UNIT-I (TWO MARK QUESTIONS)

1. What is measurement? Give its type.

It is the process of comparing the input signal with pre-defined standard and gives out the result. It is a
word used to tell us about physical quantities such as length, weight, temperature, pressure, force etc.,
Types:
i. Primary measurements
ii. Secondary measurement
iii. Tertiary measurement
2. Mention the two important requirements of measurements.
i. The standard used for comparison must be accurate and internationally accepted, and
ii. The apparatus or instrument and process used for comparison must be provable.

3. Define primary sensing elements.

It is also called as detector.Measurand (Input signal) is first detected by primary sensors and this act is
then immediately followed by the conversion of measurand in to an analogous electrical signal which
act as transducer.
4. What are the categories of S.I units?
i. Fundamental units
ii. Supplementary units
iii. Derived units
5. Define the term standard.
Standard is a physical representation of a unit of measurement. A known accurate measure of physical
quantity is termed as standard.
6. Define precision and accuracy.
Precision:
The term precision refers to ability of an instrument to reproduce it is reading again and again in the
same manner for constant input signal
Accuracy:
It is defined as the closeness with which the reading approaches an accepted standard value or true
value.
7. Define systematic error.
A constant uniform deviation of the operation of an instrument is known as systematic error.
Instrumental error, environmental error, systematic error and observation error are systematic errors.
8. What are the sources of errors?
i. Physical nature of components
ii. Linearity, Repeatability
iii. Environmental condition
iv. Loading
v. Calibration
9. Define the term repeatability.
The ability of the measuring instrument to repeat the same results g the act measurements for the same
quantity is known as repeatability.

10. Define the term calibration.

Calibration is the process of determining and adjusting an instruments accuracy to make sure it is
accuracy is within the manufacturers specifications.
 UNIT-II (TWO MARK QUESTIONS)
1. Define metrology.
Metrology is the science of measurement. Metrology includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement. The most
important parameter in metrology is the length.
2. List the various linear measurements. What are the various types of linear measuring instruments used in metrology?
Linear Measurements:
(i) Length (ii) Heights and (iii) Thickness
Linear Measuring Instruments:
(i) Vernier calipers (ii) Micrometers
(iii) Slip gauge or gauge blocks (iv) Comparator
3. Define backlash in micrometer.
It is the lagging in motion when the thimble rotates. It means, the thimble rotation direction is changed.
4. Define cumulative error and total error in micrometer.
Cumulative error
It is the difference between true value and measuring value at any point of the measuring range.
Total error
It is the maximum difference between measured value and true value.
5. What are the slip gauge accessories?
(i) Measuring Jaw (ii) Scriber and centre point (iii) Holder and base.
6. Write down the applications of limit gauges.
(i)Thread gauge (ii) Form gauge (iii) Screw pitch gauge
(iv)Radius and fillet gauge (v) Feeler gauge (vi) Plate gauge and Wire gauge
7. What are the advantages of electrical and electronic comparator?
i) It has less number of moving parts.
ii) Magnification obtained is very high.
iii) Two or more magnifications are provided in the same instrument to use various ranges.
iv) The pointer is made very light so that it is more sensitive to vibration.
v) The Instrument is very compact.
8. What are the sources of errors in sine bars?
i) Errors in distance between roller centers.
ii) Errors in slip gauge combination.
iii) Errors in checking of parallelism
iv) Errors in equality of size of rollers
v) Errors in parallelism of roller axes with each other
vi) Errors in flatness of the upper surface of sine bar.
9. Write down the applications of bevel protractor.
i) For checking a V block
ii) For measuring acute angle
iii) For checking inside beveled surface
10. What is the constructional difference between an autocollimator and an angle dekkor?
The illuminated target used in the autocollimator is replaced by an illuminated scale on a glass screen set in the focal plane of
the objective lens.
 UNIT-III (TWO MARK QUESTIONS)

1. Define the effective diameter of thread.

It is the diameter pitch circle of a screw thread which contacts the mating surface.

2. Give the names of the various methods of measuring the minor diameter.
i. Using taper parallels.
ii. Using rollers and slip gauges.

3. What are the types of pitch errors found in screws?

i. Progressive error
ii. Periodic error
iii. Drunken error
iv. Irregular errors.

4. What is the effect of flank angle error?

Errors in the flank cause a virtual increase in the effective diameter of a bolt and decrease in that, of nut.

5. What are the applications of toolmaker's microscope?

i. Linear measurement
ii. Measurement of pitch.
iii. Measurement of thread angle

6. Name the types of gears.

i. Spur
ii. Helical
iii. Bevel
iv. Worm and worm wheel
v. Rack and pinion.
7. Define addendum and dedendum.
Addendum:
It is the radial distance between tip circle and pitch circle.Addendum value =1 module
Dedendum.
It is the radial distance between pitch circle and root circle.Dedendum value=1.25 module

8. Define module.
It is the ratio of pitch circle diameter to the total number of teeth.

m=d/n
Where
d=Pitch circle diameter
n=Number of teeth
9. Name the gear errors.
i. Pitch error
ii. Alignment error
iii. Composite error
iv. Thickness error

10. What are the types of profile checking method?

i. Optical projection method.
ii. Involute measuring machine.
 UNIT-IV (TWO MARK QUESTIONS)
1. Why laser is preferred in engineering metrology.
It is used in engineering metrology because of its properties such as high precision, high accuracy, rapid
non-contact gauging of soft, delicate or hot moving parts.
2. Define wavelength.
The distance between two crust or two rough is called the wavelength
3. What is Interferometer?
Interferometer is optical instruments used for measuring flatness and determining the lengths of slip
gauges by direct reference to the wavelength of light.
4. Give the different types of interferometer.
i. NPL flatness interferometer
ii. Michelson interferometer
iii. Laser interferometer
iv. Zesis gauge block interferometer.
5. Name the common source of light used for interferometer.
i. Mercury 198
ii. Cad minus
iii. Krypton 86
iv. Helium
v. Hydrogen
6. Define CMM.
It is a three dimensional measurements for various components. These machines have precise movement
is x,y,z coordinates which can be easily controlled and measured. Each slide in three directions is
equipped with a precision linear measurement transducer which gives digital display and senses positive
and negative direction.
7. Mention the types of CMM.
i. Cantilever type
ii. Bridge type
iii. Horizontal bore type
iv. Vertical bore type
v. Spherical coordinate measuring machine
8. Define position accuracy.
It is defined as difference between positions read out of machine along an individual axis and value of a
reference length measuring system. Three parameters are needed for position accuracy. Position
accuracy of x-axis, y-axis and z-axis are measured.
9. Give the advantages of CMM.
i. The inspection rate is increased.
ii. Accuracy is reduced.
iii. Operator's error can be minimized. Skill of the operator is reduced.
iv. Reduction in calculating, recording and set up time.
v. No need of GO/NOGO gauges.
vi. Reduction of scrap and good part rejection.
10. Mention the applications of CMM.
i. CMM's to find application in automobile. machine to, electronics, space and many other large
companies.
ii. These are best suited for the test and inspection of test equipment, gauges and tools.
iii. For aircraft and space vehicles of hundred Percent inspections is carried out by using CMM.
iv. CMM can be used for determining dimensional accuracy of the component.
v. CMM can also be used for sorting tasks to achieve optimum pacing of components within
tolerance limits.
 UNIT-V (TWO MARK QUESTIONS)
1. Define force.
The mechanical quantity which changes or tends to change the motion or shape of a body to which it is
applied is called force.
2. Give the list of the devices used to measure the force.
i) Scale and balance
a) Equal arm balance
b) Unequal arm balance
c) Pendulum scale
ii) Elastic force meter proving ring
iii) Load cell
a) Strain gauge load cell
b) Hydraulic load cell
c) Pneumatic load cell
3. Define the working of load cells.
Forced applied to elastic member of the cell results in a proportional displacement or strain sensed by
calibrated mechanical or electromechanical means.
4. Name the instrument used for measurement of torque.
i. Mechanical torsion meter
ii. Optical torsion meter
iii. Electrical torsion meter
iv. Strain gauge torsion meter.
5. Give the basic principle of mechanical torsion meter.
When a shaft is connected between a driving engine and driven load, a twist (angular displacement)
occurs on the shaft between its ends. This angle of twist is measured and calibrated in terms of torque.
6. Classify the types of strain gauges.
i. Unbonded strain gauge
ii. Bonded strain gauge
iii. Fine wire strain gauge
iv. Metal foil strain gauge
v. Piezo-resistive strain gauge
7. Mention the types of dynamometer.
i. Absorption dynamometer
ii. Driving dynamometer
iii. Transmission dynamometer
8. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of orifice meter.
Advantages:
i. Low initial cost
ii. Ease of installation and replacement
iii. Requires less space as compared with venturimeter
iv. Ca be used in wide range of pipe size(0.01m to 1.5m)
Disadvantages:
i. High loss of head
ii. Co-efficient of discharge has a low value
iii. Susceptible to inaccuracies resulting from erosion, corrosion and scaling
9. Define thermocouple.
When two metals are joined together it will create an emf and it is primarily a function of the junction
temperature.
10. What are the different types of bi- metallic sensors?
i. Spiral type ii. Helix type iii. Flat type iv.Cantilever type