Introduo Anlise de Sinais e Sistemas -

Resposta de Exerccios Selecionados

Joo Marques de Carvalho

Professor Titular Aposentado DEE/CEEI/UFCG
Professor Participante COPIN/CEEI/UFCG

Edmar Candeia Gurjo e Luciana Ribeiro Veloso

Professores DEE/CEEI/UFCG

Campina Grande, Paraba, Brasil

c Edmar Candeia Gurjo, Luciana Ribeiro Veloso e Joo Marques de Carvalho, Maio
de 2014
Captulo 2

2.1

x(t) = t + 1, y(t) = t 1,
g(t) = x(t) + y(t), h(t) = x(t)y(t), 2 t 2
g(t) = t + 1 + t 1 = 2t
h(t) = (t + 1)(t 1) = t 2 t + t 1 = t 2 1

h(t)
g(t)

t t

(a) (b)

Figura 0.1: Figuras relativas ao Exerccio 2.1

2.2

Grficos na Figura 0.2

i
 g(t 1)

g(t + 2)

t
3 1 3 t
6 2
(a) (b)

g(t/2) g(2t + 2)

t t
8 4 3 1
(c) (d)

Figura 0.2: Figuras relativas ao exerccio 2.2

2.3

g(t) = cos(it), h(t) = cos(it + ),

s(t) = g(t).h(t) = cos(it).cos(it + )
1
= cos(it it ) + cos(2i + )
2
= cos() + cos(2i + )

Considerando i =

a) = 0
s(t) = 21 cos(0) + cos(2it) = 12 + cos(2it)

b) = /2
s(t) = 12 cos(/2) + cos(2it + pi/2) = cos(2it + /2)

ii
 c) = 3/2
s(t) = 21 cos(3/2) + cos(2it + 3pi/2) = sen(2it)

s(t) s(t)
s(t)
1.5
1.0
1.0
-1
t(s) t -1
-1 1 1 t
0.5 1
-1.0
-1.0
(a) Caso 1 (b) Caso 2 (c)

Figura 0.3: Figuras relativas ao exerccio 2.3

2.4

g(t) = cos(3t), h(t) = cos(3t + ),

x(t) = g(t) + h(t)

Para = 0

h(t) = cos(3t),
x(t) = cos(3t) + cos(3t) = 2cos(3t)

Valor mximo de x(t) 2.

Para = /2

h(t) = cos(3t + /2) = sen(3t),

x(t) = cos(3t) + sen(3t)

iii
 Derivando a funo x(t) com relao a t e igualando a zero tem-se o valor de t
para qual a funo x(t) assume o valor mximo.

d(cos3t + sen3t)
=0
dt
sen3t + cos3t = 0
3t = pi/4
t = pi/12

Portanto,

x(/12) = cos(/4) + sen(/4) = 2

Valor mximo de x(t) 2.

Para =

h(t) = cos(3t + ) = cos3t,

x(t) = cos(3t) cos(3t) = 0

Valor mximo de x(t) 0 (constante).

2.5

z(t) = e j2100t = cos(200t) + jsen(200t),

x(t) = Re {z(t)} = cos(200t)
y(t) = Im {z(t)} = sen(200t)

tx(t)y(t) = tcos(200t)sen(200t)
1 1
t[ sen(400t) sen(0)]
2 2
tsen(400t)
2

2.6

Figura 0.5

iv
 Figura 0.4: Figuras relativas ao exerccio 2.5

2.7

a)

z(t) = k(t) + y(t) = 2t + 1 + t 2

z(t) = 3t 1

b)

f (t) = k(t)y(t) = (2t + 1)(t 2)

f (t) = 2t 2 3t 2

c)

s(t) = k(t 1) = 2(t 1) + 1

s(t) = 2t 1

v
 g(t) g(t 2) g(t + 1)

2 2 2

t t t
1 2 1 4 2 1

(a) (b) (c)

g(t/2) g(3t + 2)

2 2

t t
2 4 1

(d) (e)

Figura 0.5: Figuras relativas ao Exerccio 2.6

d)

x(t) = y(t + 2) = t + 2 2
x(t) = t

e)

j(t) = k(2t + 2) = 2(2t + 2) + 1

j(t) = 4t + 5

f)

l(t) = y(t + 1) = t + 1 2
x(t) = t 1

vi
2.8

a)

d(n) = 2a(n) + 3b(n) = 2(n2 2) + 3(n2 + 2)

d(n) = 5n2 + 1

b)

c(n) = a(n)b(n) = (n2 2)(n2 + 2)

c(n) = n4 4

c)

g(n) = a(n 2) = (n 2)2 2

g(n) = n2 4n 6

d)

h(n) = b(n + 2) = (n2 + 2)2 + 2

h(n) = n2 + 4n + 6

e)

i(n) = a(2n + 1) = (2n + 1)2 2

i(n) = 4n2 + 4n 1

f)

j(n) = b(n + 1) = (n + 1)2 + 2

j(n) = n2 2n + 3

2.9

Figura 0.6

2.10

x(n) = u(n-1) - u(n-5)

vii
2.11

x1 (t) = (t kT1 ), x2 (t) = (t mT2 )
k= m=

a) y1 (t) = x1 (t) + x2 (t)

i) T1 = T2 /2 T2 = 2T1
ii) T1 = T2
iii) T1 = 2T2

b) y1 (t) = x1 (t)x2 (t)

i) T1 = T2 /2 T2 = 2T1
ii) T1 = T2
iii) T1 = 2T2

2.12

a(n) = (n2 2)[u(n + 2) u(n 4)]

b(n) = (n2 + 2)[u(n + 4) u(n 2)]

a(n) = (n2 2)[(n + 2) + (N + 1) + (n) + (n 1) + (n 2) + (n 3)]

b(n) = (n2 + 2)[(n + 4) + (n + 3) + (n + 2) + (n + 1)(n) + (n 1)]

d(n) = 2a(n) + 3b(n)

= 3(n2 + 2)[(n + 4) + (n + 3)] + [2(n2 2) + 3(n2 + 2)]
[(n + 2) + (n + 1) + (n) + (n 1)] + 2(n2 2)[(n 2) + (n 3)
= 3(n2 + 2)[(n + 4) + (n + 3)] + (5n2 + 2)[u(n + 2) u(n 2)]
+ 2(n2 2)[(n 2) + (n 3)]

e(n) = (n2 2)(n2 + 2)[u(n + 2) u(n 2]

= (n4 4)[u(n + 2) u(n 2)]

viii
2.13

x(t) = 2 cos(200t + /6)

y(t) = x2 (t)
y(t) = 2 cos(200t + /6)2 cos(200t + /6)
y(t) = 2[1 + cos(400t + /3)]

z1 (t) = 1 T1 = inde f inido

z2 (t) = cos(400t + /3) T2 = 2/400 T2 = /200
T = m.m.c(T1 , T2 ) = /200, 0 = 2//200 = 400.

2.14

a) s1 (t) = 10 cos(100t + /3) + 16 sin(150t + /6)

10 cos(100t + /3) T1 = 2/100

16 sin(150t + /6) T2 = 2/150
2 2
T = mmc( 100 , 150 ) = 50

b) s2 (n) = 2 cos(n/2) + 3 cos(2n/5)

N1 2 N1
2 cos(n/2) = N1 = 4
m1 /2 m1
N2 2 N2 5
3 cos(2n/5) = = N2 = 5
m2 2/5 m2 1
N = m.m.c(4, 5) N = 20

2.15

a) x(t) = 2. Como o sinal x(t) de tempo contnuo e constante, ele peridico para
qualquer valore de T R+ . Desta forma, no possvel identificar o menor valor
de T para o qual a equao x(t) = x(t + T ) seja verdadeira.

b) x(n) = 2. Como o sinal uma constante no tempo discreto, o perodo do sinal (N)
tem que ser um nmero inteiro positivo. Portanto, o menor nmero inteiro para o
qal a equao x(n) = x(n+N) a unidade (N = 1).

ix
2.16

a) Se x1 (t) for um sinal peridico com perodo T1 e x2 (t) for um sinal peridico com
perodo T2 , a soma
x(t) = x1 (t) + x2 (t)
um sinal peridico se e somente se T1 /T2 for um nmero racional.

b) Se x1 (n) for um sinal peridicos com perodo N1 , e se x2 (n) for um sinal peridico
com perido N2 , o sinal x1 (n) + x2 (n) ser sempre um sinal peridico posi a razo
entre N1 e N2 sempre ser um nmero racional.

2.17

O perodo fundamental da soma e o produto de dois sinais peridicos com perido N1 e

N2
N1 N2
N=
mdc(N1 , N1 )
Entretanto, o perodo da multiplicao pode ser menor.

2.18

y(t) = x(t)[u(t) + u(t kT ]

2.20

x(t) = impar{cos(2t)u(t)}

x
x(t 1) x(2 t)

2 2
1 1
t t
1 2 3 4 1 1 2 3

(a) (b)

x(2t 2)

2
1
t
1 1 2 3

(c)

x(t/2 2)

2
1
t
0 2 4 6 8 10

(d)

u(t)[x(t) + x(2 t)]

3
2
1
t
0 2

(e)
xi
Figura 0.6: Figuras relativas ao Exerccio 2.9
x(n)

1
n
0 1 2 3 4

Figura 0.7: Exerccio 2.10

x(n 1)

1
n
0 1 2 3 4 5

Figura 0.8: Exerccio 2.10, a)

x(2 n)

1
n
-2 -1 0 1 2 3

Figura 0.9: Exerccio 2.10, a)

x(2n + 1)

1
n
-2 -1 0 1 2 3

Figura 0.10: Exerccio 2.10, a)

xii
 x(2n + 1)u(2, n)

1
n
-2 -1 0 1 2 3

Figura 0.11: Exerccio 2.10, a)

x(2n + 1)(n 3)

1
n
-2 -1 0 1 2 3

Figura 0.12: Exerccio 2.10, a)

Figura 0.13: Exerccio 2.11 a) item i)

xiii
Figura 0.14: Exerccio 2.11 a) item ii)

Figura 0.15: Exerccio 2.11 a) item iii)

Figura 0.16: Exerccio 2.11 b) item i)

xiv
Figura 0.17: Exerccio 2.11 b) item ii)

Figura 0.18: Exerccio 2.11 a) item iii)

xv
 Figura 0.19: Exerccio 2.13

Figura 0.20: Exerccio 2.14 a)

xvi
Figura 0.21: Exerccio 2.14 b)

xvii
 1) z(t) = cos(2t)u(t), x(t) = 12 (z(t) z(t))

Figura 0.22: Exerccio 2.20 a)

2) x(n) = 2 cos(n/4) 2 cos(n/2 + /6) sin(n/8)

N1 2 N1 8
2 cos(n/4) = = N1 = 8
m1 /4 m1 1
N2 2 N2
2 cos(n/2 + /6) = =4
m1 /2 m2
N3 2 N3
sin(n/8) = = 16
m3 /8 m3
N = mmc(8, 4, 16) = 16.
3) x(n) = cos 8n 2 7


N N
7 + 6 , m = 8/7 m = 4 N=7

4) x(t) = Par{sin(2t + /4)u(t)}, z(t) = sin(2t + /4)u(t), x(t) = 21 z(t) + 12 z(t)

5) x(t) = Impar{[sin(2t + /4)]u(t)}, x1 (t) = sin(2t + /4)u(t)

6) x(n) = cos( 8n 8 N 2 N 2 N 7
7 ), 0 = 7 , m = 0 m = 8/7 m = 4 (racional), N = 7.

2.21

y(t) = g(t)(t kT ), T perodo de g(t)

xviii
 Figura 0.23: Exerccio 2.20 d)

Figura 0.24: Exerccio 2.20 e)

2.22

2 cos(2 f1t), 0 t 1/ f1
x(t) = cos(2 f1t), T = 2 f1 T = 1/ f1 , y(t) = , p(t) =
0, c.c
u(t) u(t 1/ f1 ), y(t) = x(t)p(t).

2.23

p(t) = u(t (k 1)1/ f1 ) u(t k/ f1 )

xix
2.24

p(t) = K
k=K1 [u(t K1 / f 1 ) u(t K2 / f 1)]
2

2.25

a) y(t) = t 2 , y p (t) = 21 [t 2 + (t)2 ] = t 2 , yi (t) = 0.

b) z(n) = n, z p (n) = 21 [n n] = 0, yi (n) = 21 [n (n)] = n.

c) w(t) = t 3 1, 0 t 3, w(t) = (t 3 1)[u(t) u(t 3)],

1 1
w p (t) = w(t) w(t)
2 2
1 3
= {(t 1)[u(t) u(t 1)] (t 3 + 1)[u(t + 3) u(t)]}
2
u(t 3) t 3 u(t 1) t 3 u(t + 3) u(t + 3)
=
2 2 2 2

1 3
wi (t) = {(t 1)[u(t) u(t 1)] + (t?3 + 1)[u(t + 3) u(t)]}
2
2t 3 u(t) 2u(t) t 3 u(t 3) u(t 3) t 3 u(t + 3) u(t + 3)
= + +
2 2 2 2 2 2

d) x(n) = u(n) u(n 4), x p (n) = 21 [u(n + 3) u(n 4)] + (n), xi (n) = 12 [u(n
1) u(n 4)] 21 [u(n + 3) u(n)]

2.26

x(t) = x(t), e y(t) = y(t). x(t)y(t) = x(t)y(t), z(t) = x(t)y(t), z(t) = x(t)y(t)
z(t) = z(t), funo par.

2.27

x(t) = t , y(t) = sin(2t)

2.28

sin(2t)/t t 1
f (t) = Sinal nem par nem mpar e no peridico.
0 t <1

xx
2.29

y(t) = e(+ j)t = et e jt = et (cos(t)+ j sin(t)), Re{y(t)} = et cos(t), Im{y(t)} =

et sin(t).

a) < 1

Figura 0.25: Exerccio 2.29 a)

b) > 1

Figura 0.26: Exerccio 2.29 b)

c) = 0

xxi
 Figura 0.27: Exerccio 2.29 c)

2.30
jt jt
a) y(t) = e jt . y p (t) = 12 y(t) + 12 y(t) = e2 + e 2 = cos(t)

b) z(n) = u(n),
1 (n)
z p (n) = z(n)/2 + z(n)/2 = u(n)/2 + u(n)/2 = +
2 2
zi (n) = u(n)/2 + u(n)/2

c) w(t) sin(0t + /4)

1 1 1 1
w p (t) = w(t) + w(t) = sin(0t + /4) + sin(0t + /4)
2 2 2 2
1 1 2
= sin(0t + /4) sin(0t /4) = cos(0t)
2 2 2

1 1 2
wi (t) = sin(0t + /4) + sin(0t + /4) = sin 0t (0.1)
2 2 2

d) x(n) = (n), x p (n) = 21 (n) + 12 (n) = (n), xi (n) = 12 (n) 12 (n) = 0.

e) y(t) = t 2, 0 t 4, y(t) = (t 2)[u(t) u(t 4)], y p (t) = 21 (t 1)[u(t) u(t

4)] + 12 (t 2)[u(t + 4) u(t)], yi (t) = 12 (t 2)[u(t) u(t 4)] + 12 (t + 2)[u(t +
4) u(t)]
f) z(n) = n, 5 n 5, z p (n) = 12 [z(n) + z(n)] = 0, zi (n) = z(n).

g) x(t) = cos(t) + sin(t) + sin(t) cos(t) x p (t) = 12 [cos(t) + sin(t) + sin(t) cos(t)] +
1
2 [cos(t) + sin(t) + sin(t) cos(t)] = cos(t). xi (t) = sin(t) + sin(t) cos(t).

xxii
Captulo 3

3.1

a) com memria, causal, variante no tempo, instvel, linear.

b) Sem memria, causal, no linear, instvel, variante ao deslocament0.

c) Sem memria, causal, estvel, variante no tempo, linear.

d) y(n) = 12 x(n1) 21 x(n+1), com memria, no causal, estvel, linear, variante

no tempo.

e) causal, estvel, com memria, no linear, invariante no tempo.

f) y(n) = 22 x(n + 1) = 21 x(n 1). Com memria, no causal, estavel, linear, vari-
ante no tempo.

g) Linear, no causal, no estvel, com memria, variante ao deslocamento.

h) Causal, sem memria, estvel, linear, invariante no tempo.

i) Causal, com memria, estvel, linear, invariante no tempo.

j) Causal, com memria, no estvel, linear, variante no tempo.

k) Causal, sem memria, no estvel, no linear, variante no tempo.

l) No causal, com memria, estvel, invariante no tempo, linear considerando n0 <

.

3.2

No inversvel.

xxiii
3.3

a) No linear e invariante ao deslocamento.

b) No linear e variante ao desclocamento.

c) Lienar e invariante ao tempo.

3.4

a) instvel

b) Estvel

c) Instvel

d) Instvel

e) Instvel

f) Estvel

g) Instvel

xxiv
Captulo 4

4.1

a) y(n) = u(n + 3) u(n 3) y(n) = 0, n < 0 y(n) = n=3

k=3 1 = n + 1, n 0, y(n) =

Figura 0.28: Exerccio 4.1 a)

(n + 1)u(n).

b) y(n) = 3n u(n + 3) u(n 2)

Figura 0.29: Exerccio 4.1 b)

0
k 3n w2 = 3n2

0
1 k 3n2
p/ n 5, y(n) = n1 k
k= 3 = k0 =0 3 k0 =0 3 = 1 13
=
3n1
2

0
1 k 3 1
p n > 5, y(n) = 3k=in f ty 3k =
k0 =0 3 3 = 33 11/3 = 34 /2.

xxv
 3n1 /2. n 5

y(n) =
34 /2, n > 5


c) y(n) = cos n
2 u(n) u(n 1)

Figura 0.30: Exerccio 4.1 c)

y(n) = 0, n < 2

!
n1  n  n1
e jn/2 e jn/2
y(n) = cos = +
k=0 2 k=0 2 2
!
1 1 e jn/2 1 e jn/2
= +
2 1 e j/2 1 e j/2
!
1 1 e jn/2 1 e jn/2
= +
2 1 j 1+ j

4.2

x1 (n) = u(n) u(n 4), x2 (n) = u(n) u(n 6)

a) y1 (n) = x1 (n) x2 (n)

p/ n < 0, y(n) = 0
p/ n 0 e n 3 0, 0 n 3, y(n) = nn=0 = n + 1

xxvi
 Figura 0.31: Exerccio 4.2

Figura 0.32: Exerccio 4.2 a)

p/ 3 n 5, y(n) = nk=n3 1 = n n + 3 + 1 = 4
p/ n > 5 e n 3 5, 5 n 8, y(n) = 5kn3 1 = 5 n + 3 + 1 = 9 n
y(n) = 0, n > 9

b) y2 (n) = x1 (n) x2 (n 3)

Figura 0.33: Exerccio 4.2 b)

y(n) = 0, n < 3
p/ 3 n < 6, y(n) = sumnk=3 = n 3 + 1 = n 2
p/ 6 n < 8, y(n) = nn3 = n n + 3 + 1 = 4

xxvii
 p/ 8 n 11, y(n) = 8n3 1 = 8 n + 3 + 1 = 12 n
p/ n > 11, y(n) = 0

4.3

x(n) = u(n) u(n 50), v(n) = u(n 31)u(n 42), w(n) = u(n + 51) u(n 17)

1. ]a)] y1 (n) = x(n) v(n), n = 31

b) y2 (n) = v(n) w(n), n 31 = 51, n = 20

c) y3 (n) = x(n) w(n), n = 51

xxviii
Captulo 5

5.1

a) x(t) = e5t u(t), h(t) = e2t [u(t) = u(t 3)]

Figura 0.34: Exerccio 5.1 a)

p/ t < 0, y(t) = 0
p/ 0 t 3,
Z t Z t
5t 2(t) 2t
y(t) = e e d = e d
0 0
e 3 t e2t 3t e2t
= e2t |0 = (e e0 ) = (1 e3t )
3 3 3

5 e2(t) d = e2t (e3t

RT
t 3 y(t) = t3 e 3 e3(t3) )

b) x(t) = e|t|[u(t+1)u(t1)] , h(t) = u(t 1), y(t) = x(t) h(t)

p/ t < 0, y(t) = 0
R t1 t1 t1 e1 = e1 (et 1)
p/ 0 t < 1, y(t) = 1 e d = e |1 = e

xxix
 Figura 0.35: Exerccio 5.1 b)

p/ 1 t < 2,
Z 0 Z t1
y(t) =
e d + e d
1 0
e
= e |01 + |t1
0
1
1
= 2e et e1

c) x(t) = e3t[u(t+2)u(t4)] , h(t) = u(t) u(t 3)

Figura 0.36: Exerccio 5.1 c)

p/ t < 2, y(t) = 0
Rt 3 d = 1 e3 |t = 1 (e3t e6 )
p/ 2 t < 1, y(t) = 2 e 3 2 3
Rt
p/ 1 leqt <, y(t) = t3 e d = 3 e |t3 = f rac13(e3t e3(t3) )
3 1 3 t
R4
p/ 4 t < 7, y(t) = t3 e3 d = 13 e3 |t3
4 = f rac13(e12 e3(t3) )

d) x(t) = e3tu(t2) , h(t) = u(t 1) u(t 5)

p/ t < 3, y(t) = 0

xxx
 Figura 0.37: Exerccio 5.1 d)

R t1 3
p/ 3 t < 7, y(t) = 2 e d = f rac13(e3(t1) e6 )
R t1 3
p/ t 7, y(t) = t5 e d = f rac13(e3(t1) e3(t5) )

e) x(t) = e3t [u(t) u(t 5)], h(t) = u(t 1)

Figura 0.38: Exerccio 5.1 e)

p/ t < 0, y(t) = 0
R t 3 1 3t
p/ 0 t < 5 y(t) = 0 e d = 3 (e e0 ) = 13 (e3t 1)
R 5 3
p/ t 5, y(t) = 0 e d = 13 (e15 e0 ) = f rac13(e15 1)

xxxi
Captulo 6

6.1

a) x(t) = sin(4t) + cos(6t), T1 = 2 2

4 = 2 , T2 = 6 = 3 , T = .
j2kt

x(t) = ak e T = ak e j2kt
k= k=
1 j4t 1 j4t 1 j6t 1 j6t
= e e + e + e
2j 2j 2 2
1 1
a+2 = 2j, a2 = 2j, a3 = 21 , a3 = 12 .

1
2j, k=2



21j , k = 2

ak = 1


2 k=3e3
0, c.c.

b) x(t) = t , 1 t 1, T0 = 2.

1 1 1 j 2kt 1 1 jkt
Z Z Z
2kt
ak = x(t)e j T dt = te 2 dt = te dt
T0 T0 2 1 2 1
1 e jkt 1 1 e jk 1 e jk
= ( jkt 1) |1 = ( jk 1) + ( jk 1)
2 ( jk)2 2 ( jk)2 2 ( jk)2
j(1)k
 
1 1 1
= 2 j cos(k) sin(k)
2 jk ( jk)2 k

xxxii
 c) x(t) = e3t , 1 t 1, T0 = 2

1 1 3t jk0t
Z
ak = = e e dt
2 1
1 1 jkt 1 1 (3 jk)t
Z Z
= e dt = e dt
2 1 2 1
1 1
= e(3 jk)t |11
2 3 k j
1 1
= [e(3 jk)t + e(3 jk) = [e3 e jk e3 e jk ]
6 + 2 jk 6 + 2 jk

6.2

f (t) = 82 (sin(t) 312 sin(5t) 712 sin(7t)+...), f 0 (t) = 1+ f (2t 2 ), f 0 (t) = 1+ 82 (sin(2t
/2) 312 sin(5(2t /2)) 712 sin 7(2t /2) + ....)

6.3

a) T0 = 2, 0 = 2
2 = 4.

1 1 1 jk0t 1 2
Z Z Z
ak = e jk0t dt = 2e dt + 2e jk0t dt
2 T0 2 0 2 1
e jk 0 t e jk 0 t 1 jk
= |10 |21 = (e 1 e2 jk + e jk )
jk0 jk0 jk
2 4
ak = 0, k par. ak = k , k mpar. ak = Bk + jCk ., Bk = 0, Ck = k x(t) =
4 8 2,6667 1,6
k=, k impar k sin(kt) x(t) = sin(t) + sin(3t) + sin(5t) + ....
b) T0 = 2
1 1 1 4 1 1
Z Z
a0 = 1dt + 3dt = + (3) = 1
2 0 2 2 2 2
8 2, 667 1, 6
x(t) = 1 sin(t) + sin(3t) + sin(5t) + ....

xxxiii
Captulo 7

7.1
2(1e 2s) R 2 0t
a) x(t) = 2[u(t) u(t 1)], X(s) = 25 25 e2s 2 , s . X(0) = 2 0 e dt =
2(2 0) = 4

Figura 0.39: Exerccio 7.1 a)

xxxiv
 b) x(t) = et u(t 2) + e(t3) u(t 3).
x(t) = et e2 e2 u(t 2) + e(t3) u(t 3)
= e(t2) e2 u(t 2) + e(t3) u(t 3)
= e2 e(t2) u(t 2) + e(t3) u(t 3)
1
z(t) = et u(t) , (s) > 1
s+1
1
z(t ) = es , Re(s) > 1
s+1
e2s 3s e2s +e3s
X(s) = s+1 + es+1 = s+1 , Re(s) > 1

Figura 0.40: Exerccio 7.1 b)

e2
c) x(t) = e(t2) u(t) = et u(t)e2 , X(s) = s+1 , Re(s) > 1.

7.4
s+1/2
H(s) = (s+a)(s+b) , causal e estvel. a, b > 0 plos em s = a e s = b. H(0) = 2,
1/2 1
a.b = 2 ab = 4 , a = 3/4, b = 1/3.
s + 1/2
H(s) =
(s + 1/3)(s + 3/4)

xxxv
 Figura 0.41: Exerccio 7.1 c)

causal e estvel, plos no semiplano esquerdo. s = 1/3 e s = 3/4, zero s = 1/2

ROC Re(s) > 1/3

Figura 0.42: Exerccio 7.4)

A b 2/5 3/5
H(s) = + = =
s + 1/3 s + 3/4 s + 1/3 s + 3/4
s+1/2 2 s+1/2
A= s+3/4 |s=1/3 = 5 . B = s+1/3 |s=3/4 .
3
h(n) = 25 e1/3t u(t) + 53 e 4 t u(t)
e j +1/2 e j +1/2
H() = (e j 1/3)(e j +3/4) = 2 j 13 j
e + 12 e +1/4

xxxvi
 s+1/2 (s)
H(s) = s2 + 13 s+1/4
= YX(s) , Y (s)(s2 + 13
12 s + 1/4) = X(s)(s + 1/2).
12
d 2 y(t) 13 dy(t) 1 dx(t) 1
dt 2
+ 12 dt + 4 y(t) = dt + 2 x(t)
Todo sistema causal e estvel est em repouso inicial.

7.5
G(s) b
H(s) = 1+C(s)G(s) Q(s) = sa e C(s) (k)
b/sa
H(s) = 1+kb/sa = b/sa b
sa+kb = sa+kb
sa
s = a kb um plo.
Se b>0 a kb < 0, a < kb, k > ab
Se b<0 a kb < 0, a > kb, k < ab .

7.6

x(t) = [et + e3t ]u(t), y(t) = 2[et e4t ]u(t)

a)
1 1 2(s + 2)
X(s) = + = , Re(s) > 1
s + 1 s + 3 (s + 1)(s + 3)
2 2 6
Y (s) = = , R(s) > 1
s + 1 s + 4 (s + 1)(s + 4)
Y (s) 3(s + 3)
H(s) = = , Re(s) > 2
X(s) (s + 4)(s + 2)

Figura 0.43: Exerccio 7.6 a)

xxxvii
 b) A resposta em frequncia existe, pois a ROC de H(s) contm o eixo imaginrio.

3( j + 3)
H() =
( j + 4)( j + 2)

c)

A B 3(2 + 3)(s + 4) 3(s + 3)(s + 2)

H(s) = + , A= |s=4 = 3/2, B = |s=2 = 3/2
s+4 s+2 (s + 4)(s + 2) (s + 4)(s + 2)

3 3
h(t) = e4tu(t) + e2t u(t)
2 2
O sistema causal e estvel: todos os plos no semi plano esquerdo do plano s.

d)
Y (s) 3s + 9
= 2 s2Y (s) + 6sY (s) + 8Y (s) = 3sX(s) + 9X(s)
X(s) s + 6s + 8
d 2 y(t) 6dy(t) dx(t)
2
+ + 8y(t) = + 9x(t)
dt dt dt

7.7
d 2 y(t)
dt 2
31 dy(t) 2 2 1 2
dt 3 y(t) = x(t), s Y (s) 3 sY (s) 3 Y (s) = X(s)

1 1 A B
H(s) = H(s) = =
s2 13 s 23 (s 1)(s + 2/3) s 1 s 1

1 1
A= |s=1 = 3/5, B = | = 3/5
s + 2/3 s 1 s=2/3
a) Estvel h(t) absolutamente integrvel, ROC cont[em s = j

3 2
h(t) = [et u(t) e 3 t u(t)]
5
1
H() = 1
2 j 2/3
3

b) Causal, h(t) lateral direita, ROC Re{s} > 1 h(t) = 53 [et e f rac23t ]u(t), No
existe H(), ROC no contm s = j.

xxxviii
 Figura 0.44: Exerccio 7.7 a)

Figura 0.45: Exerccio 7.7 b)

c) no causal, no estvel, h(t) lateral esquerda, ROC no contm s = j, no

existe H()
3 2
h(t) = (et + e 3 t )u(t)
5
2
s 3s + 2
X(s) = , Re{s} > 1
s+1
(s 2)(s 2)
X(s) =
s+1

xxxix
 Figura 0.46: Exerccio 7.7 c)

(s 2)(s 1) 1 s2 A B
Y (s) = = = +
s+1 (s 1)(s + 2/3) (s + 1)(s + 2/3) s + 1 s + 2/3
s2 s2
A= |s=1 = 9, B = | = 8
s + 2/3 s + 1 s=2/3
Estvel ROC de H(s) 2/3 < Re{s} < 1, Y (s) Re{s} > 2/3

2
y(t) = (9et 8e t)u(t)
3
causal H(s) Re{s} > 1, Y (s) {s} > 2/3
2
y(t) = (9et 8e 3 t )u(t)

nem causal, nem estvel H(s) R{s} < 2/3, Y (s) 1 < Re{s} < 2/3
2
y(t) = 9et u(t) 8e 3 t u(t)

xl
Captulo 8

8.1
2n N 2


f (n) = cos N , m = 0

N 2
N = 2 f (n) = cos(n) m = =2

1 1
f (n) = ak e jk0 n = ak e jkn = e jn = e jn + e jn
k=<N> k=<N> 2 2

1, k = 1 2l
ak =
0, c.c.
2 2 2
2n
= 21 e j 3 n + 12 e j 3 n comparando com f (n) = sumk=<N> ak e j 3 kn


N = 3, f (n) = cos 3
1
temos a1 = a1 = 2

1/2, k = 1 3l, l inteiro
ak =
0, c.c.

8.2
 
2n) n

N2 2
a) x(n) = 2 + cos 3 + 3 cos 2 , N1 = 1 (termo constante), m = 3 = 3 (pri-
meiro cosseno), Nm3 = /2
2
= 4 (segundo cosseno), logo, N = mmc(4, 3) = 12.

1 1 3 3
x(n) = 2 + e j2n/3 + e j2n/3 + e jn/2 + e jn/2
2 2 2 2
x(n) ak e jkn2/12 = ak e jkn/6
k=<N> k=<N>
k 2
e jkn/6 = e jkn/3 = =4
6 3

xli
 a4 = 12, a4 = 1/2, a3 = 3/2, a0 = 2, a3 = 3/2


2, k=0
1/2, k = 4 12l

ak =

3/2, k = 3 12l
0, c.c.

b) x(n) = sin 2n n



3 [1 + cos 2

1 j2n/3 1 j2n/3 1 1
x(n) = e e [1 + e jn/2 + e jn/2 ]
2j 2j 2 2
1 j2n/3 1 j2n/3 1 jn7/6 1 jn/6 1 jn/6 1 j7n/6
x(n) = e e + e + e + e e
2j 2j 4j 4j 4j 4j
2 2 12 2
N1 + = 3, N2 = = , N3 = = 12, logo N = 12
2/3 7/6 7 /6
x(n) ak e jkn2/12 = ak e jkn/6
k=<N> k=<N>
1 1 1 1 1 1
a4 = , a4 = , a7 = , a7 = , a1 = , a1 =
2j 2j 4j 4j 4j 4j

1

2j k = 4 12l
1


4j k = 7 12l
ak = 1
k = 1 12l
4j



0, c.c.

c) x(n) = 1 sin n


4 , 0 n 3, N = 4

1 3 1 3
ak = x(n)e j2kn/4 = x(n)e jkn/3
4 n=0 4 n=0

2 2
x(0) = 1, x(1) = 1 , x(2) = 0, x(3) = 1
2 2
1
ak = [x(0)e0 + x(1)e jk/2 + x(2)e jk + x(3)e j3k/2 ]
4

2 2 jk/2 2 2 j3k/2 j3k/2
ak = f rac14[1 + e + e ]e = e jk/2
2 2

1 2 2
ak = [1 + cos(k/2)]
4 2

xlii
8.3

a) ak = 5 cos( j/4) + 3 sin(3k/4), N1 = 2//4 = 8, N2 = 2/4/3 = 8/3, N = 8.

1 1
ak = x(n)e j2kn/8 = x(n)e jkn/4
8 n=<N> 8 n=<N>

5 5 3 3
ak = e jk/4 + e jk/4 + e j3k/4 e j3k/4
2 2 2j 2j
1 5 1 5 12 12
x(1) = x(1) = 20, x(1) = x(1) = 20, x(3) = = 12 j, x(3) = = 12 j
8 2 8 2 j j


20 n = 1 8l
12 j n = 3 8l

x(n) = l inteiro

12 j k = 3 8l
0, c.c.

xliii
Captulo 9

9.1

a) x(n) = (n) + 3(n 1)

X(z) = 1 + 3z1 , |z| > 0

b) x(n) = n(0.5)n u(n)

0.5z 1
X(z) = (10.5z1 )2
, |z| > 0.5

c) x(n) = (1 + n)u(n) = u(n) nu(n)

1 z 1
X(z) = 1z1
+ 1z 1 , |z| > 1

9.3
1z1
b) X(z) = 1az2 , |z| > a, a > 0
1
X(z) = 1z = A + (1+Baz1 )
(1 az1 )(1+ az1 ) (1 az1 )


1 11/
1z a = a1

A=  1
1+ az1 z 1= a
= 1+ a/ a

2 a


1 1+1/
1z a = a+1

B=
1 az1
 1 =
z 1= a 1+ a/ a

2 a

a1
e an u(n) + a+1
e an u(n)
x(n) = 2 a 2 a

9.6
1 2 1
y(n) y(n 1) y(n 2) = x(n) x(n 1)
3 9 2
1 2 1
Y (z)(1 z1 z2 ) = X(z)(1 z1 )
3 9 2

xliv
 (1 21 z1 ) (1 12 z1 )
H(z) = =
(1 13 z1 92 z2 ) (1 2/3z1 )(1 + 1/3z1 )

Figura 0.47: Exerccio 9.6

Causal h(n) lateral direita, ROC: |z| > 23

A B
H(z) = +
1 23 z1 1 + 13 z1
1 12 z1 

1
A= 1 1 z1 = 32
=
1 3z 6

1 12 z1 

5
B= 2 1 z1 =3
=
1 3z 6
1 2 5 1
h(n) = ( )n u(n) + ( )n u(n)
6 3 6 3
Estvel porque h(n) absolutamente somvel.
Estvel porque a ROC de H(z) contm |z| = 1, portanto

 1 12 e j
H() = H(z) z=e j =

 1 13 e j 29 e2 j

xlv
 1
2
H(0) = 1 2
= 1, 16
1 39

9.9

P1 = 1/6
e P2 = 1/7
z1 = 3 j e z2 = 3 j

(z 3 j)(z + 3 j)
H(z) = , |z| > 1/6
(z + 1/6)(z 1/7)

(z 3 j)(z + 3 j) (z + 3 j)
H(z) = = (z 3 j)
(z + 1/6)(z 1/7) (z + 1/6)(z 1/7)
A B
H(z) = (z 3 j)( + )
(z + 1/6) (z 1/7)

(z + 3 j)(z + 1/6) 6 42 j
A= |z=1/6 =
(z + 1/6)(z 1/7) 13

(z + 3 j)(z 1/7) 7 42 j
B= | |z=1/7 =
(z + 1/6)(z 1/7) 13
6 42 j 1 7 42 j 1
H(z) = (z 3 j)( + )
13 (z + 1/6) 13 (z 1/7)

6 42 j z 6 42 j 3j 7 42 j z 7 42 j 3j
H(z) = +
13 (z + 1/6) 13 (z + 1/6) 13 (z 1/7) 13 (z 1/7)

1
6 42 j 1 6 42 j 3 jz 7 42 j 1
H(z) = 1
1
+
13 (1 + z /6) 13 (1 + z /6) 13 (1 z1 /7)
1
7 42 j 3 jz
, |z| > 1/6
13 (1 z1 /7)

6 42 j 6 42 j p 7 42 j
h(n) = (1/6)n u(n) (3) j(1/6)n1 u(n 1) + (1/7)n u(n)
13 13 13
7 42 j p
(3) j(1/7)n1 u(n 1)
13

xlvi
 
H() = H(z) z=e j

(e j 3 j)(e j + 3 j)
H() =
(e j + 1/6)(e j 1/7)
Estvel porque a ROC de H(z) contm |z| = 1

Y (z) z2 + 3 1 + 3z2
= 1 1
= 1 1 1 2
X(z) z2 + 42 z 42 1 + 42 z 42 z
1 1
y(n) + y(n 1) y(n 2) = x(n) + 3x(n 2)
42 42
Se x(n) = (n) + (n 1)/6

y(n) = x(n) h(n) = h(n) + h(n 1)/6.

9.10

P1 = 1/4 + j 3/4
e p2 = 1/4 j 3/4

z1 = 1/6 + j 3/6 e z2 = 1/4 j 3/6

(z a b j)(z a + b j) z2 + 2az + a2 + b2
H(z) = =
(z c d j)(z c + d j) z2 + 2cz + c2 + d 2

z2 z/3 + 1/9  
H(z) = 2 , |z| > (1/4 + j 3/4) = 1/2
 
z z/2 + 1/4

(1 (1/4 j 3/6)z1)
H(z) = (1 (1/6 + j 3/6)z1 )
(1 (1/4 + j 3/4)z1 )(1 (1/4 j 3/4)z1 )

H(z) = (1 (1/6 + j 3/6)z 1)( 1(1/4+ Aj3/4)z 1 + 1(1/4 Bj3/4)z 1

1 (1/4 j 3/6)z 1
A= | = 0, 8333 0, 0962 j
1 (1/4 j 3/4)z 1 z=1/(1/4+ j 3/4)

1 (1/4 j 3/6)z 1
B= | = 0, 1667 + 0, 0962 j
1 (1/4 + j 3/4)z 1 z=1/(1/4 j 3/4)

xlvii
 0, 8333 0, 0962 j 0, 1667 + 0, 0962 j
H(z) = +
1 (1/4 + j 3/4)z 1 1 (1/4 j 3/4)z 1

(0, 8333 0, 0962 j)(1/6 + j 3/6)z1

1 (1/4 + j 3/4)z 1

(0, 1667 + 0, 0962 j)(1/6 + j 3/6)z1
+
1 (1/4 j 3/4)z1

0, 8333 0, 0962 j 0, 1667 + 0, 0962 j

H(z) = +
1 (1/4 + j 3/4)z1 1 (1/4 j 3/4)z 1
(0.1667 + 0.2245 j)z1

1 (1/4 + j 3/4)z 1
(0.0642 j)z1
+ , |z| > 1/2
1 (1/4 j 3/4)z1

h(n) = (0, 8333 0, 0962 j)(1/4 + j 3/4)n u(n) + (0, 1667 + 0, 0962 j)(1/4 j 3/4)n u(n)

(0.1667 + 0.2245 j)(1/4 + j 3/4)n1 u(n 1) + (0.0642 j)(1/4 j 3/4)n1 u(n 1)


H() = H(z) z=e j

j
e2 je /3+1/9
H() = j
e2 je /2+1/4
Estvel A ROC contm o circulo unitrio.

Y (z) 1 z1 /3 + z2 /9
=
x(z) 1 z1 /2 + z2 /4

Y (z)(1 z1 /2 + z2 /4) = X(z)(1 z1 /3 + z2 /9)

y(n) y(n 1)/2 + y(n 2)/4 = x(n) x(n 1)/3 + x(n 2)/9

xlviii