank will be the feed
pumps source. The feed pump also has a flexible bypass hose located after
valve V3 to allow water to flow back into either tank. Before switching on feed
pump P1, always ensure that either valve V2 or V15 is opened and the
pumps bypass hose is located at the correct source tank.
CAUTION: The feed pump is only protected from dry run by a level switch
installed in the feed tank B1. When effluent tank B2 is used as the source for
backwashing, the pump is not protected. Please visually observe the water
level in tank and fill it up when the level is low.
2. Feed flow rate

The liquid feed flow rate entering the filtration column K1 can be adjusted by
using valve V4 in combination with bypass valve V3. Always close valve V4
and fully open bypass valve V3 before switching on feed pump P1 to protect
the flow meter from water surge. Then slowly open valve V4 to set the desired
flow rate. If flow rate is insufficient, slightly close bypass valve V3.
3. Effluent collection
Effluent from the filtration column can be emptied into:
a) Effluent tank B2 for filtration process
b) Feed tank B1 for backwashing

4. Filtrate sampling
There are 6 ports along the column for sampling and pressure drop
measurements. The ports are numbered from 1 to 6 starting from the top of
the column. Valves V9 to V14 are connected with flexible tubing to ports 1 to
6 respectively. These valves are conveniently located at ground level for the
purpose of filtrate sampling.
Pressure drop measurements

A 2-m tall 6-tube water manometer is provided for pressure drop measurements. The
lower end of the manometer tubes are connected to the respective ports on the
column
(Numbered 1 to 6 from left to right) while the upper ends are connected to a common
point fitted with a bleed valve V16 and a pressure gauge PI-01.
Use the bleed valve V16 to adjust the water level in the tubes as follows:
I. To increase the water level in the tubes, press the bleed valve V16 to release
some pressure in the tubes.
II. To lower the water level in the tubes, use a hand pump to pressurize the
tubes through valve V16.
The sampling valves (V9 to V14) can also be used to remove air bubbles along the
flexible tubing connecting the column ports to the manometer. When the tubing is
free of air bubbles, the pressure at each port can be measured by reading the water
level at the respective manometer tube. Pressure drop or head loss for any two ports
can be calculated by subtracting the respective water level. The total head loss can
be approximated by the pressure drop between the highest and lowest ports.
To calculate the absolute pressure at each port, use the following formula:
Pn = PG + g ( hM,n - hn )
Where Pn = pressure at port n

PG = pressure reading at gauge PI-01
hM,n = water level at manometer tube
hn = height of port n at the column ( measured from the zero
level of the manometer tubes )
n = 1,2,.,6
Total head loss, H = P6 P1

Backwashing
Backwashing is done by allowing clean water to flow through the column from the
bottom upwards at a flow rate that will fluidize the filter media. Bed expansion and
fluidization permit entrapped particles to become released and flushed upward and
out of the media. Usually the degree of bed expansion is in the range of 20 to 50% of
the static bed depth.
Refer to Experiment 2 for backwashing procedures.
EXPERIMENT 1:
Effect of filtration run on total head loss
OBJECTIVE
To study the effect of filtration run on total head loss by preparing a known
concentration of suspended solids.
PROCEDURES:
1. Prepare a known concentration of suspended solids solution in the feed tank
B1.
2. Direct the pumps bypass hose into the feed tank B1.
3. Open valves V2, V5 and V7.
4. Switch on feed pump P1. Open and adjust valve V4 to maintain a flow rate as
determined during the general start-up procedures, q.
5. Start the timer at t = 0.
6. Perform the following at every 5 minutes interval:
I. Collect samples at each valve V9 to V14.
II. Record the pressure measurements at all 6 tubes in the manometer.
7. Continue taking samples and recording the pressure measurements until a
sharp increase in head loss is observed. This is when the filter media has
reached the breakthrough point.
8. Switch off feed pump P1 and immediately close valves V5 and V7.
9. Perform the backwashing procedures as described in Experiment 2.

ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION:

1. Record all pressure measurements in a table. Plot the pressure profiles
through the filter media.
2. Plot the total head loss, H vs. time, t. Determine the breakthrough time and
calculate the total capacity of the filter media.
3. Analyze all the samples and record all concentration (turbidity) in a table. Plot
the concentration profiles through the filter media.
EXPERIMENT 2:
Backwashing
OBJECTIVE
To determine the minimum fluidization velocity, vmf and the total amount of clean
water required for complete backwashing.
PROCEDURES:
1. Ensure that all valves are initially closed except bypass valve V3.
2. Fill the effluent tank B2 with sufficient amounts of clean water.
NOTE: The filtrate collected in the effluent tank B2 from Experiment 1 can be
Used as the clean water source for backwashing.
3. Direct the pumps bypass hose into the effluent tank B2.
4. Direct the effluent hose to the feed tank B1 to recover the backwashed fluid.
5. Record the initial height of the static filter bed at the filtration column.
6. Open valves V6 and V15.
7. Switch on feed pump P1. Open and adjust valve V4 to obtain a water flow
rate of about 8 to 10 L/min at flow meter FI-01.
8. Allow clean water to flow upwards through the column and flood the top of the
filter bed until it overflows to the feed tank B1.
9. Start the timer at t = 0.
10. Increase the backwash flow rate until the filter media just begins to move.
Record the flow rate which corresponds to the minimum fluidization velocity,
vmf.
11. Increase the backwash flow rate until the filter bed has expanded about 20 to
30 cm. Maintain and record the flow rate. Record the expanded filter bed
height.

12. Perform the following at every 5 minutes interval:

I. Collect samples at each valve V9 to V14.
II. Record the pressure measurements at all 6 tubes in the manometer.
13. Continue taking samples and recording the pressure measurements until
suspended solids no longer appears in the water flowing out from the top of
the column.
14. Switch off feed pump P1 and immediately close valve V6.
15. Record the total time taken for backwashing and determine the total amount
of clean water required to carry out the backwashing completely.


31750 TRONOH
PERAK DARUL RIDZUAN
EXPERIMENT 7
7.0 COMPOST QUALITY ANALYTICAL METHODS
7.1 Total Solids (TS)
The amount of solids is determined by drying samples at 105C for 24 h according to

the following steps:
1. Weigh a dry Petri plate

2. Place 30 to 40 g of fresh compost in the Petri plate and weigh
(Wet weight)
3. Put the sample in Petri plate into an oven at 105C for 24 hr 4. Cool
the sample in Petri plate in a desiccator
4. Weigh dried sample in Petri plate (dry weight)
5. Calculate the TS as follows:
TS (%) = Wd Wp x 100
Ww W p
Where:
Ww = wet weight of the sample and Petri plate (g)

Wd = dry weight of the sample and Petri plate (g)
Wp = weight of the dry Petri plate (g)

7.2 Volatile solids (VS) and total organic carbon (TOC)
The amount of volatile solids is determined by ignition of the dried sample at 550C
for 3 hr. Carbon percentage based on the volatile solids content can be estimated if
the value of volatile solids is known.
Volatile solids are the components (largely carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen) which burn
off in a laboratory furnace at 500-600C, leaving only the ash (largely calcium,
magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and other mineral elements that do not oxidize).
For most biological materials the carbon content is between 45 to 60 percent of the
volatile solids fraction. Assuming 55% gives the formula as:
Carbon (%) = % VS = 100 (% Ash)

1.8 1.8
Volatile solids in compost is measured based on procedure below:
1. Weigh a dry ceramic cup

2. Add the dried sample of the TS measurement and weigh
3. Put the sample in a ventilated oven of 550C for 3 hr.
4. Cool it down in a desiccator and weigh
5. Calculate the VS as follows:
VS (%) = Wd W f x 100
Wd W f
Where:
Wf = weight of the sample and ceramic cup after combustion (g)

Wd = weight of the sample and ceramic cup before combustion (g)
Wc = weight of the dry ceramic cup (g)

7.3 Moisture Content
The moisture content of the compost is one of the critical factors to consider. The
following steps outline the procedure to measure the compost moisture content. In
the composting industry, the convention is to report moisture content on a wet (or
total weight) basis, as the formula below indicates.
1. Weigh a small container.

2. Place about 10 g of fresh compost into the container and weigh;
subtract the weight of the container (wet weight)
3. Dry the sample for 24 h in a 105-110C oven and cool it down in a
desiccator
4. Reweigh the sample; subtract the weight of the container (dry weight) 5.
Determine the moisture content using the following equation:
Moisture Content (%) = Ww W d x 100

Ww
Where:
Ww = wet weight of the sample, and

Wd = dry weight if the sample.
7.4 pH
During the initial stages of decomposition, organic acids are formed. The acidic
conditions are favorable for growth of fungi and breakdown of lignin and cellulose. As
composting proceeds, the organic acids become neutralized, and mature compost
generally has a pH between 6 and 8.
If the compost is moist but not muddy, insert a pH indicator strip into the compost, let
it sit for a few minutes to soak up water, then read the pH using color comparison.


31750 TRONOH
PERAK DARUL RIDZUAN
EXPERIMENT 8
8.0 AIR AND NOISE POLLUTION MEASUREMENT
8.1 Air pollution
Objective
To determine the concentration of suspended particulate matter in ambient air
Introduction
Suspended particulate matter (SPM) in air generally is a complex, multi-phase
system of all airborne solid and low vapor pressure liquid particles having
aerodynamic particle sizes from below 0.01 to 100 m and larger. Historically, SPM
measurement has concentrated on total suspended particulates (TSP), with no
preference to size selection.
The method for measuring TSP uses a high-volume sampler to collect particles with
aerodynamic diameters of approximately 100 m or less. A volume of air passes
through the sampler at a known flow rate for a specified time. The sampler causes
the TSP to be deposited uniformly across the surface of a filter located downstream
of the sampler inlet. The deposited TSP can be used to determine the average
ambient TSP concentration over the sampling period.
Apparatus
1. High volume sampler (Figure 1)
2. Filter paper

Figure 1: High volume sampler
Procedure
1. Rinse a filter paper with distilled water and put in an oven at 105C for 24 h
2. Prepare a sampling assembly by uncorking screws of the bracket
3. Take the initial weight of filter paper (Wi)
4. Place the filter in the sampling system securely and tighten the screws of the
bracket
5. Set the timer for the period of sampling
6. Start the sampler and adjust flow rate to about 3 lit/min for 1 hour sampling
7. Note the flow rate at the end of the desired sampling period and stop the
sampler
8. Transit the sampler to environmental laboratory carefully
9. Take final weight of the exposed filter with a standard balance (Wf)
10. Calculate the SPM as follow:
Wf = Final mass of filter elements (g)

Wi = Initial mass of filter elements (g)
V = Sample volume (lit)

8.2 Noise Measurement
Objective
To assess sound intensity from a traffic flow
Introduction
Sound is basically an oscillation in the air. Sound travels in the form of pressure
waves, increasing and decreasing as it moves through the air. The strength of the
pressure waves determines the volume of the sound. High volume sounds have so
much energy wave pressure that it can damage the ear drums.
A sound level meter (SLM) is a device used to make frequency-weighted sound
pressure level (SPL) measurements displayed in Decibels (dB). Threshold
of hearing is about zero decibels for the average young listener, and threshold of
pain (extremely loud sounds) is around 120 decibels.
All SLMs present an omnidirectional measurement quality condenser microphone, a
mic preamp, frequency weighting networks, an RMS detector circuit, averaging
circuits, the meter display, AC and DC outputs used to feed other measurement
devices or for recording (Figure 2).
(a) (b)
Figure 2. Sound level meter (SLM) (a),

Functional drawing of a basic SLM (b)

a
Most SLMs have the same set of user adjustments, including SPL range selection, A
and C weighting filters, slow and fast detector response, and minimum or maximum
SPL.
The SPL range switch provides a balance between minimizing the preamp noise
level and measuring a wide range of sound pressure levels. Most of the commonly
available SLMs measure from about 30 to 130 dB-SPL and do this in 3-4 ranges.
Because humans do not hear frequencies in a linear manner, sound level
measurements made with a flat response do not accurately reflect how we perceive
sound. When measuring pop music sound reinforcement systems containing
generous amounts of bass energy, broadband readings would be artificially high
without the frequency shaping provided by the A-weighting filter. C-weighting, with its
more gradual low-and high shelving filters, is used for very high SPL sound system
and noise measurements.
The standard averaging time choices provided by the majority of SLMs
are fast and slow. The fast setting has a 125 milliseconds (mS) averaging time and is
useful for steady state (not dynamic) sound. For measurement of more dynamic
sound, the slow setting provides a 1 second averaging time resulting in much more
consistent and stable readings.
Apparatus
Sound level meter
Procedure
This meter is used to determine the sound intensity at different places. There is a
condenser type microphone that is kept at a distance of 1m. A transducer is used to
convert the sound energy into the electrical signals and is displayed on the meter in
the form of sound or noise intensity.
1. Keep the SLM at arms length, aimed in the direction of the sound source(s)
and positioned away from room boundaries.
2. Switch on the meter
3. For almost all sound system measurements, use the A-weighting filter
and Slow response setting
4. Press average bottom every 5 minutes over 1 hour period
5. Graph the reading over the time


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VCB 3033/VDB 2023 Environmental Engineering

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS

1 COLOR, pH MEASUREMENT & TURBIDITY 3

2 ACIDITY AND ALKALINITY 7

3 COLIFORM / BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION 11

4 SEDIMENTATION TANK UNIT 13

6 BATCH SETTLING FILTRATION COLUMN 21

7 COMPOST QUALITY ANALYTICAL METHODS 28

8 AIR AND NOISE POLLUTION MEASUREMENT 31

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering 1

SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENT IN THE LABS.

Therefore, the following instruction will be followed:

SOME GENERAL POINTS

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering 2

UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS

To determine the apparent or true color of water sample.

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering 3

Assemble the filtering apparatus.

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering 4

UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering 5

UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS

1) Collect a representative sample in a clean container.

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering 6

UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS

2.0 ACIDITY AND ALKALINITY

Conical flask 250mL

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering 7

titrate using 0.02N NaOH with methyl orange as indicator ( color

change from red to yellow-orange ). This gives the mineral acidity or

methyl orange acidity.

NaOH with phenolphthalein as indicator ( color change from

colourless to pink ). This gives total acidity or phenolphthalein

3. Record mineral acidity and total acidity of the sample.

Mineral acidity, as mg CaCO3/L = (mL NaOH titrant used) x Normality of NaOH X

Total acidity, as mg CaCO3/L = (mL NaOH titrant used) x Normality of NaOH X

CO2 acidity, as mg CaCO3/L = ( Total acidity Mineral acidity )

All forms of alkalinity (hydroxide, carbonate and bicarbonate) can be

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering 8

Phenolphthalein alkalinity ( P ), as as mg CaCO3/L

= (mL H2SO4 titrant used) x Normality of H2SO4 X 50,000

Total alkalinity (T ), as as mg CaCO3/

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering 9

pH before =________ pH after =__________

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering 10

UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS

3.0 COLIFORM / BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION

Colilert Test Kit

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering 11

6) Shake until dissolved.

Sample Code Small Large MPN

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering 12

UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS

4.0 SEDIMENTATION TANK UNIT

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering 13

3. Feed Pump (P1)

4. Water Flow Meter ( FI 01 )

5. Suspension Flow Meter ( FI 02 )

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering 14

General Operating Procedures

2. Agitation of suspention solution.

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering 15

Hydraulic characteristics of a sedimentation tank.

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering 16

pH before = pH after =__