Reduction of C=O bond (i) LiAlH4 in dry ether, (ii) H3O+, Na in C2H5OH H2, Ni, 180oC ,(Not suitable for aromatic compounds) (i)NaBH4, ethanol (ii)H3O+, (For aldehyde & ketone) Alkaline hydrolysis of haloalkanes, R-X + NaOH(aq) +H2O(g), conc H3PO4, 300oC, 60atm Hydration of alkenes, C=C (i) Conc H2SO4, rtp (ii)H2O, RMgX + H2C=O Reaction of Grignard reagent RMgX + RCH=O RMgX + RRC=O
2. Reactions of Aliphatic alcohol 2. Reactions of Aromatic alcohol (Phenol)
n e o w +HX SCl i +NaOH(aq) ONa +Na ONa n Na metal, r.t.p R-OH + Na R-ONa + H2 +RCOCl OCOR e Esterification (a) RCOOH, , conc H2SO4 (b) RCOCl, rtp -OH group is Ortho and Para director Remove H2 o A)Oxidation +Cl2, dry AlCl3 C-OHC=O Insert O btw C-H Conc H2SO4, KMnO4/H+ +RX, dry AlCl3 1o RCOOH 2o RCOR +RCOCl, dry AlCl3 3o No reaction +HNO3 Remove H2 B) Dehydrogenation C-OHC=O Cu, 300oC dilute Concentrated 1o RCHO 2o RCOR OH OH OH 3o C=C (Remove H2O) NO2 O 2N NO2 -w Dehydration + (a) Conc H2SO4, 180oC Remove H2O (b) Al2O3, C-OHC=O NO2 NO2 +HX Lucas reagent (Conc HCl, ZnCl2) (a) Conc H2SO4, 180oC Chemical test for phenol (b) Al2O3, R-OH + HCl R-Cl + H2O Add Br2(aq) or Cl2(aq) 1o no cloudiness at rtp Observation: White solid OH 2o cloudiness after 5 min Br Br 3o cloudiness immediately SCl Cl substitution (Conc HCl, ZnCl2) (a) PCl5 / SOCl2 R-OH R-Cl i Iodoform test (I2 in NaOH(aq), warm) Br H R C OH R C O Fission of RO-H bond neo CH3 ONa Fission of R-OH bond -w +HX SCl i