Merged Core

E1-
E1-E2 CM
Overview of GSM
For internal circulation of BSNLonly 22/3/2011

AGENDA
Cellular Concept
Reuse of Frequency
Types of cells
GSM Architecture
GSM NW elements
GSM Areas
For internal circulation of BSNLonly

Cellular Systems
A cell corresponds to the covering area of one

transmitter or a small collection of transmitters.
The size of a cell is determined by the transmitter's
power.
The concept of cellular systems is the use of low power
transmitters in order to enable the efficient reuse of the
frequencies.

Reuse of Frequency
Frequencies used in a cell will be reused several cells

away.
The distance between the cells using the same
frequency must be sufficient to avoid interference.
The frequency reuse will increase considerably the
capacity in number of users.

Cluster
Group of cells.
The number of cells in a cluster must be determined so
that the cluster can be repeated continuously within the
covering area of an operator.
The typical clusters contain 4, 7, 12 or 21 cells.

Clusters
A cluster is a group of cells
No channels are reused within a cluster
A seven Cell Cluster

Deciding the cluster size
The smaller the number of cells per cluster is, the bigger
the number of channels per cell will be. The capacity of
each cell will be therefore increased
However a balance must be found in order to avoid the
interference that could occur between neighboring
clusters when small size clusters are opted.

Types of Cells
Macro cells :-large cells for remote and sparsely

populated areas
Micro cells:- for densely populated areas
Selective cells:-cells with a particular shape and
coverage ; for eg. Cells located at the entrances of
tunnels where coverage of 360 degrees is not
needed
Umbrella cells:-covers several micro cells; reduce the
number of handovers

Different Types of Cells
EXTENDED-CELL:
macro cell with system coverage
extension (
120 km) for coasts...
MACRO-CELL:
antenna radiating above roofs
---> Wide Coverage (
35 km)
MICRO-CELL:
Antenna below the roofs
---> small coverage
Architecture of GSM NW

Mobile Station
Mobile Station = Terminal + SIM

Terminal can be fixed (20W), portable (8W), Handheld (
2W, 0.8W)
The only element that personalizes a terminal is the SIM
card and SIM card is protected by a four-digit Personal
Identification Number (PIN)

Functions of SIM
Authentication of the validity of the MS when

accessing the network
User authentication
Storage of subscriber-related information, which can
be: data fixed during administrative phase (e.g.,
subscriber identification), and temporary network
data (e.g., cell location identity).

Base station Subsystem-BTS
BTS (Base Transceiver Station) is usually placed in the

center of a cell
Corresponds to the transceivers and antennas used in
each cell
Has between 1 and 16 transceivers depending on the
density of users in the cell.

Base station Subsystem-BSC
BSC (Base Station Controller) controls a group of BTS

and manages their radio resources
Is in charge of handovers, frequency hopping, exchange
functions and control of the radio frequency power levels
of the BTSs.

Network and Switching Subsystem
The Mobile services Switching Center (MSC)

The Gateway Mobile services Switching Center
(GMSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
The Authentication Center (AuC)
The Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

Functions of MSC
Call handling (w.r.t.mobile nature e.g., paging)
Management of logical radio-link channel during calls
Management of MSC-BSS signalling protocol
Handling location registration and ensuring interworking
between Mobile Station and VLR
Control of inter-BSS and inter-MSC handovers
Acting as a gateway MSC to interrogate the HLR
Exchange of signalling with other system entities
Standard functions of a local exchange switch in the fixed
network (example: charging)

HLR contains
Identity of mobile subscriber

ISDN directory number of mobile station
Subscription information on teleservices and bearer
services
Service restrictions (if any)
Supplementary services
Location information for call routing

VLR contains
Identity of mobile subscriber

Any temporary mobile subscriber identity
ISDN directory number of mobile
A directory number to route calls to a roaming station
Location area where the mobile station is registered
Copy of (part of) the subscriber data from the HLR

EIR Lists
White or Valid list - List of valid MS equipment identities

Grey or Monitored list - List of suspected mobiles under
observation
Black or prohibited list - List of mobiles for which service
is barred.

Authentication Centre (AuC)
Contains subscriber authentication data called
Authentication Keys (Ki)
Generates security related parameters needed to
authorize service using Ki
Generates unique data pattern called a Cipher Key
(Kc) needed for encrypting user speech and data

Other NW elements
The Operations and Maintenance Center (OMC)-R is
the centralized maintenance and diagnostic heart of the
BSS. It allows the network provider to operate, administer,
and monitor the functioning of the BSS.
Billing Centre: periodically polls the disk records of each
MSC to collect the billing data for the PLMN.
Service Center: The Service Center interfaces with the
MSCs to provide special services, such as the SMS
Note:The Billing Center and Service Center are not a
basic part of the GSM system.

GSM AREAS

Frequency Bands
The band 890-915 MHz has been allocated for the uplink
direction (transmitting from the mobile station to the
base station).
The band 935-960 MHz has been allocated for the
downlink direction (transmitting from the base station to
the mobile station).

Discontinuous Transmission
Works on VAD (Voice Activity Detection)

DTX helps to reduce interference between different cells
and to increase the capacity of the system.
It also extends the life of a mobile's battery.
The comfort noise eliminates the impression that the
connection is dead.

Discontinuous Transmission
Features
speech
Earpiece From receiver
decoder
Digital to
Analog
Converter Comfort
noise
function
Microphone speech
To transmitter
encoder
Analog to
Digital
Converter Voice Activity
Detection

Timing Advance
The aim of the TA is that the signals coming from

different mobiles arrive to the base station at the right
time.
The base station measures the timing delay of the
mobile stations.
If the bursts corresponding to a mobile station arrive
too late and overlap with other bursts, the base
station tells, this mobile, to advance the transmission
of its bursts.

Power Control
Power levels are adjusted so that the power is nearly the

same for each burst.
A base station also controls its power level.
The mobile station measures the strength and the
quality of the signal between itself and the base station.
If the mobile station does not receive correctly the signal,
the base station changes its power level.

Power Control
BTS commands MS at different

distances to use different power levels
so that the power arriving at the BTSs Rx is
approximately the same for each TS

Discontinuous Reception
It is a method used to conserve the mobile station's

power.
The paging channel is divided into sub channels
corresponding to single mobile stations.
Each MS will only 'listen' to its sub channel and will stay
in the sleep mode during the other sub channels of the
paging channel.

Equalization
An equalizer estimates the channel impulse response

of the GSM system and then constructs an inverse
filter.
The receiver knows which training sequence it must
wait for. The equalizer will then, comparing the
received training sequence with the training
sequence it was expecting, compute the coefficients
of the channel impulse response.

E1-
E1-E2 CM
3G CONCEPT
For internal circulation of BSNL only

WELCOME
This is a presentation for the E1-E2

Consumer Mobility Module for the Topic:
3G.
Eligibility: Those who have got the Upgradation
from E1 to E2.
This presentation is last updated on 15-3-2011.
You can also visit the Digital library of BSNL to
see this topic.

INTRODUCTION TO UMTS
UMTS is the convergence of mobile communications,

Information Technology (IT) and multimedia
technologies.
UMTS creates new opportunities for network operators,
service providers and content providers to generate
revenue and seize market share.
The benefit of UMTS is richer, more powerful
communication.

INTRODUCTION TO UMTS
UMTS is a suite of radio and network technologies that

provide:
better spectrum efficiency,
high data transmission rates (up to 2 Mbit/s),
worldwide roaming capability,
the capability to offer new multimedia applications and
services,
interoperability with both fixed and mobile
telecommunications services.

UMTS STANDARD
UMTS is an International Mobile Telecommunications -

2000 (IMT-2000) 3G system.
3GPP is a global co-operation between six

organizational partners including European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)

3G standardization environment

UMTS SATISFIES MARKET DEMANDS
Significant market potential exists for UMTS. Rising

demand for Internet Protocol (IP) services like
The Internet,
Intranets and extranets,
mobility,
multimedia services,
speed (fast data transmission rates).

UMTS RELEASE ARCHITECTURES
UMTS architectures provide a smooth transition from 2G

telecommunications systems by slowly phasing in new
software and new network elements.
3GPP currently defines standards for the following

UMTS releases
3GPP Release 99 (R99),
3GPP Release 4 (Next Generation Network (NGN)
architecture),
3GPP Release 5 (all-IP core network).

Summary of 3GPP network architectures
Note : Release 2000 (R00) is split into Release 4 and Release 5.

3GPP RELEASE 99 (R99)
3GPP Release 99 (R99) includes the following

network elements:
Radio Access Networks
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
Core Network

RELEASE 99 (R99)
Radio Access Networks:

Base Station Subsystem (BSS) for access to GSM
services which includes:
Base Transceiver Stations (BTS),
Base Station Controller (BSC).
UTRAN
for access to UMTS services and including:
Node Bs,
Radio Network Controller (RNC).

RELEASE 99 (R99) Core Network
Circuit-Switched Core Network (CSCN) includes

elements that support circuit switched connections.
CSCN elements for R99 include:
MSC
GMSC
IWF

Mobile services Switching Center (MSC)
The MSC is the interface between the Radio Access Network
(RAN) and fixed networks.
It provides
mobility management,
call control and
switching functions to enable circuit-switched services to
and from mobile stations.

Gateway Mobile services Switching Center (GMSC),
The GMSC
interfaces with the fixed networks,

handles subscriber location information from the HLR
and
performs routing functions to and from mobile stations.
GMSC functionality can be contained in all or some

of the MSCs of the network, depending on network
configuration.

Inter Working Function (IWF)

The IWF provides interworking functionality between
a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) and fixed
networks (such as ISDN, PSTN and PDN).
The IWF converts protocols used in the PLMN to

those used in the corresponding fixed network.

RELEASE 99 (R99)-PCSN
Packet-Switched Core Network (PSCN)
Includes elements that support packet switching technology.
Packet-switching technology routes packets of user data
independently of one another.
No dedicated circuit is established. Each packet can be sent
along different circuits depending on the network resources
available.
PSCN elements for R99 include:

SGSN
GGSN
BG

Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)

The SGSN and the GGSN are the interface elements
between the RAN and fixed networks.
The SGSN provides
mobilitiy management,
session management and
transfer and routing functions to enable the transfer of
packet-switched data services.

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
The GGSN handles subscriber location information and

provides packet data transfer capabilities to and from
mobile terminals.
Border Gateway (BG)
The BG provides
connectivity, and
Inter working and roaming capabilities between two

different PLMNs.

Common elements for R99
Common Core Network elements are elements used by

both the CSCN and PSCN.
Common elements for R99 include :
HLR
VLR
EIR
AUC
SMS MSCs

Home Location Register (HLR)
The HLR is the permanent database for mobile

subscriber information.
The HLR is in charge of mobile subscriber

management.
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
The VLR manages mobile subscribers in the home

PLMN and those roaming in a foreign PLMN.
The VLR exchanges information with the HLR.

Authentication Center (AuC)
The AuC provides authentication and encryption

functions for system security .
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

The EIR stores information on mobile equipment
identities.
SMS MSCs.
SMS MSCs enable the transfer of messages between

the Short Message Service Center and the PLMN.

3GPP Release 99 network architecture

3GPP RELEASE 4 (R4)
3GPP Release 4 implements the NGN architecture

in the core network, separating the control and user
planes.
3GPP Release 4 (R4) introduces the following new
network elements in addition to R99 elements:
Core Network: CSCN
MSC server
GMSC server
Circuit-Switched-Media GateWay (CS-MGW)

3GPP RELEASE 4 (R4)
MSC server
The MSC server provides call control and mobility

management functions for an MSC.
It also holds subscriber service data information and
provides connection control for media channels in a CS-
MGW.
GMSC server
The GMSC server provides call control and mobility

management functions for a GMSC.
3GPP RELEASE 4 (R4)
Circuit-Switched-Media GateWay (CS-MGW).
The CS-MGW is an interface between the UTRAN and

the Core Network.
The CS-MGW supports both UMTS and GSM media.
CS-MGW terminates bearer channels from circuit-
switched networks and media streams from packet
networks.
It supports media conversion, bearer control and
payload processing.

3GPP Release 4 architecture

3GPP RELEASE 5 (R5)
3GPP Release 5 implements a unified IP backbone
infrastructure which enables high performance services
and functions.
3GPP Release 5 (R5) introduces the following new
network elements in addition to R99 and R4 elements in
Core Network ,
Common Core Network elements:
HSS (Home Subscriber Server )
IM
CSCF
MGCF
MRF
3GPP RELEASE 5 (R5)
Internet protocol Multimedia (IM) subsystem
The IM subsystem consists of all Core Network elements

that use the services provided by the PSCN to offer
multimedia services.
The IM subsystem primarily includes the

Call Server Control Function (CSCF),
Media Gateway Control Function (MGCF) and
Multimedia Resource Function (MRF).

3GPP Release 5 architecture

UMTS TECHNOLOGY
The main technological difference between 2G and

3G systems is The new multiple access technique in the
Radio Access Network (RAN) that increases bandwidth
and efficiency.
This technology is called Code Division

Multiple Access (CDMA).

UMTS TECHNOLOGY
3G standards organizations have selected three CDMA radio

interface technologies for 3G networks:
WCDMA which uses Frequency Duplex Division (FDD) mode,
TD-CDMA which uses Time Division Duplex (TDD) mode,
CDMA 2000 which is seen as the natural evolution for operators

with existing IS-95 networks.

Limitations of 2G System
The limitations of 2G mobile systems such as GSM include:

congestion
limited mobility around the world,
There is a need for global standardization,
limited services,
There is a need for new multimedia applications and services

Wideband - Code Division Multiple Access
(WCDMA)
WCDMA optimally divides the available radio spectrum
on the air interface into a number of channels and
defines how these channels are allocated to the many
users accessing the network.
WCDMA allows for variable bit rates and variable Quality
of Service (QoS).
WCDMA provides:
better spectrum efficiency,
wider coverage,
support for all types of services (circuit, packet and
multimedia),
enhanced privacy,
Cocktail party
To illustrate how WCDMA works, take the example of
the cocktail party. Picture a room filled with many
people, all speaking in a different language to a super
translator in the middle of the room. The room
represents the area covered by one cell in a UMTS
PLMN.
Each person represents a UE in the cell.
Each language corresponds to a code.
Each conversation represents a signal.
The super translator
represents the Node B.

Spread Spectrum modulation
WCDMA is a noise-limited technology.
The capacity of the system, or the number of simultaneous users is

limited by the level of noise in the cell.
A digital coding technique called Spread Spectrum limits the level of

noise in the cell and provides secure voice and data transmission
over the radio interface.
Spread Spectrum takes a signal in the form of packet data and

spreads it over a wider range of bandwidth than the actual content of
information in the signal requires.

Power Control
A WCDMA system requires accurate power control to overcome the

near-far problem.
A signal close to the base station (Node B) with high power

overwhelms the other signals from mobile phones that are farther
away.
The goal of power control in WCDMA is to have the signals from all
of the User Equipments (UE) arrive at the base station with the
same power level.
If the transmitter is close to the receiver, less power is necessary. If

the transmitter is farther away, more power is necessary.

Power Control
WCDMA systems use two types of power control:

Open-loop power control
Closed-loop power control:

Open-loop power control:
Open-loop power control is based on the sum of the

power level of the UE and the power level of the Node B.
The two power levels must remain a constant. In other

words, if the UE receives a strong downlink signal from
the Node B, then the UE will speak low.
If the UE receives a weak signal downlink signal then the

UE will speak loudly.

Power Control
Closed-loop power control:
With closed-loop power control, power control bits are

sent to the UE every 0.66 milliseconds to tell the mobile
station to increase or decrease its transmission power.
Closed-loop power control is very fast. Because of

Power Control, WCDMA phones have fewer power
requirements which means they can handle smaller,
lightweight, longer-life batteries.

Rake Receiver In UMTS
A Rake receiver is implemented in the UEs and

base stations to provide:
multi-service,
path diversity,
soft handover.

Rake receiver
A Rake receiver can decode several signals
simultaneously and combine them to improve the quality
of the signal or to get several services at the same time.
In radio communications, the strength of a signal can

decrease for many reasons. Natural obstacles such as
buildings and hills cause reflections, diffractions and
scattering.
Consequently, multipath propagation occurs which

means that the same radio signal arrives at the receiver
through different reflected paths.
Rake receiver
The Rake receiver uses the inherent frequency diversity

characteristics of WCDMA as a means of providing
redundancy in the network.
Because the signal is spread over a wide frequency
band, it is transmitted and received simultaneously on
two or more frequencies.
The Rake receiver identifies the different paths that the
signal takes and combines them to improve the quality of
the signal.

Soft Handover
Soft Handover means that the connection does not have

to be broken in the original cell before connection in the
successor cell.
Soft Handover is possible with UMTS because WCDMA
systems do not require the use of different frequencies in
adjacent cells.
Two mobile terminals use the same frequency band.
A mobile terminal needs only one transmission chain to
decode both simultaneously.

UMTS cell division

ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE
(ATM)
UMTS uses ATM in the Radio Access Network (RAN) for

the reliable transfer of digital information.
ATM has been chosen as the transport technology in
UMTS Radio Access Networks because it supports a
multi-service environment with variable bit rates and the
ability to support variable QoS.
ATM is also highly scalable which makes it excellent for
interconnecting legacy systems and LANs and for
building WANs on high-performance fiber-optic networks

Satellite UMTS (S-UMTS)
Satellite UMTS (S-UMTS) uses a single frequency band

for communications between terrestrial and satellite
networks.
Satellite technology can readily provide global coverage
and will play an important role for UMTS in the future.

Satellite UMTS (S-UMTS)

E1-
E1-E2 CM
RF Planning and Drive Test
for BSNL internal circulation only

A cell can be defined
as the area covered
by one sector
Main Elements of Radio

Network
Mobile station
Base Transceiver Station

RF DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
The RF design inputs can be divided into

Capacity requirements
Erlang per subscriber during the busy hour
Quality of service for the air interface, in terms GoS
Coverage requirements
Target coverage areas.
Coverage area probability
Penetration Loss of buildings and in-cars

CAPACITY AND COVERAGE
Determine number of cells required for capacity

by using Erlang formula.
Determine number of cells required for coverage
by using propagation model.

ERLANG
One erlang ( Erl) is defined as the amount of

traffic generated by the user when he or she
uses one traffic channel for one hour.

ERLANG TABLES
Commonly used Erlang tables are

Erlang B
Erlang C
Erlang B assumes that if calls cannot go through
then they get dropped (i.e. no queuing possible).
Erlang C considers that if a call does not get
through then it will wait in a queue.

ERLANG TABLES
These tables give information about the traffic

generated by X No. of TRXs for different Grades
of Service.

POSSIBLE CHANNEL COMBINATIONS
Timeslots
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
RT 0 BCCH SDCCH CCCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
RT 1 TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
RT 2 SDCCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
CC TCH
RT 3
SMS SS
TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
CM

FREQUENCY RE-USE
Frequency re-use factor depends on

the average number of the transceivers
the total number of frequencies.

FREQUENCY RE-USE FACTOR
If there are 3 TRX that are used per base station

and the total number of frequencies available is
27.The total number of frequencies available for
re-use is 27/3 = 9

PROPOGATION MODELS
There are few theoretical models and many

empirical models to predict the propagation path
loss.
Propagation models should be applied with
caution .
Network planning tools will combine these
models with terrain data.

PROPOGATION MODELS
For Macro Cell

Okumura-Hata model
For Micro Cell

Walfisch-ikegami model

PROCESS OF RADIO NETWORK
PLANNING
Collection of the input parameters
Pre planning
Site survey
Frequency allocation
Parameter planning
The final radio network plan involves rest of the
parameters like power budget calculations and
considering path loss calculations.

OPTIMISATION
Optimization involves monitoring, verifying and

improving the performance of the radio network.

WHAT IS OPTIMIZATION

OPTIMISATION
Power amplifiers are located near the

transmission antennas.
The boosters are located near the base station.

DIVERSITY
Diversity is the most common way to improve

the reception power of the receiving antenna.
Major diversity techniques are
space diversity
frequency diversity
polarization diversity
(In our field polarisation diversity is being used)

RADIO NETWORK PLANNING
AND OPTIMIZATION
o Study of methods required for optimization:

o Traffic estimation in terms of erlangs
o Configuration of Time slots of TRX
o Calculation of frequency re use factor
o Application of suitable propagation model
o Methods to improve signal received by MS
o Study of RRM ( Radio resource management)
o Study of KPIs( Key performance parameters)

MS BTS BSC MSC
DTAP
RIL3 - CM CM
DTAP M
RIL3 - MM MM
A I
P
S
RIL 3-
RIL3 - RR RR BSSMAP BSSMAP TCAP U
RR BTSM BTSM SCCP SCCP P
SCCP
LAPD m LAPD m LAPD LAPD MTP MTP
Layer 1 Layer 1 Layer 1 Layer 1
Um A bis A link BCDEFG

GSM Signaling Protocols Overview
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
The radio resource management (RRM) is the

functions related to
mobile location updation
communication management issues such as
handover and roaming procedure handling

LINK PROTOCOLS
To execute these management functions,

information flow (traffic and signalling) takes
place via three protocols, known as link
protocols .

LINK PROTOCOLS
LAPDm is present over the MS-BTS connection

LAPD over the BTS-BSC connection.
MTP is used for signalling transport over the
SS7 network.

STUDY OF KPIs
Once a radio network is designed and

operational, its performance is monitored.
The performance is compared against chosen
key performance indicators (KPIs).
After fine-tuning, the results are then applied to
the network to get the desired performance.

STUDY OF KPIs
KPls can be subdivided according to the areas
of functioning, such as
area level
cell level
TRX level.
Area-level KPls can include
SDCCH requests
dropped SDCCH total
dropped SDCCH Abis failures
outgoing MSC control handover (HO) attempts
outgoing BSC control HO attempts
intra-cell HO attempts, etc.

DRIVE TEST PROCESS
Selection of the 'live' region of the network

Selection of the drive testing path.
To have the appropriate kits including
Mobile equipment (usually three mobiles)
Drive testing software (on a laptop)
A GPS (global positioning system) unit.

DRIVE TEST TOOL PHYSICAL SET UP
Tools
Drive Test Equipments for Voice & PS call 1. Scanner
2. Drive Test
Software
Short call Long Call 3.UE
4.PC
5.GPS
USB2 Idle
USB1
USB3
GPS
PS
Com 1
Data Card
scanner

DRIVE TEST PROCESS
Two mobiles are used to generate calls with a

gap of few seconds (usually 15-20 s).
The third mobile is usually used for testing the
coverage.
It makes one continuous call, and if this call
drops it will attempt another call.

DRIVE TEST PROCESS
To collect enough samples at a reasonable

speed and in a reasonable time.
If there are lots of dropped calls, the problem is
analysed to find a solution for it and to propose
changes.

OPTIMISATION SOLUTION
Moving antenna locations

Altering antenna heights
Changing ARFCNs
Antenna orientation adjustment
Rectifying the faults in the steps followed before
finalisation of Radio network planning.

DRIVE TEST TOOL
TEMS offers solutions for

Planning
Development
Optimizing
Troubleshooting
Expanding mobile networks
Optimized networks mean lower operational

costs.
DRIVE TEST TOOL
TEMS products allow efficient monitoring,

diagnosing and benchmarking in order to make
best use of available resources.
They also enable engineers to troubleshoot
problems quickly.

TEMS CELLPLANNER UNIVERSAL
TEMS Cell Planner Universal is Ericssons tool
for mobile radio network planning.
It is a
highly graphical
easy-to-use
PC-based tool for design
Realization
Optimization of mobile radio networks.
It assists the user in a number of complex tasks,

including
network dimensioning
traffic planning
site configuration
frequency planning.

It supports for
WCDMA
GSM 850,GSM 900,GSM 1800,GSM 1900
iDEN
CDMA,CDMA2000 1xRTT
TDMA/AMPS
NMT 450, NMT 900
TACS, and E-TACS.
GPRS and EGPRS (EDGE) in GSM system.

E1-
E1-E2 CM
TECHNICAL
M-VAS
(Mobile Value Added Services)

WELCOME
This is a presentation for the E1-E2 CM Module for the

Topic: M-VAS (Mobile Value Added Services).
Eligibility: Those who have got the Up-gradation from
E1 to E2.
You can also visit the Digital library of BSNL to see this
topic.

AGENDA
Features of M-VAS
BSNL M-VAS options
Applications of BSNL M-VAS
Configuration of Mobile Sets for M-VAS

DEFINITION OF M-VAS
VAS (Value Added Services) in Telecom Industry

refers to non-core or non basic services which add
value to core or basic services.
M-VAS (Mobile Value Added Services) is a well
established and rapidly growing set of Mobile
applications beyond basic voice and messaging
services.

CHARACTERISTICS OF M-VAS
Standalone in terms of profitability
Stimulates incremental demand for core or basic
services
Do not cannibalize core or basic services
May be sold at premium prices
Provides operational synergy with core or basic
services

M-VAS TYPES & NECESSITY
Types of M-VAS:
Independent or Standalone- This is not required to be
coupled with a basic service.
Dependent or Non-standalone- This is coupled with a
basic service.
Necessity of M-VAS:
Maximizes revenue
Increases ARPU (Average Revenue Per User)
Survives in competitive environment
Satisfies growing demand of customers
Improves loyalty

M-VAS EFFECT & CHALLENGES
M-VAS is effective for:
Mobile Service Providers
Value Added Service Providers
Content aggregators & Developers
Handset manufacturers
M-VAS Challenges:
Revenue sharing
Customer Awareness
Handset compatibility and Cost
Bandwidth constraint

DRIVERS OF M-VAS
Audio
SMS
MMS
Music
Video
Cartoon
Gaming
M-Advertisement
M-Commerce

STAKEHOLDERS CONCERN
Simplicity
Availability
Quantity of content
Quality of content
Nature of content
Consumer Education
Transparency
Charging

BSNL M-VAS SOLUTION
BSNL implements M-VAS through SDP (Service
Delivery Platform)
SDP addresses the needs of both Operators and
Content Providers
BSNL SDP manages and delivers contents like Music,
Movies, Mobile-TV, Videos, Games etc.
BSNL can create its own content or can have parters to
supply the content
BSNL SDP supports different formats for accessing

BSNL M-VAS - AVAILING
BSNL M-VAS may be availed through:

STK (SIM Tool Kit)
USSD (Unstructured Service Supplementary Data)
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
BSNL Live

SIM TOOL KIT
BSNL SIM Tool Kit provides an option Cellone to avail

some of M-VAS
A Customer is simply to navigate through Menu/Sub-
menu of concerned Service and select it
System automatically converts it to an SMS and sends it
to the M-VAS provider and gets the reply
The Menu options are directly up-dated by the M-VAS
Service Provider without intervention of the Customer.

SIM TOOL KIT OPTIONS
Options under STK are:
My Portal
News
Finance
Entertainment
TV Schedule
Travel
Downloads
Astrology
Cricket
Others

USSD-FEATURES
Session oriented
A menu based service
Flexible to design dynamic menus
Accessible directly from Phone Screen
Extremely user friendly
Almost seven times faster than conventional SMS
A message is of maximum 182 characters
USSD has dialogue concept but no store & forward

USSD-SUBJECTS
Some of USSD Subjects are:
Astrology
Automobile
Bhagawad Gita
Cricket
Health Care
News
On Gandhiji
Word of the day

GPRS
GPRS is 2.5G GSM

GPRS offers high speed data services
It uses Packet Switching Technique.
It provides Internet connectivity to the users enabling
them browsing and e-mail activities.
GPRS supports MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service)

GPRS M-VAS
GPRS users can download:

Ring Tones
MP3 Tones
Colour Logos
Wallpapers
Videos
Animations
Games

BSNL Live
BSNL Live is a WAP (Wireless Application Part) Portal

It offers one stop shop for all Information, Entertainment
and Communication related requirements.
BSNL Live can be accessed by all GSM (2.5G and 3G)
subscribers.
BSNL Live contents are heavy on data and hence 3G
connection is desirable to experience the thrill of the
contents.

BSNL Live M-VAS
BSNL Live is a gateway to M-VAS

It provides:
Movie Streaming
Video on Demand
Full Track Mp3 Music
Games

MOVIES FROM BSNL Live
Movies will be streamed on demand from BSNL Live

directly without getting stored.
BSNL Live splits Movies into two to six ( or more) parts
of 20-30 min duration each. Parts are shown as Part-1,
Part-2 etc.
Any part can be viewed in streaming time. Total allowable
time of streaming is displayed on the screen of the user
before the streaming starts.
Price of the content is shown and confirmation of the user
is obtained.
VIDEOS FROM BSNL Live
Video clips of 3-5 minutes duration (approx.) are available

on demand from BSNL Live.
Chosen Video clips can be downloaded from a huge
library of content at BSNL Live.
There are wide ranges of Video categories
Price of contents may be displayed on the screen and
confirmation about payment is taken from the user before
starting of downloading.

MUSIC & GAMES FROM BSNL Live
Music:
Full track songs (MP3) of any bodys choice can be
downloaded from BSNL Live.
Confirmation is obtained about the payment of the price.
Games:
Games of various categories are available in BSNL Live
Games compatible with the users handset will be
displayed on the screen.

STREAMING VS DOWNLOADING
Streaming:
During Streaming content is sent in a continuous stream and
displayed on the compatible Mobile Set of the user in real
time without getting stored in the memory of the Mobile set.
It is to be viewed in a specified time limit.
Downloading:
Downloading allows to store the content into the memory of
the compatible Mobile Set
It can be viewed at any time as many times the user desires

BSNL Live CHARGING
Two types of charges are applicable:

1. Surfing/Downloading charges as per plan chosen by the
customer.
2. Whenever customer wants to buy any content , he will have to
pay the price of the content. The price would be displayed
before downloading/streaming. On getting confirmation of the
customer, Downloading/Streaming will start.

HANDSET CONFIGURATION FOR 3G
A number of ways are available:

1. APN settings through SMS
2. APN settings through Internet
3. mimobi.tv application settings
4. Manual configuration
5. Settings from Call Centre
6. Setting through TSD

APNs USED BY BSNL
Presently four APNs (Access Point Names) are
being used by BSNL:
bsnlnet - meant for Internet services.
bsnllive - needed for WAP browsing,
viewing movies, videos etc.
bsnlstream - required for streaming
applications.
bsnlmms - needed for multimedia activities

APN SETTINS THROUGH SMS
The customer is to send SMS to the number 58355 in the
following format:
Manufacturer <Space> Model <Space> XXX, where-
XXX=NET for bsnlnet
=LIVE for bsnllive
=STREAM for bsnlstream
=MMS for bsnlstream
=<Blank> for bsnllive and bsnlstream
=ALL for setting of all the four APNs.
Reply would come in the form of SMS.
User is to save them. bsnllive is saved as default.

APN SETTINS THROUGH INTERNET
1. Go to the website- http://cellone.in
2. Click download button for GPRS/MMS setting
3. Click East Zone, say. Feed the Mobile Number with
country code in the space provided.
4. Click login option. Get a password and Click again login.
5. Click Device Management. Now get options to choose
Phone Vendor and Phone Model. Choose as desired.
6. Next Display comes to click options for the APNs.
7. Click as desired and then Click Configure my Phone.
8. Next Message would come to the Mobile Set in the form of
SMS. Save them.

M-VAS TRENDS
Mobile developers are on the job of adding more and more
services under the banner of M-VAS.
This creates an opportunity for Mobile Operators to attract
customers with launching of new Mobile Value Added
Services.
This is likely to enhance customer base and increase ARPU.
The Customers like M-VAS, if they are user friendly to
operate, cheap in price, compatible handsets are easily
available and support from Customer Service Centres are
available on demand.

E1-
E1-E2 CM
TECHNICAL
MOBILE INTELLIGENT
NETWORK

Topics
Prerequisite for mobile communication.

Basic structure of CCS#7 Protocol Stack and there
functions as applicable to Mobile IN.
Types of routing messages in Mobile IN.
Call flows in IN.
Discussions

Prerequisite for mobile
communication
GSM follows the ETSI recommendation.
All the messages, number, nomenclature used in
GSM/GPRS are standardized by ETSI so that inter-
operator-ability can be realized easily.

Description of some numbers
IMSI ( E212)/(E214)
E212 = MCC(3)+MNC(2/3)+MSIN(<=10)
E214 = CC(2)+ NDC(2)+ MSIN(10)
MSISDN (E164)
E164 = CC(2)+NDC(2)+SN(8)

Description of some numbers
TMSI(32 Bits)-Coded Hex decimally

LAI:- Identity of LAC
MCC+MNC+LAC(16 Bits)
MSRN:- Local MSISDN number used for mobile terminating calls.

Basic Structure of CCS#7 Stack

How Various layers works

Types of message routing in CCS#7
Two types of routing
Based on SPC (OPC & DPC).
Based on GTT.

SPC Based Message Routing
Each machine has a point code(14/24 bits) in the network and it is

known with this address.
Message has a OPC ( Originating Point Code) & DPC ( Destination
Point Code).
Message also has user part description that which part of machine is
going to use it.

SP Based Message Routing

GT Based Routing
Routing of message is based on SP as well as a sub system number.

The subsystem number is called as Global Title (GT).
GT based routing is used when SP is not known.
GT is local number either a IMSI or MSISDN depending upon the
agreement.

GT Based Routing

Signalling over Signalling System 7
CAP
(ITU-T standard SS7 recommendations)
CAP Signalling Entity

Transaction Capability Application Part
Signalling Connection Control Part
Message Transfer Part
Physical Network
...
MSC/VLR ... Service
...
gsmSSF gsmSCF
GT Translation
TCAP TCAP
SCCP SCCP SCCP
MTP MTP MTP
MSC/VLR STP SCP

GSM Recall

CAMEL

CAMEL Phase-1

CAMEL Phase-2

CAMEL Phase-3

Call Flows
Service Provisioning

Call Flows
Originating Charged call

Terminating Charged call
Refill

1 Originating Charged Call 1(3)
HLR
A
S S 2 3
T (G)MSC/ S
- VLR F SCP
D
R 4
VMS
Rating Engine
IVR

Originating Charged Call 2(3)
HLR
A
S S 5
T (G)MSC/ S
- VLR F SCP
D
R
Rating engine VMS
IVR

Originating Charged Call 3(3)
6
HLR
8
A
S S 7
T (G)MSC/ S
- VLR F SCP
D
R
Rating Engine VMS
IVR

1 Terminating Charged Call 1(4)
2
HLR
A
S S
T (G)MSC/ S
- VLR F SCP
D
R
Rating Engine VMS
IVR

Terminating Charged Call 2(4)
HLR
A
4 5
S S
T (G)MSC/ S
- VLR F SCP
D
R 6
Rating Engine VMS
IVR

HLR
A
S S 7
T (G)MSC/ S
- VLR F SCP
D
R
Rating engime VMS
IVR

8
HLR
10
A
S S 9
T (G)MSC/ S
- VLR F SCP
D
R
Rating engine VMS
IVR

1 Refill 1(2)
HLR
A
S S
T (G)MSC/ S
- VLR F SCP
D
R
Rating enginr VMS
2 3
IVR

Refill 2(2)
6
HLR
A
S S
T (G)MSC/ S
- VLR F SCP
D
4
R
Rating engine VMS
IVR

Originating Call
SCP 5 GMSC
Rating HLR /gsmSSF
gsmSCF /gsmSCF
3 6
1
HPLMN
VPLMN
7
MSC/VLR/ 8
gsmSSF
2

IN Call Set up - MO Call
HPLMN
Service Logic SCP
HLR (MO Service)
IN trigger
gsmSSF
VLR GMSC
MSC
+27 83 212 9911
Dialled
number:
+27 83 212 (diversion address)
BSC BSC
9911
MS VPLMN

Terminating Call
SCP 6
Rating
gsmSCF 1
A
4
7 GMSC
/gsmSSF HLR
2, 8
HPLMN
VPLMN
MSC/VLR/
10
gsmSSF B

IN Call Set up - MT Call
HPLMN
Service Logic
HLR (MT Service) SCP
SRI
VPLMN
PSI IN
PSI SRI
Res Res trigger
gsmSSF
VLR GMSC
Second HLR MSC
interrogation.. +27 83 212
9911
.
BSC BSC Transit GMSC
MS IPLMN
Inbound Roamer CAMEL
BSNL-Circle1
Scenarios KOLKATTA UK
2. IDP 3. IDP
GMSC 5. ISD
NLD 5. RRB TAX 4. RRB Spice/VSNL GMSC SCF
HLR 6. RRB_resp 7. RRB_resp
9.CONNECT 8. CONNECT
SCCP The RRB_resp message For RRBCSM, CONNECT etc
CdPA: 44-181-SCP will be modified by SRS as:
CgPA: 91944300020-MSC SCCP
SCCP CdPA: 91-9814 -SRS MSC
CdPA: 44-181-SCP CgPA: 44-181-SCP
CgPA: 91-9814 -SRS MSC
CAP
VMSC SRS Information relevant to message
/VLR/
SSF HLR /
VMSC/
1. IDP VLR / SMSC
SSF/SCF SRS will modify the
SCCP The IDP message will be modified by SRS as: Message to:
CdPA: 44-181-SCP
CgPA:91944300020(MSC) SCCP SCCP
CdPA: 44-181-SCP CdPA: 91944300020(MSC)
CAP CgPA: 91-9814-SRS MSC CgPA: 44-181-SCP
UK IMSI: 234-15-123456
Subscriber MSC:91944300020(MSC1) CAP CAP
VLR: 91944300021(VLR1) IMSI: 234-15-123456 Information relevant to message
MSC: 91-9814-SRS MSC1
VLR : 91-9814-SRS VLR1

Outbound Roamer CAMEL
Scenarios
UK KOLKATTA BSNL-Circle1
2. IDP 3. IDP
GMSC 5. ISD
NLD 5. RRB TAX 4. RRB Spice/VSNL GMSC SCF
HLR 6. RRB_resp 7. RRB_resp
9.CONNECT 8. CONNECT
SCCP The RRB_resp message For RRBCSM, CONNECT etc
CdPA: 91-9814-SCP will be modified by SRS as:
CgPA:44-181-(MSC) SCCP
SCCP CdPA: 44-181-(MSC)
CdPA: CdPA: 91-9443-SCP CgPA: 91-9443-SCP
CgPA:44-181-(MSC)
CAP
VMSC SRS Information relevant to message
/VLR/
SSF HLR /
VMSC/
1. IDP VLR / SMSC
SSF/SCF SRS will modify the
SCCP The IDP message will be modified by SRS as: Message to:
CdPA: 91-9814-SCP
CgPA:44-181-(MSC) SCCP SCCP
CdPA: 91-9443-SCP CdPA: 44-181-(MSC)
CAP CgPA: 91-9814-SCP
BSNL IMSI: 40414-19-123456 CgPA:44-181-(MSC)
CAP
Subscriber MSC:44-181-(MSC1) CAP Information relevant to message
VLR: 44-181-(VLR1)
IMSI: 404-43-123456
MSC:44-181-(MSC1)
VLR: 44-181-(VLR1)

THANKS
jai_bsnl2002@yahoo.com
09425801027

E1-
E1-E2 CM
MOBILE INTELLIGENT
NETWORK

AGENDA
Under Standing IN & MIN

Block diagram and parts of MIN
Functional entities in IN and there uses
CAMEL
Implementation of IN in mobile domain
Conclusion

Intelligent Network Principle
IN is an architectural concept for the operation and

provision of new services quickly, flexibly, economically
and efficiently.
The basic principle of IN is the separation of service
and switch.

Intelligent Network Principle
The IN is an extension to the existing telephone network

The network is organised so that the telephone calls
received by the IN are interrupted to query a database
in order to determine what to do with the call
The call can then be re-routed based on a number of
pre-defined conditions

Users & Providers of IN
Services
Network Provider -The company that is responsible for the telephony network
planning and maintenance
Service Provider -The Company or institution that purchases IN services from the
network provider and provides it to Service subscribers.It is the organisation which
creates, manages and markets the service.
Service subscriber -The company, institution or individual that purchases IN
services from the Service provider. One who subscribes for the service and registers
with the service provider
For some Services, such as Calling card, the service subscriber is an individual. For
others such as Televoting or VPN it is an organization

Calling Subscriber-A Party or Calling party, the person
who dials IN number
Called Subscriber- B party or Called Party, the person
who answers the IN call.
Calling and called party are collectively referred to as
users
User- One who uses the service. He does NOT
require to subscribe to the service

Advantages to Network
Provider
Additional network traffic-IN services stimulate the use

of telephone network for new applications.
Higher call completion rates-IN services target calls to
destinations where they are most likely to be answered.

Advantages to Service Provider
Flexible and rapid deployment of new services-

Wide range of services.
New tariffed features.

Advantages to Service Subscriber
Flexible charging.
Call queueing.
Flexibilty in who maintains the database.

Advantages to IN user
Ease of access.
Facilities of advanced services.

Core Concept of IN
Separating Service Control Function from Switching System

Service Management System
Intelligent Data Network
Layer SCP1 SCP2
Signaling CCS7
Layer
Transmissi SSP4 SSP3

on
SCP
/Switching SSP1 SSP2
Service Control Point
Layer
SSP
Service Switching Point
IN Service Process
Components:
SCP
SSP SDP
SMP
Service specification
SMAP
SCE
SCE
Service description
Loading command
Central
SMP
SMAP
Service logic Service data
SCP SDP
Implementation process of IN services

IN Conceptual Model
Service Plane
Service from user view
Reusable unit of functionality (Numbering, Charging, UI, Restriction etc)
Global Functional Plane
Service Providers point of view
SIBs (BCP, Charge, Translate, Screen etc)
Distributed Functional Plane
Realistic View of Network (FEs: CCF, SSF, SCF, SDF, SMF & SRF)
SDLs (Specification & Development Language) & MSC (Message Sequence Charts)
DPs of O-BCSM & T-BCSM
Physical Plane
Physical Nodes (SCP, SSP, SMP, SDP, SRP/IP)

Distributed Functional Plane
CCAF: Call Control Access Function
CCF:
SSF:
Call Control Function
Service Switching Function
SMF SMAF
SCF: Service Control Function
SRF: Special Resource Function
SDP: Service Data Function SCEF
SCEF: Service Creation SDF
Environment Function
SMP: Service Management SCF SRF
Function
SSF SSF
CCAF CCF CCF CCF CCAF
for BSNL internal circulation only 14

Physical Plane
Physical Plane contains the PEs and the interfaces
between PEs
SCE SMAP
Network maintenance
Center Settlement Center
SMS
PSPDN
SCE Service Creation Environment
SMP Service Management Point SCP SCP
SCP Service Control Point STP STP
SSP Service Switching Point
CCS7
IP Intelligent Peripheral SSP SSP
IP
SMAP Service Management
Access Point
PSTN/ISDN/Mobile
PABX
for BSNL internal circulation only 15

Entities in the Functional Model
CCF (call control function) - this provides the basic call and connection handling in the
exchange. It establishes, manipulates and releases the call.
SSF (Service switching function)-It enables interaction between CCF and SCF. It recognizes
service control triggers, through which it recognizes IN calls. It manages the signaling between
the CCF & SCF.
SCF (Service Control function) - Directs call control functions during the processing of an IN
call. It contains the IN service call processing logic stored in the subscriber databases which
specifies how to handle an IN service request. It interacts with the SSF and thje SRF to obtain
information required to process an IN call. Sometimes the SCF is split into two functional entities
SDF( Service Data Function) --the database
SCF (Service Control Function) Call processing and other logic
Other functions are
Collection of traffic and network measurements and sending to SMF
Sending of status and service maintenance messages to the SMF
Network management controls
Sending of Billing Information to the SSF

SRF (Specialized Resource Function) It is used whenever an IN call

requires direct interaction with the calling party in the speech path.
It contains the logic and processing capability to send, receive and
convert information
It has the following functions
Play Announcement
Collect digit
Voice recognition
Voice Back

SCEF (Service creation Environment Function) This function enables

service developers to develop service logic, create and modify network
databases
Downloading of service logic to the SMS
The purpose of SCEF is to create Service Packages (SPs). An SP is a
container for one or more IN Services
It contains
Service logic
Service data and service data schema
Specification of which data and statistics to collect during service execution

SMF (Service Management Function) This function is responsible for

provisioning and managing services created by the SCEF and downloading
services & service related data to the SCF equipment
Applying changes to the global (service wide) or subscriber data
Downloading service logic onto the SCF
Collection of service subsciption measurements
Receiving & logging unsolicited status and service management messages
from SCF
Producing reports
Service data audits

Implementation of the Functional
Model
The Functional Model defines the entities in terms of functions and not in
terms of physical network elements. The network elements which
correspond to different functional entities are
SCF SCP (Service Control Point)
SRF IP (Intelligent Peripheral)
CCF/SCF SSP (Service Switching Point)
SCEF SCE (Service Creation Environment)
SMF SMS (Service Management System)
More than one of these functional entities may be implemented on one
physical network element

IN Architecture SMP
SMP- Service Management Point
X.25
SCP- Service Control Point
SSP- Service Switching Point
IP- Intelligent Peripheral SCP DATA
BASE
CCS7
C CCS7N
CCS7 CCS7
IP
SSP SSP IP
Speech circuit
Speech circuit
PSTN
USER SUBSCRIBER
SCE
IN Network Elements
CCS 7 Signaling Links SMS
Voice Trunk
SCP
STP
SCP
CCS
SSP SSP
IP
CCS CCS
Public Telephone Network

SMP
The subscriber calls are
routed to SSP through the
X.25
voice path
SCP DATA
SSP has the capability to
BASE
interact with the database
CCS7
Mostly SSP is a software
C CCS7 N upgrade of the existing
CCS7 CCS7
exchange
IP SSP SSP IP
Speech
Speech
circuit
circuit
PSTN
USER SUBSCRIBER
IN Architecture
SMP- Service Management Point
IP- Intelligent Peripheral

IN Architecture Elements
Service Switching Point (SSP)

Major function of the SSP is to detect events during call
processing, called triggers, that indicate an IN call event
After triggering, the SSP suspends call processing and starts a
series of transactions with the SCP to determine the handling of
the call
Supervises the length of the call

SM P This is a computer
X .25
data base
SCP has the service
SC P D A TA
logic and subscriber
related data
BASE
C C S7
SCP is connected to
C C CS7 N
SSP by CCS7
C C S7 C C S7
IP SSP SSP IP
Speech
Speech
circuit
circuit
PSTN
U SE R SU BSC R IB ER
IN A rchitecture
SM P- Service M anagem ent Point
SC P- Service C ontrol Point
SSP- Service Sw itching Point
IP- Intelligent Peripheral
IN Architecture Elements
Service Control Point (SCP)

Contains the IN service logic.
Control of call handling
Call redirection guidance (Free phone)
call duration
Real time charging
announcement control

SMP - Service Management
Point
SM P
Services are created, modified
X .2 5
SCP DATA
and tested in SMP
BASE
CC S7
Service logic is down loaded
C CCS7N
CCS7 CC S7 from SMP to SCP for execution
IP SSP SSP IP
Call statistics are sent from
Speech
Speech
c irc u it
c irc u it
PSTN SCP to SMP for post

U SER S U B S C R IB E R
processing
I N A r c h ite c tu r e
S M P - S e rv ic e M a n a g e m e n t P o in t
S C P - S e r v ic e C o n tr o l P o in t
S S P - S e r v ic e S w itc h in g P o in t
I P - In te llig e n t P e r ip h e r a l
SCP and SMP are connected by X.25

IN Call Example
4 SCP
3
STP
Request for SCP
Re-routing
information information
SSP SSP
18001801234
2 5
Public Telephone Network
Called No PSTN No 6
1
18001801234 022-2245678
Calling
PBX
Subscriber
Service Subscriber
IN Services
IN is flexible network for designing , implementing and

using services
Each service consists of one or more service features. A
Service feature is a unit of functionality for eg. Routing
by time of day or call queuing
A caller normally accesses a service by dialing a Service
Access Code (SAC).

IN Services
Advanced routing services

Single destination service
Account card calling service
Televoting service
Virtual Private Network Servive

Advanced routing services
Freephone Service
Split charging service
Premium charging service
Universal access service

IN in Mobile Network
Mobile networks are Intelligent Network structured

networks, they have centralized databases (in GSM HLR,
VLR) which correspond to IN SCP. GSM also supplies many
of the supplementary services that can be supported on
fixed networks by IN solutions.
IN in Mobile networks is a subset of Landline IN, but
customized to meet the special requirements of Mobile
services, hence named Customized Application for Mobile
Enhanced Logic (CAMEL).
Mobile services has some unique features like handover,
location update, roaming etc.
Principle of IN
The IN is an extension to the existing telephone

network.
The network is organized so that the telephone calls
received by the IN are interrupted to query a database
in order to determine what to do with the call.
The call can then be re-routed based on a number of
pre-defined conditions.

Providers of this Service
Network Provider -The company that is responsible

for the telephony network planning and maintenance
Service Provider -The Company or institution that
purchases IN services from the network provider and
provides it to Service subscribers. It is the organisation
which creates, manages and markets the service.

Advantages to Network Provider
Additional network traffic-IN services stimulate the use

of telephone network for new applications.
Higher call completion rates-IN services target calls to
destinations where they are most likely to be answered.

Advantages to Service Provider
Flexible and rapid deployment of new services-

Wide range of services.
New tariffed features.
Advantages to Service Subscriber
Flexible charging.
Call queuing.
Flexibility in who maintains the database
Advantages to IN user
Ease of access.
Facilities of advanced services.

E1-
E1-E2 CM
ROAMING

WELCOME
This is a presentation for the E1-E2 Cosumer Mobility

Module for the Topic: Roaming.
Eligibility: Those who have got the Upgradation to from
E1 to E2.
topic.

AGENDA
Introduction Roaming
Registration on HPLMN & VPLMN (Automatic and Manual
Mode)
User Reselection
Parameter Setting
Abnormal Cases
Checklist to Improve Roaming
Capture the international roaming traffic

Roaming means Mobility of Mobile may be in same PLMN

Or different PLMN.
There are two operating modes for PLMN selection
available in the MS, automatic and manual.
Roaming can be Local/Regional/National/International
In both automatic and manual modes, the concept of
registration on a PLMN is used

An MS (Mobile Station) successfully registers on a PLMN

if:The MS has found a suitable cell of the PLMN to camp
on or a LU (Location Update) request from the MS has
been accepted in the LA (Location Area) of the cell on
which the MS is camped.
When the PLMN has been successfully registered in the
MS, the PLMN identity is stored on the SIM card.

Automatic N/W Selection
The MS first scans the whole GSM frequency band that

the MS is capable of scanning and makes registration
attempts.
The MS selects and attempts registration on other
PLMNs, if available and allowable, in all of its bands of
operation in the following order:
- HPLMN (if not previously selected);
- Each PLMN in the "PLMN Selector" data field in the SIM
(in priority order)
Automatic N/W Selection
- Other PLMNs with received signal level above -85 dBm

in random order
-All other PLMNs in order of decreasing signal strength.
If successful registration is achieved, the MS indicates
the selected PLMN.
If registration cannot be achieved because no PLMNs are
available and allowable, the MS indicates No
service/Limited Service mode to the user.

User Reselection
At any time the user may request the MS to initiate

reselection and registration onto an available PLMN.
In this User may be Manual mode or Automatic mode. d

Abnormal Cases
If there is no SIM in the MS, if there is an

authentication failure, or if the MS receives an "IMSI
unknown in HLR" or "illegal MS" response to an LU
request, then effectively there is no selected PLMN
("No SIM)
In these cases, the states of the cell selection
process are such that no PLMN selection
information is used.

Abnormal Cases
No further attempts at registration on any PLMN are

made until the MS is switched off and on again, or a SIM
is inserted.
If in either PLMN selection mode the LU response
"Roaming not allowed in this LA" is received: the PLMN
Automatic or Manual Mode Selection, depending on
whether the MS is in automatic or manual mode.

Abnormal Cases
Assumption:-the strategy of capturing roaming traffic

should be adapted to the Automatic Mode selection
process rather than to the Manual one
Random selection:The random function is mobile
specific, which means that it is up to the MS
manufacturer to have a good randomiser, which help
better selection of N/W.

Capture the IR Traffic
Main rule is to capture the traffic as early as possible

when the roaming MS enters the country of the own
network
in general the cell should be placed where the roaming
user switches on his/her MS and the output power of the
cell should be maximised

At the border (entrance area) Cells should be set up on

all major entrances to the country such as highways,
trains and boat connections. Not only sufficient coverage
is needed, high signal strength levels are also important.
At international airports : Here it is important to have
indoor cells.
At train stations :People may also enter the country by
train.

Good coverage within the country also captures roaming

MSs
It is important that the own network has coverage
where the competitor networks does not, for example
tunnels (car and train), underground passages and car
parks, restaurants and hotels.
Roaming MSs that leave a competitor network in the
mentioned areas will thus change networks if there is
another network available.
Parameter Setting
Parameter not influencing roaming performance

-All radio network features that only affect active mode
behaviour. This includes:
Locating/ HCS Hierarchical Cell Structure/ MS and
BTS power control/ CLS - Cell Load
Sharing/Overload / Underload / subcell structure

Parameter Setting
Idle mode behaviour parameters

ACCMIN (minimum received signal level for network
access):In order to make the MSs camp as long as
possible on the network, ACCMIN should be set as low
as possible. This corresponds to 110 dBm.
CCHPWR (maximum MS output power for network
access):MS must measure the DL higher than ACCMIN,
and that the MS must be able to transmit enough power
in the UL.
Parameter Setting
-If the UL is weaker than the DL, playing with the

CCHPWR setting could make some MS classes stay
longer on the network in low signal strength areas.
Idle mode BA list (BCCH allocation list for cell re-
selection): MS continuously monitors all neighbouring
BCCH carriers, as indicated by the idle mode BA list.
BA list is as complete as possible. If some ARFCNs are
missing, the MS may end up in a state where it has to
scan the whole operating band.
Parameter Setting
control of cell priority :This gives a kind of bonus to

the signal strength of the cell and therefore the MSs will
camp longer on it.
PT and TO (Penelty Time and Temporary Offset for fast
moving MSs):Parameter TO should only be used in areas
where fast moving mobiles move through small sized
cells, i.e. micro cells. Otherwise the recommendation is
to set TO = 0

Parameter Setting
PLMN selector on SIM card:PLMN selection process it

seems that the data contained in the SIM is an important
factor
in order to increase the amount of international roaming
users could be to get foreign operators to put the
identity of your own network in the PLMN selector field
of their SIM cards.

Parameter Setting
Note that the ranking of your network in this list must

be higher than the ranking of the competitor networks in
your own country (only if also present).

Check List to Improve Roaming
Check if possible radio related agreements (ACCMIN

settings, antenna directions, frequency allocation, output
power etc.) with neighboring PLMN networks.
Check the coverage in the border areas and the
important places pointed.
Look for coverage holes within the own country where
roamers could be lost (tunnels, in underground car
parks, indoor locations, etc.).

Check the setting of the Idle mode behaviour

parameters
Make Idle mode BA lists complete in border areas and
areas with bad coverage.
Make agreements with foreign operators to put the
identity of your network in the PLMN selector fields of
their SIM cards.

The behaviour of the different type of mobiles can vary a

lot and this could have an influence on the roaming
behaviour.

Roaming

E1-
E1-E2 CM
INTERNATIONAL ROAMING

WELCOME
This is a presentation for the E1-E2 Cosumer

Mobility
Module for the Topic: International Roaming.
Eligibility: Those who have got the Upgradation
to from E1 to E2.
You can also visit the Digital library of BSNL to
see this topic.

AGENDA
Introduction International Roaming (IR)

Strategy of BSNL
Salient Aspects
IR agreement & documents
Present Status
Guidelines for customer

Introduction International Roaming
In Roaming :- Subscribers of foreign Operators

roaming in BSNL mobile network
Out Roaming :- BSNL Subscribers roaming in foreign
Operator's network.
An Operator wishing to launch International Roaming
facility should have agreements with large number
foreign mobile operators world wide ( Ideally all ).

Agreement should be Bilateral so as to have both In &

Out Roaming.
Money is to be collected by an Operator from the other
Operator for roaming usage by the other operators
subscriber in his network. As such Agreement is required
with each Operator individually.

Ideally agreement and testing should be for each

network individually.
There are about 850 GSM networks owned by 650
operators worldwide.
BSNL has CMTS ( Cellular Mobile Telephone
Service ) Licences for 21 Service Areas out of total
23 Service Area. i.e. whole of India except Delhi
and Mumbai.

As such BSNL should have 850 X 21 agreements and

850 X 21 set of testing etc. Which is practically
Impossible.
Therefore, BSNL has installed a solution provided by M/s
Roamware, USA.
This basically enables to have one nodal network in
BSNL and all the remaining networks can piggy back on
the nodal network.

W.B.Circle is the nodal circle in BSNL and all other

BSNL networks piggy back on W.B.Circle for
International Roaming.
This facilitates in having 1 agreement and 1 set of
testing with the foreign Operator for whole of BSNL
instead of 21 agreements and 21 sets of testing.

Pvt. Operators in India started CMTS Operations

w.e.f. from last Qtr of 1995 onwards. BSNL started
its countrywide CMTS Operations w.e.f.
19.10.2002 onwards progressively.
As such by the time BSNL launched its Mobile
Service, its competitors in India had already
negotiated and established Roaming agreements
with majority of the foreign Operators whereas
BSNL had none.
Launching Roaming with a foreign Operator is a

time consuming process involving :-
Negotiating and establishing Roaming agreement
with Foreign Operator and exchanging Original
signed copies and supporting documents.
IREG (Interworking Roaming Expert Group)
(Technical )

TADIG ( Transfer Account Data Interchange Group

) (Billing) testing between networks after exchange
of SIM cards. Exchange of test certificates after
successful testing.
Seeking RBI approval for net settlement with
foreign operators in Foreign Currency.
Deciding date of Launch and exchanging signed
copy of launch Letter.

Enable roaming in SRS / RBS, Coordinate with

billing centers for configuration.
Billing centers to in turn coordinate with each MSC
under the billing center.
Since BSNL did not have roaming agreement with
any foreign Operator and the same is a time
consuming Process.

BSNL Strategy
BSNL launched its International Roaming facility

by Piggy backing on M/s Spice Punjab ( A CMTS
Licensee in Punjab A Modi Group Co.) w.e.f.
29.1.04. for post paid subscribers.
Initially BSNL deployed DUAL IMSI (International
Mobile Subscriber Identity) SIM card for the same ,
but now use Triple IMSI card.

BSNL Strategy
IMSI format - Digits- MCC-MNC-Subs./MSC

identity etc. No. of Digits - 3 2 - 10 digits (
Total 15)
Initially Dual IMSI has 2 IMSIs. IMSI of
subscriber pertaining to his home network and
dummy IMSI Sponsor Network .
Earlier sponsor N/W is Spice but now is
W.B.circle /BSNL.
BSNL Strategy
While within India, Subscriber Selects Home IMSI

and while abroad he selects Dummy IMSI of
Sponsor Network. The same is done in the
following manner :-
Insert the BSNL International Roaming SIM card in
the mobile handset and Switch on the handset.
Go to Cellone menu and select it.

BSNL Strategy
Then go to Network menu under Cell one menu

and select it.
Finally select International Option out of the two
optionsavailable,namelyNational and International.
By doing so the subscriber selects
W.B.circle/cellone (sponsor) like IMSI and makes
the foreign Operator feel that he is a W.B.circle
BSNL Subscriber. All other circles of BSNL piggy
back on W.B.circle .
BSNL Strategy
Mobile facility would be available through this

option only while abroad. While within India, this
setting should be kept as National in general.
Identity and credentials of applicant for this
facility should be verified otherwise it may result
in fraud due to delay in receiving Usage value/
Billing Information of Out-Roamer

BSNL Strategy
BSNL is also simultaneously establishing Roaming

Agreements with foreign operators directly and
launching Roaming with Foreign Operators via
these direct Agreements nodal circle as W.B.circle.
Although the Agreement and Testing for direct
agreements is Bilateral, BSNL using these
agreements for In Roaming as well as out Roaming.

BSNL Strategy
In Case of direct agreements W.B.Circle is the

nodal circle and all other circles piggy back on
W.B.Circle,the SIM card for Roaming abroad would
require W.B.Circle like IMSI.
This would require TRIPLE IMSI SIM Cards. i.e. a
SIM card with Home IMSI(National), For
International Spice like IMSI ( Earlier Sponsor ,not
Used now) and W.B.Circle like IMSI ( Sponsor,Used
now only).
BSNL Strategy
Note :- As per orders of GOI :-

Presently Subscribers of foreign Operators not
Permitted to Roam in Assam, J&K and N.E.
However, Post paid Subscribers of these Service
areas can Out Roam in foreign operators network.
Financial Settlements with Foreign Operators is
done by West Bengal Circle for whole of BSNL.

Silent Aspects
Around 70% revenue is from In Roaming.As such

efforts should be made for maximizing In-Roamers
in BSNL Network. Very effective way for increasing
ARPU and revenue.
Criteria of selection of network adopted by
Handset:-Almost 100% of In-Roamers use
automatic selection mode and not manual selection
mode as they are not bothered about the network
they log on to.
Silent Aspects
On switching on, Handset scans all networks

available.
Checks which of them have signal level Greater
than equal to -85dBm.
Checks if any one of them is the network in which
he was previously logged on to , If yes then logs on
to that network, Or else logs on to any one signal
better than -85dBm.

Silent Aspects
In view of above, it is vital to have optimum Signal

level of BSNL mobile network at all entry points
like Roads and Airports and at those places
specially which are frequently visited by foreigners.
Check this with Test SIM cards of foreign
Operators / MTNL in automatic mode.

Silent Aspects
Problems of Out Roamers :-

-List of Countries and Networks where In Roaming
is Available Refer BSNL INTERNET Website
Cellone section
Coverage Map of Operators to know if coverage of
an Operator with which Out Roaming Possible via
BSNL SIM Card is there in a given town / city.
Refer :www.gsmworld.com website GSM Roaming
section Coverage MAP
Silent Aspects
Frequency of handset should be Compatible in

Foreign Operators network. Check website for freq.
& model No.
Configuration in MSC as per the instructions of
W.B.Circle and only after checking if Billing Center
has configured the same.
If configuration is not there in Billing Center then
CDR will not be rated and would go into MIU.

Silent Aspects
Whenever, a new network element is Introduced in

BSNL network it is essential to have configuration
for the same in SRS (Signalling Replicator System)
supplied by Roamware for International Roaming.
The same would be done by W.B.Circle.
Each network element has GT ( Global Title
same as MSISDN Number)

Silent Aspects
For piggy backing on the network of

W.B.circle/BSNL a dully GT needs to be defined for
the network element so that the network element of
the foreign Operator feels that it is communicating
with the network element of W.B.circle/BSNL.
Time frames for sending TAP files to foreign
Operators every 6 hours including for CDRS in MIU
( Message Investigation Unit ).

Silent Aspects
New MSCs should be put in commercial operation

only when they are able to automatically send
CDRs to billing center.
Billing centers would send all International
Roaming rated CDRS to W.B. Circle.
In case for direct agreements (W.B. circle/BSNL),
Clearing House in this case is M/s MACH.

Silent Aspects
In case TAP files do not reach the foreign Operator

24-36 hrs they are liable to be rejected and no
payment made to the VPLMN.
This is so specially in case of HURs ( High Usage
Reports ). Each Operator has its own threshold for
HUR ( suspected fraud ). Clearing house will send
HUR to HPLMN based on the criteria of the HPLMN
for usage beyond the threshold in the VPLMN by
an In Roamer.
Silent Aspects
HUR report should reach the foreign Operator

within 36 of last call of HUR being made.
Billing Centers are also required to pursue with all
concerned and ensure that the TAP files generated
by them have been accepted by the respective
foreign Operator.
SDR ( Special Drawing Rights) is a non real
currency. Rate published by IMF, Rating on the
basis of rate on 23rd of the preceding month.
IR Agreement Document
The relevant International Roaming agreement

documents are as follows :-
AA 12 :This is the basic legal framework document
for bilateral international roaming relationships,
inter-alia, defining law with which the agreement
would be governed, period of validity, liabilities of
parties, definitions etc. This Document is
negotiated and signed by both Operators.

AA-13 - This is operational document contains

billing & accounting procedures, settlement
procedures, testing and fraud prevention
procedures etc. This Document is negotiated and
signed by both Operators.
AA 14 (individual) :This document basically
contains the list of services being offered by BSNL
to In-roamers, tariffs and taxes imposed by BSNL
on In-roamers, Bank A/c details of BSNL etc.
IR-21 (individual) - The IR-21 document gives

technical details of the BSNL Network i. e. the
Network Codes, MSRN Series, IMSI Series, GT
Addresses, etc.

Present Status
Details of International Roaming (IR) Services of BSNL:

BSNL is providing International Roaming services in 476
Networks in 195 countries covering nook and corner of
the world as on 16-03-2011.
All details pertaining to our international roaming service
are also available at website www.ir.bsnl.co.in.

Guidelines For Customer
Subscription- IR Service of BSNL is available on

request to postpaid customers by filling up a simple
service request form. Two self attested photographs, an
attested copy of the passport and a one time security
deposit of INR 5000/- [refundable] needs to be
deposited along with request form.
Subsequently, INR 99/- per month will be charged as a
subscription fees over and above the actual international
roaming usage.
After landing into foreign country, switch ON the phone

and go to the Menu. Click on Cellone (BSNL Mobile in
new SIMs) and select Network.
In the network you will get options of National and
International. Select International, you will get CellOne
and Partner Network
Select the option Cellone, you will get a message -
"CellOne International Selected". Wait for two minutes
you will get the Network automatically
If it fails, please select the network manually.

International Roaming Tariffs The applicable
charges are variable and dependent on theforeign
operators.
For an updated detailed tariff of operators in various
countries, we request you to visit our website
www.ir.bsnl.co.in.

Voice/SMS-All voice calls viz. incoming and outgoing

(including calls to BSNL Customer Care) are chargeable
while you are overseas.
The call charges are completely operator dependent .
The SMS is charged for 160 characters per outgoing SMS
.

International Roaming

E1-
E1-E2 CM
MANAGEMENT
Project Vijay

WELCOME
This is a presentation for the E1-E2 Management

Module for the Topic: Project Vijay.
Eligibility: Those who have got the Upgradation to E1-
to E2.
topic.

Learning objectives
At the end of session, the trainees will be able to

Explain present status of BSNL
Describe Project Vijay Objectives
Define key terms used in Project Vijay such as FoS, Primary
sales,Secondary sales, Tertiary sales, Reach and Extraction , MBO
Explain revised structure of Franchisee channel
Explain team structure for Project Vijay
Explain the concept of market retailer survey
Describe role description of Project Vijay Team
Describe proposed process for ordering and delivery

BSNL FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
3/11/2011 For internal circulation of BSNLonly

Present status of BSNL
Largest fiber and copper network
Widest geographical reach
Large base of mobile towers
Significant potential to monetize assets through
broadband
Large existing customer base
Long customer relationships
Large , geographically distributed and experienced
manpower

Challenges
Slowing growth leading to poor financial performance

Facing an extremely competitive environment
Lacking some critical skills to succeed in current market
scenario
Organization structure and processes that are not
attuned to market needs
Low employee motivation and involvement

Wireless: Basic definitions - I
First time users

Customer using mobile services for first time
Increase in active subscriber base is called 'Net Adds'

Net Adds (= No of new connections sold - No of disconnections/ churn)
New Total No. of SIMs sold during a duration are considered as

connections
New connections
No. of disconnections leaving the operator are defined as
Churn
churn subscribers
Recharge Recharge voucher is a paper voucher which customer
Voucher buys to recharge his prepaid SIM
Note: New connections are also referred to as Gross adds

2

Wireless: Basic definitions - II
CTOP-UP C Top-Up SIM is a special SIM given to Franchises/Retailers, using which they can
SIM recharge a subscriber's SIM without using any paper vouchers
When a subscriber recharges his prepaid SIM from a retailer's C TOP-UP SIM or Electronic through a
website, it is called electronic recharge or flexi recharge
Recharge
Commission is the money channel partner gets from telecom operator for making a
Commission sale. E.g. on RCV sale, Franchise gets 4.5% discount of which some part he will pass
on to retailer
Trade scheme is a promotional scheme for channel partners (Franchise, Retailers)

Trade Scheme
where channel partners could get more incentive over and above usual commission
Incentive could be gifts/ prizes or extra commission in Rs
Trade scheme usually runs for a short duration, e.g. in last 10 days of the
month E.g. Vodafone scheme on new SIMs
Product Points Points
Reward/ gift
sold awarded slabs
Durables: e.g. Music system,
Magic box 25 < 7k
Refrigerator, washing machine, etc.
Handset Higher value durables: A/C,
20 8k - 23 k
bundle Blackberry, laptop, handycam, etc.
Pre-paid 10 25k - 50k Motorcycle, TV, Foreign trip, etc.

Seven distinct channels exist within BSNL
Franchisee Retailer network accounts for bulk of wireless sales (SIMs, Recharge)
# across India Definition/ exclusivity

1 Franchisees: ~1,200 Specific area allocated, exclusive
Franchisee Accounts for
Sub-franchisees: ~6,000 -13,5003 Non-exclusive (via franchisee) ~70-95% of
Retailer Network
Retailers: 300,000 -350,000 Non-exclusive (via franchisee/sub franchisee) wireless sales4
2
DSA ~21,000 - 25,000 Non-exclusive
Types: Individual, Post office, Petrol pumps, PCOs
3 ~4,100 BSNL owned outlet (exclusive)
Customer Service
Centre (CSC) Focus on customer service (vs sales)
4 Exclusive (composed of BSNL employees)

Company sales Proposed: ~45,000 Teams of sales-force split product-wise
force (proposed) Activities planned: Door to door sales, Franchisee monitoring, org.
of melas, etc
5
~301 Provides soft pins2 to retail outlets with POS terminals
E-PIN franchisee Non-exclusive/ exclusive
6
Business ~51 Partner company (sys. integrator) for supply of products not
Associate (BA) available with BSNL, to meet all customer requirements
Non-exclusive
7
Business ~150 Exclusive (BSNL employees)
Development (BD) External Internal
Function as key account managers
Note: All figures in this slide are approximate estimates obtained from BSNL 1. Incomplete figure - not available for all circles2. PIN nos transmitted in electronic form to POS terminals, then printed
as recharge coupons and sold to customer 3. Exact no not available 4. Will vary significantly by circle/ SSA
Source: BSNL
4

Definitions of Key terms used in
Project Vijay
FoS: Feet on street:
Franchise's employees
who will visit retailer shops deliver material and
collect CAF (Customer Application forms ) forms

Primary Sales:
Sales of product from BSNL to franchise is defined as
'Primary Sales'
Secondary Sales:
Any sales from franchise unit to retailer is defined as
'Secondary Sales'
Tertiary sales:
Product sales from retailer to end-customer is defined
as 'Tertiary Sales'

Reach:
Reach defined as the ratio of telecom retail outlets
(multi-brand telecom outlets) that sell BSNL products to
the total number of telecom retail outlets in a particular
geographical area .

Extraction:
Extraction defined as the share of BSNL sales in the
total sales of a particular multi-brand telecom outlet
By number of SIMs
By value of recharge

Definitions - reach and extraction
ILLUSTRATIVE
Multi-brand telecom outlets selling SIMS (total)

BSNL Reach
Reach defined as the ratio of

telecom retail outlets (multi-
brand telecom outlets) that
sell BSNL products to the sell BSNL SIMs (4) Do not sell BSNL SIMs (4)
total number of telecom retail
outlets in a particular BSNL reach = 4 / 8 = 50%
geography
Total SIM sales of a multi-brand telecom outlet

BSNL Extraction
Extraction defined as the

share of BSNL sales in the
total sales of a particular
multi-brand telecom outlet BSNL SIMs sold (2) non-BSNL SIMs sold (8)
By number of SIMs
By value of recharge BSNL SIM extraction = 2 / 10 = 20%

MBO:
Multi-brand telecom outlets

Revised structure of Franchisee channel
Primary sales will be made from BSNL SSA to

Franchisee.
Franchisee will make the sales to Sub Franchisee and
also to MBO retail Outlets through FoS.
Sub Franchisee will also make sales to MBO retail
Outlets in its area.
MBO retail Outlets will make the sales to customers.

India likely to have ~700 mn wireless connections over next 5 yrs
Growth will be front-loaded with ~53% new adds in next two years
India wireless connections growth (past and projected)
Subscribers (Mn)
800 ~53% of total
net adds during +8% Urban
2008-13 703 Rural
655
Overall
605
600 +20% 554
484 360
347
334
Total net adds320 million
400 383 319
+59%
300 Urban net adds 87 million (27%)
261
273
200 166 Rural net adds 233 million (73%)
+96% 343
307
96 271
235
52 184
33 110
6 13
0
Mar-02 Mar-03 Mar-04 Mar-05 Mar-06 Mar-07 Mar-08 Mar-09 1 Mar-10 Mar-11 Mar-12 Mar-13 Mar-14
Monthly net adds (Urban) in million 2.3 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.1
Monthly net adds (Rural) in million 6.1 4.2 3.0 3.0 3.0
1. BSNL & MTNL WLL not projected & excluded hereafter. Rural & Urban break-up estimated based on Jun-08 break-up Note: Based on circle wise
estimation; BSNL WLL data excluded for projections; Connections are referred as subscribers hereafter in this presentation Source: COAI, AUSPI, TRAI,
Census data, literature survey, BCG analysis
9

Seven building blocks of Project Vijay have been defined, in
order to achieve these objectives
1
Creation of Proj.
Training of team
Vijay team
2
Wireless Potential Index
analysis
3
Tariff Tool:
Training and Rollout
4
SancharSoft:
SancharSoft: Refinement
Set-up and Rollout
5 Market Retailer
Survey
6 Revised Channel norms
7 Review Mechanisms
Start of a circle Ongoing refinement & stabilization

18

Concept of market retailer survey
In the beginning a survey of retailers selling telecom

products in a particular geographical area will be made
by BSNL survey team with a purpose
To baseline existing retailer universe before pilot launch
To develop channel norms for franchisee FOS and
service frequency, based on analysis of retailer universe
Survey to be conducted in each SSA of circle
Both urban & rural areas to be covered
Survey to be completed in 3-4 weeks duration

Details which are contained in the
printed survey form in brief
1. Details of the surveyor
2. Details of the retailers with phone numbers
3. Do you sell SIMs of any brand? yes/no
4. Do you sell recharge voucher of any kind? Yes ?No
5. Do you sell BSNL SIM? yes/no
6. Who sell BSNL SIM to you?
7. Details of monthly sale of telecom product.
8. Comments about BSNL services to the retailer?

Revised team structure for Project Vijay
New roles created at HO, Circle and Corporate level
Head Office Circle SSA/ Region
Project Sponsor
(Director, Cons. Mobility2 )
Project Champion (HO) Project Champion (Circle)

(GM, Cons. Mobility, S&D) (CGM)
SSA/ Region Head
Project Leader1
(GM/ DGM Cons. Mobility)
Rollout Managers SSA sales head - Cons. Mobility
(DGM) (DGM/ DE/ SDE)
Circle level Nodes
(SDE/ JTO)
Dedicated DGM Franchisee Managers Retailer Mgr Coordinator Channel
stationed at circle but (SDE/ JTO) (SDE/ JTO) Mgmt.
reporting at HO team
Retailer Managers
(TOA/ TTA/ TM)
Franchisee
Sub-
franchisee
New roles created in BSNL
Channel (external)
MBO Retailer MBO Retailer
Interact via Project Vijay review process
1. Actual designation depends on the size of the circle; Large circles would have a GM Consumer Mobility (S&D) as
Customer
the Project Leaders, reporting to PGM Consumer Mobility (who reports to CGM) 2. Consumer Mobility
21

Role of Project Vijay Team
Roles Role Description
Roll Out Mangers (ROM) Responsible for overall roll-out of Project Vijay in circle Expected
to drive on-the-ground implementation in circle and escalate
unresolved issues at the circle level, to HO
Circle level Nodes Guide SSA teams with best practices, key risks at a
particular stage, etc.
Help SSA teams resolve and escalate issues
SSA Sales Head - Responsible for overall roll-out of Project Vijay in Region/SSA,
cons. Mobility incl. team formation, process changes and value outcome
Act as Sales head, Mobility at SSA/ Region
Franchisee Manger (FM) Provide support and manage franchisees and sub-
franchisees
Retailer manager Provide support and manage retailer managers
Coordinator (RMC)
Retailer manager (RM) Act as retailer survey team, to map retailer universe (up-front)
Directly interact with and provide support to retailers on an
ongoing basis

Proposed process for ordering and
delivery
Franchisee need not come to SSA office.
Franchisee Will deposit the amount in bank and intimate the
Franchisee manager and AO SALES) about money deposited in
BSNL account to supply the telecom product and place an order on
phone or through email.
AO (Sales) will verify whether the amount has been credited
in BSNL account or not.
After verifying, AO (Sales) and Franchisee manager will deliver
the material at the door of the Franchisees.

Incentives and Awards
Role Reimbursement Type Reimbursement

Travel/meal/mobile amount per month
Franchisee manager Travel & Meal Rs 1800

Mobile (if not already Rs 500
provided)
Retailer Manager Travel & Meal Rs 1300
Coordinator Mobile (if not already Rs 500
Provided)
Retailer Manager for Travel & Meal Rs 1800
visitsup to 40kms/day avg Mobile (if not already Rs 500
provided)
Retailer Manager for visits Travel & Meal Rs 2600
beyond 40kms/day avg Mobile (if not already Rs 500
provided)

Franchisee manager and Retailer
manager Roles
Franchisee Manager is expected to manage up-to 2
Franchisees and visit them every alternate day
Franchisee Manager is also expected to visit
each sub-franchise once a month
Retailer Manager Coordinators expected to manage up

to 15 Retailer Managers and do 1 inspection visit per
Retailer Manager per month

Role of Retailer manager
Each retailer manager is typically assigned -200-300

retailers, depending on area geography and is expected
to visit each retailer -2 times a month
Final decision on which category the retailer Manager
falls in should be made by the SSA sales head, advised
by the Retailer Manager Coordinator.

Reimbursement
The base reimbursement will be paid to Franchisee

Manager and Retailer Manager Coordinator upon
meeting a minimum of 10% achievement on
Primary sale( # of SIM and Recharge value)
The base reimbursement will be paid to Retailer
Manager upon meeting a minimum of 30%
achievement on no. of retailers visits done as a
proportion of the total no of retailers visits assigned

Awards
Award Level Frequency Amount Criteria
Best Franchisee Circle Quarterly Rs.3000 Highest average

manager score on
KPAs
Best Retailer Circle Quarterly Rs.3000 Highest average

manager score on
coordinator KPAs
Best Retailer SSA Quarterly Rs.750 Highest average

manager score on
KPAs
Best Sales head Circle Quarterly Rs.5000 Highest average

score on
KPAs

Conditions for Award
In case of a tie, the award amount may be equally split.

In order to qualify for an award the Franchisee Manager or Retailer
Manager coordinator must meet a minimum of 10% achievement on
Primary sale (# of SIM and Recharge value)
Similarly in, order to qualify for the award, the Retailer Manager must
meet a minimum of 30% achievement on no. of retailers visits done
as a proportion of the total no of retailer visits assigned.

The final decision on awards at the circle levels should
be made by the PGM/GM (Consumer Mobility) at circle
level at the end of the month, after taking in to the
account the average score on KPAs received from SSAs'

Facilities
SSA Sales Head Office space, Desktop with broadband GSM
SIM or WLL phone (if not available)
Franchisee Manager Office space, Desktop with broadband GSM

Retailer Manager Coordinator Office space, Desktop with broadband GSM

Retailer Manager GSM SIM or WLL phone (if not available

Conclusion
Project Vijay will take care of market share in consumer
mobility.
Market share is the product of reach and extraction. Project
Vijay will increase the reach and extraction of consumer
mobility in the market through dedicated channel
management.
As the reach and extraction will be increased, the market
share will go up
All depends on the sincerity and hard work of Project Vijay
team members.
Upgradation Course
E1-
E1-E2(CM)
Topic:
SANCHARSOFT
Date of Creation 21-

21-03-
03-2011

Few Terminologies
DSA: Direct Selling Agent.
RCV: Recharge Voucher.
STV: Service Tariff Voucher.
FMT: Franchisee Manager Team.
RMC: Retailer Manager Coordinator.
CAF : Customer Application Form.
S&D: Sales and Distribution.
TOP UP: Increases the Balance but not the validity.
Recharge: Increases the Balance and also the
validity (due date).
What is Sancharsoft ?
Sancharsoft is a web application.

Developed for the management of SIM, Recharge
Coupons & Top up Cards of Mobile Services of
BSNL.
It is an Inventory Management Package.

Objective of Sancharsoft
Sancharsoft is a tool for Management of
- CMTS Sales and Distribution Network.
- Franchises and Retailers performance
Monitoring.
- DSA and BSNL Shoppe Performance
Monitoring.
- Franchise and Retailers Database Management
and Reporting.
- Payment of Commission.

Objective of Sancharsoft (contd)
- Reconciliation of Recharge Vouchers with
revenue realized.
- Reconciliation of CTOPUP revenue realized v/s
CTOPUP carried out.
- Monitoring of Inventory levels with Franchisee,
Retailers and DSA/PCOs

Capabilities of Sancharsoft.
What can it do?
- Sales and Distribution.
- Auto Activation, deactivation and swapping of
prepaid cards.
- Recharge voucher enabling, Damaged card
blocking.
- Franchisee, Retailer and Other channels
Performance Monitoring.

Capabilities of Sancharsoft (contd)
What it cant do?

- Accounting : it is an inventory package to
facilitate the invoice.
- Real time utilization of Infrastructure details like
equipped capacity etc.
- Cant handle other products like Landline,
Broadband.

Three Key Modules of
Sancharsoft.
1. SIM Module.
(Activations, CAF-Customer Application Form)
2. Recharge Module.
3. C-TOP Module.

1) SIM Module (Activations, CAF-
Customer Application Form)
SIM Allotment upto POS (Point Of Sale) and
Retailer Network.
Invoice Generation.
SIM Activation.
CAF Monitoring , CAF Information Storage and
retrieval.
Dynamic Stock and Sale Report.

2) Recharge Module
- Opening Balance Coupon Loading

(one time only during Change Over)
- Ease of Distribution and Sales.
- Expiry / missing cards blocking.

3) C-TOP Module.
- CTOP UP Sales from nearest CSC.

- Cash receipt/revenue reports.
- Sales Reconciliation.
- Performance Monitoring.
- Balance and status of any CTOP number to
Franchises / CSC / FMT / RMC.

Benefits of Sancharsoft.
1) SIM Module (Activations, CAF-Customer
Application Form)
- At a glance report of BSNL Sales and
Distribution.
- CAF and SIM Tracking.
- Available cards stock with Retailers /
Franchisees.
- Commission and Retention bonus reports.
- Direct activation by retailer possible.

Benefits of Sancharsoft (contd)
1) SIM Module (Contd)

- CAF submission due, Retailer Activation
Report, CAF Collection from retailer by courier
can be implemented.

2) Recharge Module.
- Ease of Sales and Distribution down
the line to Franchisee and Retailers.
- Auto Voucher enabling, blocking etc.
- Franchisee / Retailers Target monitoring.
- Easier and Faster replacement of damaged
cards.

3) C-TOP Module.
- Sales Report and Balance Report of
Franchisee to FMT.
- Sales and Balance Report of
Retailers to Franchisee.
- Overall performance of Franchisee
including CTOP sales / Voucher
sales.

3) C-TOP Module (contd).

- Direct SIM commission remittance to
CTOP number for Franchisee /
Retailer.

E1-
E1-E2 CM
TECHNICAL
Overview of CDMA 2000 1X & EVDO

AGENDA
CDMA Network architecture

Introduction to Network entities
Interfaces & Protocols
Channel types & functions
CDMA 2000 1X EVDO
1X & 1X EVDO comparison

CDMA Network Architecture
MS MSC EIR IWF
Um E F L PSPDN
Pi
BTS Abis BSC A MSC Ai PSTN
Di
Q Q C B ISDN
OMC AUC H HLR D VLR
N G
SME M SME M SC M SC VLR

Introduction to Network Entities
BSS
BSS consists of one or more BSCs and BTSs
.
BTS is responsible for radio transmission
BSC for control and management.

Base Transceiver
Radio transceiving equipment of a certain cell

Radio transmission through air interface between
BTS and MS
Controlled by BSC
Communication to BSC through the Abis interface

Base Station Controller
Radio network management

Radio BTS monitoring and management
Controls handoff
Carries out operation and maintenance of the BSS.

Mobile Switching Subsystem
Implements the main switching functions of the

CDMA network
Manages the database for user data and mobility.

Mobile Switching Center
Controls and implements voice channel connection

for MSs within its coverage area
Serving as an interface between CDMA and other
networks.

Functions of MSC
Call connection
Charging
Assist radio resource management and mobility
management.
Implements GMSC function for call route
establishment to the MS
To query the location information of each MS.

MSC databases
Visitor Location Register

Home Location Register
Authentication Center

Visitor Location Register
A dynamic user database

Stores user data of all MSs (visitors) within the MSCs
management range
User ID
MSs location area information
User status
Services available for the user.
VLR gets and stores all necessary data from the HLR of
a mobile subscriber.

Home Location Register
A static database
Stores the data for mobile subscriber management
Parameters related with the mobile subscriber
Subscribers ID
User type
Supplementary services
Current location information of the subscriber for call
route establishment.
ex: Address of MSC or VLR

Authentication Center
Implements MS authentication
Stores the MS authentication parameters
Generates and sends the corresponding
authentication parameters according to the requests
of MSC or VLR

Short Message Center
Responsible for receiving, storing and forwarding

short messages
Short message services include
Point-to-point
Cell broadcast service.

Operation and Maintenance
Management Subsystem
Provides network operation and maintenance

services
Manages subscriber information
Makes network planning
Improves the efficiency and service quality of the
whole system.

OMC
Includes OMC-S and OMC-R

OMC-S is responsible for the maintenance on the
MSS side
OMC-R is responsible for the maintenance on the
BSS side.

Functions of OMC
Maintenance test
Obstacle check and handling
System status monitoring
Real time system control
Data modification
Performance management
Subscriber tracking
Alarm and traffic measurement.

Interfaces and Protocols
Air interface
Um interface
Between mobile station and BSS
A interface - Interface between BSS and MSS
Abis interface -Interface between BSC and BTS

MSS internal interfaces
C
BTS A
BSC MSC
B
D
HLR/AUC
VLR
BSS
VLR N
B
Q
MSC
MC

E interface
Interface controlling different MSCs of adjacent

areas.
Used to exchange handoff information when the MS
moves during a call
Physical link is implemented through 2.048Mbit/s
standard digital link between MSCs.

CDMA 2000 1x air interface
Forward Channels
Reverse Channels

Forward Channels
Forward pilot channel (F_PICH)

Base station uses this channel to transmit the pilot
signals
Guide the mobile stations to access the network.
Forward sync channel (F-SYNCH)
System time and frame synchronization
information are sent to MS

Forward Channels
Forward paging channel (F-PCH)

Paging, command and traffic channel allocation
information
Forward quick paging channel (F-QPCH)
Base station quickly instruct MS about time slot to
receive the control message on F-PCH or F-
CCCH.
MS need not to monitor F-PCH or F-CCCH time
slot all the time, so it saves much battery.

Forward Channels
Forward broadcast control channel (F-BCCH)

For delivering system messages.
Common assignment channel (F-CACH)
Base station instructs MS which R-CCCH to use to
send the access message
And from which F-CPCCH channel to receive
power control bit.

Forward Channels
Forward common power control channel (F-CPCCH)

Base station transmits reverse power control bit
Forward common control channel (F-CCCH)
To exchange control messages
Used when MS has not set up a traffic channel

Forward Channels
Forward dedicated control channel (F-DCCH)

Used by base station to transmit messages when
the mobile station is in traffic channel state
Forward fundamental traffic channel (F-FCH)
Used to carry signaling, voice, low-rate packet
service, circuit data services or auxiliary service

Forward Channels
Forward supplemental channel (F-SCH)

Used to carry high-rate packet data service on the
forward link when MS enters traffic channel state.
Forward supplemental code channel (F-SCCH)
Used for data transfer.
Forward power control sub-channel (F-PCSCH)
Transmits persistently on the forward traffic
channel.
Used for reverse power control.

Reverse Channels
Reverse pilot channel (R_PICH)

Used to assist the base station to detect the data
transmitted by MS.
Reverse access channel (R-ACH)
Functions are same as the IS-95A reverse access
channel.
Reverse common control channel (R-CCCH)
Used by base station and MS
To exchange control messages when the mobile
station has not set up a traffic channel yet.

Reverse Channels
Reverse enhanced access channel (R-EACH)

MS sends control messages to base station when
it has not yet set up a traffic channel
Reverse dedicated control channel (R-DCCH)
Used to transmit messages when the mobile
station is in traffic channel state

Reverse Channels
Reverse fundamental channel (R-FCH)

Used to carry signaling, voice, low-rate packet and
circuit data services, or auxiliary services on the
reverse link when the mobile station enters traffic
channel state.
Reverse supplemental channel (R-SCH)
Used to carry high-rate packet data service

Reverse Channels
Reverse supplemental code channel (R-SCCH)

Used to send user information to the base station
during a call.
Reverse power control sub-channel (R-PCSCH)
Sub-channel of reverse pilot channel
Includes reverse main power control sub-channel
and reverse auxiliary power control sub-channel.
Used for forward power control.

CDMA2000 1x EV-DO
Evolution Data Optimized or Evolution Data Only

Specification : IS-856.
1x EV-DO system structure involves a new radio
network part overlaying the 1x system.
Highest data transmission up to 3.1 Mb/s.

Forward Channels features
Data rates range from 38.4 Kb/s ~ 3.1 Mb/s.

Transmit full power without any power control.
All users belonging to the same service sector share
unique data service channel in the TDMA mode.

Reverse Channels features
Data rate can reach at most 307.2 Kb/s.

Soft handoff.
Reverse channels follow Dynamic power control.
Use of Rate control enables reverse link load
adjustment.

1 X vs EV DO
1x system
Provides voice services and low/medium-speed
data services
1x EV-DO system
Provides high-speed packet data services
1x EV-DO and 1x systems use different carriers to
transfer data.
1x EV-DO system RF equipment is compatible with
1x system.

1x and 1x EV-DO Comparisons

E1-
E1-E2
CONSUMER MOBILITY
Wi
Wi--Fi

Wi-Fi

Scope
Wi-Fi is a registered trademark by the Wi-Fi Alliance. The
products tested and approved as "Wi-Fi Certified" are
interoperable with each other, even if they are from
different manufacturer. It is Short form for "Wireless-
Fidelity" and is meant to generically refer to any type of
'802.11' network, whether '802.11'b, '802.11'a, dual- band,
etc. Initially the term "Wi-Fi" was used in place of the
2.4GHz '802.11'b standard, in the same way that
"Ethernet" is used in place of IEEE 802.3 but Alliance has
expanded the generic use of the term to cover '802.11'a,
dual-band etc.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
A Wi-Fi network provides the features and benefits of

traditional LAN technologies such as Ethernet and Token
Ring without the limitations of wires or cables. It provides
the final few metres of connectivity between a wired
network and the mobile user thereby providing mobility,
scalability of networks and the speed of installation.

SPEED on WIFI

SPEED on WIFI
WIFI is a wireless LAN Technology to deliver wireless

broad band speeds up to 54 Mbps to Laptops, PCs,
PDAs , dual mode WiFi enabled phones etc. Apart from
Data delivery Voice over WIFI is also in pipeline. The
backhaul bandwidth from wired network i.e. ADSL
modem, leased line etc. is shared among the users.

Access Point (AP)
In a typical Wi-Fi configuration, a
transmitter/receiver (transceiver) device, called the
Access Point (AP), connects to the wired network
from a fixed location using standard cabling. A
wireless Access Point combines router and bridging
functions, it bridges network traffic, usually from
Ethernet to the airwaves, where it routes to
computers with wireless adapters. The AP can
reside at any node of the wired network and acts as
a gateway for wireless data to be routed onto the
wired network as shown in Figure

Number of devices in AP
In a typical Wi-Fi configuration, a transmitter/receiver

(transceiver) device, called the Access Point (AP),
connects to the wired network from a fixed location using
standard cabling. A wireless Access Point combines
router and bridging functions, it bridges network traffic,
usually from Ethernet to the airwaves, where it routes to
computers with wireless adapters.

Figure -1: A typical Wi-Fi
Network.

Wi-Fi Network Configuration
Wireless Peer-To-Peer Network:

Client and Access Point:
Multiple Access Points and Roaming

Figure-4.
Wireless Peer-To-Peer Network

Wireless Peer-To-Peer Network
This mode is also known as ADHOC mode. Wi-Fi

networks can be simple or complex. At its most basic,
two PCs equipped with wireless adapter cards can set
up an independent network whenever they are within
range of one another. This is called a peer-to-peer
network. It requires no administration or pre-
configuration. In this case, each client would only have
access to the resources of the other client and not to a
central server as shown in

INFRASTUCTURE MODE
Figure-5

INFRASTUCTURE MODE
Client and Access Point:
This is known as INFRASTUCTURE mode and is
normally employed. However, wireless gateway can be
configured to enable peer to peer communication in this
mode as well. In this mode, one Access Point is
connected to the wired network and each client would
have access to server resources as well as to other
clients. The specific number client depends on the
number and nature of the transmissions involved. Many
real- world applications exist where a single Access
Point services from 15 to 50 client devices as shown in
Figure-5.
Multiple Access Points and
Roaming..
Access points can be connected to each other through
UTP cable or they can be connected to each other over
radio through wireless bridging. There is an option to
connect access points in a mesh architecture where in
event of a fault in an access point the network heals
itself and connectivity is ensured through other access
point. This changeover takes place dynamically.

Multiple Access Points and
Roaming..
Access Points have a finite range, of the order of 500 feet indoor
and 1000 feet outdoors. In a very large facility such as a warehouse,
or on a college campus, it will probably be necessary to install more
than one Access Point. Access Point positioning is done by a site
survey. The goal is to blanket the coverage area with overlapping
coverage cells so that clients might range throughout the area
without ever losing network contact. The ability of clients to move
seamlessly among a cluster of Access Points is called roaming.
Access Points hand the client off from one to another in a
way that is invisible to the client, ensuring unbroken connectivity as
shown in Fig-6

Connectivity as shown in Fig-6

Wireless LAN Standards
Wi-Fi is an interoperability certification program promoted

by the Wi-Fi alliance, the idea is that a consumer should
look for the Wi-Fi logo and feel free that this '802.11'
product will work with other Wi-Fi certified products. The
'802.11' specifications are wireless standards that define
as "over-the-air" interface between wireless client and a
base station or Access Point. It includes task groups
called '802.11'b, a, e, g working on amendments

802.11b
'802.11'b was the first version to reach the marketplace.

It is the slowest and least expensive of the three. As
mentioned above, '802.11'b transmits at 2.4 GHz ISM
band and can handle up to 11 megabits per second. Wi-
Fi reaches only about 7Mbps of throughput due to
synchronization issues, ACK overhead

802.11 G
802.11 g: The -g group is a natural speed extension for

the '802.11'b standard. It will extend the highly
successful family of IEEE '802.11' standards, with data
rates up to 54 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band.

802.11 A
802.11'a: Task Group (TG a) operates in the 5GHz

band. Because its operating frequency is higher than
that of '802.11'b, '802.11'a has a smaller range. It tries to
solve this distance problem by using more power and
more efficient data encoding schemes. The higher
frequency band gives the advantage of not residing in
the crowded 2.4GHz region where we see cordless
phones, Bluetooth and even microwave ovens operating

Major Advantage of 802.11A is
SPEED
The major advantage is it's speed: the spectrum of
'802.11'a is divided into 8 sub-network segments or
channels of about 20 MHz each. These channels are
responsible for a number of network nodes. The
channels are made up of 52 carriers of 300 KHz each,
and can present a maximum of 54 Mbps.

802.11b incompatible with
802.11'a
This speed takes WLAN from the first generation Ethernet (10
Mbps) to the second (Fast Ethernet, 100Mbps). The new
specification is based on a OFDM modulation scheme. The
RF system operates at 5.15 to 5.25, 5.25 to 5.35 and 5.725 to
5.825 GHz U-NII bands. The OFDM system provides 8
different data rates between 6 to 54 Mbps. It uses BPSK,
QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulation schemes coupled
with forward error correcting coding. Important to remember:
'802.11'b is completely incompatible with 802.11'a

802.11e
'802.11'e Task Group (TG e) is proceeding to build
improved support for Quality of Service. The aim is to
enhance the current '802.11' MAC to expand support for
LAN applications with Quality of Service requirements, to
provide improvements in security and in the capabilities
& efficiency of the protocol. Its applications include
transport of voice, audio and video over '802.11' wireless
networks, video conferencing, media stream distribution,
enhanced security applications and mobile & nomadic
access applications

802.11d
'802.11'd Task Group (TG d) describes a protocol that

will allow an '802.11 device to receive the regulatory
information required to configure itself properly to
operate anywhere on earth. The current '802.11'
standard defines operation in only a few regulatory
domains (countries). This supplement will add the
requirements and definitions necessary to allow '802.11'
WLAN equipment to operate in markets not served by
the current standard

Configuring WIFI
Configuring a New Hotspot: Most wireless Access

Points come with default values built-in. Once you plug
them in, they start working with these default values in
90 percent of the cases. However, you may want to
change things. You normally get to set three things on
your Access Point:
are
1. The SSID
2. The WEP key
3. The channel
SSID (Service Set Identity)
The SSID: It will normally

default to the manufacturer's
name (e.g. "Linksys" or
"Netgear"). You can set it to
any word or phrase you like.
Same SSID eg. BSNL should
be configured in all access
points to allow seamless
roaming between access
points.

CHANNEL
The channel: Normally it will default to channel 6.

However, if a nearby neighbor is also using an Access
Point and it is set to channel 6, there can be
interference. Choose any other channel between 1 and
11. An easy way to see if your neighbors have Access
Points and use the search feature that comes with your
wireless card. Neighboring APs should have channels
1,6,11. However these can be repeated after some
distance as is done in GSM cell planning

WEP key
The WEP key: The default is to disable Wired

Equipment Privacy (WEP). If you want to turn it on, you
have to enter a WEP key and turn on 128-bit encryption
.It should be enabled to secure the network against
eavesdropping and hacking. Though it is not full proof

CONFIGURING WI-FI IN
CLIENT MACHINE
On the newest machines, an '802.11' card will
automatically connect with an '802.11' hotspot and a
network connection will be established. As soon as you
turn on your machine, it will connect and you will be
able to browse the Web, send email, etc. using Wi-Fi. On
older machines you often have to go through these
simple 3-steps process to connect to a hotspot:

SIMPLE 3-STEPS PROCESS TO
CONNECT TO A HOTSPOT
1. Access the software for the '802.11' card: Normally there
is an icon for the card down in the system tray at the
bottom right of the screen.
2. Click the "Search button" in the software. The card will
search for all of the available hotspots in the area and
show you a list.
3. Double-click on one of the hotspots to connect to it.

OLD '802.11' EQUIPMENT
Old '802.11' equipment has no automatic search feature. You

have to find what is known as the SSID of the hotspot (usually
a short word of 10 characters or less) as well as the channel
number (an integer between 1 and 11) and type these two
pieces of information in manually. All the search feature is
doing is grabbing these two pieces of information from the
radio signals generated by the hotspot and displaying them
for you.

Benefits of Wi-Fi
Mobility: Wi-Fi systems can

provide LAN users with access to
real-time information anywhere in
their organization. This mobility
supports productivity and service
opportunities not possible with
wired networks

Installation Speed and
Simplicity
Installation Speed and
Simplicity: Installing a Wi-
Fi system can be fast and
easy and can eliminate the
need to pull cable through
walls and ceilings

INSTALLATION FLEXIBILITY
Installation Flexibility: Wireless technology allows the

network to go where wire cannot go.

REDUCED COST-OF-
OWNERSHIP
Reduced Cost-of-Ownership: While

the initial investment required for Wi-Fi
hardware can be higher than the cost
of wired LAN hardware, overall COST
installation expenses and life-cycle
costs can be significantly lower. Long-
term cost benefits are greatest in
dynamic environments requiring
frequent moves, adds, and changes.
SCALABILITY
Scalability: Wi-Fi systems can
be configured in a variety of
topologies to meet the needs of
specific applications and
installations. Configurations are
easily changed and range from
peer-to-peer networks suitable
for a small number of users to
full infrastructure networks of
thousands of users that allows
roaming over a broad area

MUCH GREATER THAN
CORDECT, GSM AND CDMA
It offers much high speed
upto 54 Mbps which is very
much greater than other
wireless access
technologies like
CORDECT, GSM and
CDMA

LIMITATIONS
Coverage
Coverage: A single Access Point can cover, at best, a
radius of only about 60 metres. Hundreds of Access
Points are necessary to provide seamless coverage in
small area. For 10 square kms area roughly 650 Access
Points are required, where as CDMA 2000 1xEV-DO
requires just 09 sites

ROAMING
Roaming: It lacks roaming

between different networks
hence wide spread coverage
by one service provider is not
possible, which is the key to
success of wireless
technology.

Backhaul
Backhaul: Backhaul directly

affects data rate service provider
used Cable or DSL for backhaul.
Wi-Fi real world data rates are at
least half of the their theoretical
peak rates due to factors such as
signal strength, interference and
radio overhead .Backhaul
reduces the remaining throughput
further

INTERFERENCE
Interference: Wi-Fi uses

unlicensed spectrum, which
mean no regulator recourse
against interference. The most
popular type of Wi-Fi, '802.11'b
uses the crowded 2.4 GHz
band which is already used in
Bluetooth, cordless phones and
microwave ovens.

SECURITY
Security: Wi-Fi Access Points and

modems use the Wired Equivalent
Privacy (WEP) Standards, which
is very susceptible to hacking and
eavesdropping.

WEP
Security: WEP( Wired Equivalent

Privacy) is not very secure. WPA
(WIFI Protected Access) offers
much better security with the help
of dynamic key encryption and
mutual authentication.

AAA
Authentication, Authorization and Accounting:

In a server based configuration whenever a laptop
enters into a wifi zone, a welcome page is sent to it. User
enters username and password. It is connected through
the wireless gateway(router) to AAA, LDAP servers.
Once
authenticated ,user can access sites of his choice.
Prepaid and postpaid customers can be billed

WIMAX

WIMAX CAN
Make portable
Internet a reality by
extending public
WLAN hotspots to
city hotzones.

BROADBAND IN LOW-
DENSITY AREAS
Bridge the digital divide by
delivering broadband in low-
density areas. Connect
enterprises and residential
users in urban and suburban
environments where access
to copper plant is difficult.

WIMAX CAN
Further expand
hotzones to
metropolitan area
coverage for mobile
data-centric service
delivery

WIMAX DATA SPEED

WIMAX RANGE

SPEED AND RANGE
WiMAX is state-of-the-art radio technology, offers

Broadband wireless access at data rates of several tens
of Mbit/s (up to 75 Mbit/s per base station) and within a
range of several tens of kilometers (up to 50 km). This
same radio technology offers high- speed data services
to all nomadic terminals (laptops, PDAs, etc.) at a better
cost : performance ratio than 3G, given an optimized
trade off between throughput and mobility.

BROADBAND WIRELESS
ACCESS (BWA)
Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) has been serving
enterprises and operators for years, to the great
satisfaction of its users. However, the new IP-based
standard developed by the IEEE 802.16 is likely to
accelerate adoption of the technology. It will expand the
scope of usage thanks to: the possibility of operating in
unlicensed frequency bands, unique performance under
Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) conditions, Quality of Service
(QoS) awareness, extension to mobility, and more

WiMAX as the right solution
Bridge the digital divide in low-density areas where technical
and economic factors make broadband deployment very
challenging,
Offer fixed broadband access in urban and suburban areas
where copper quality is poor or unbundling difficult,
Extend the currently limited coverage of public WLAN
(hotspots) to citywide coverage (hotzones) - the same
technology being usable at home and on the move,
Blanket metropolitan areas for mobile data-centric service
delivery.
WiMAX as the right solution
Hi Speed internet
Substitute for copper
Unlimited WLANS
mobile data service delivery

STANDARDS ASSOCIATED TO
WIMAX
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
(WiMAX) is the common name associated to the IEEE
802.16a/REVd/e standards. These standards are issued
by the IEEE 802.16 subgroup that originally covered the
Wireless Local Loop (WLL) technologies with radio
spectrum from 10 to 66 GHz. Recently, these
specifications were extended below 10 GHz

802.16a
In January 2003, the IEEE approved 802.16a as an

amendment to IEEE 802.16- 2001, defining (Near) Line-
Of- Sight capability

IEEE 802.16 REV d CPE
(NLOS) FIXED WIMAX
Mid-2004, IEEE 802.16REVd, which should be published

under the name IEEE 802.16-2004, will introduce
support for indoor CPE (NLOS) and nomadicity through
additional radio capabilities such as antenna beam
forming and OFDM sub-channeling

802.11e Mobile WIMAX
Early 2005, an IEEE

802.16e variant will
introduce support for
mobility. See Figure 1
for the applications
associated with each of
these standards

DIFFERENT WIMAX
FLAVORS

PROMOTE AND ESTABLISH A
BRAND FOR THE TECHNOLOGY
WiMAX offers broadband wireless access at data rates

of several tens of Mbit/s (up to 75 Mbit/s per base
station) and within a range of several tens of kilometers
(up to 50 km).

SMALLER CHANNEL
75 Mbit/s is achievable with a 20 MHz hannel.

Regulators will often allow only smaller channels (10
MHz or less) reducing the maximum bandwidth

DATA SPEED VS VEHICLE
SPEED
50 km is achievable only under optimal

conditions and with a reduced data rate
(a few Mbit/s). Typical coverage will be
around 5 km with indoor CPE (NLOS)
and around 15 km with a CPE
connected to an external antenna
(LOS),
Mobility will target only urban usage,
with up to 60 km/h vehicle speed to
maintain optimum throughput
performance.

MARKET FOR WIMAX

MARKET FOR WIMAX
WiMAX will boost today's highly fragmented BWA market
thanks to standardization and interoperability, state-of-the-art
radio efficiency with NLOS capability, and strong support from
the radio equipment manufacturers and chipset industries.
WiMAX will also target the mobility market with the
introduction of low power- consumption chipsets. The strong
support from some of the most important chipsets
manufacturers such as Intel or Fujitsu is a key enabler for the
success of WiMAX, since it will lead to wide availability of
affordable WiMAX-enabled terminals (e.g., laptops, PDAs,
etc.).

WIMAX AND ITS THREE MAIN
MARKETS 2 off 3
1. It will bridge the digital divide in low-density areas

where technical and economic factors inhibit cost
effective broadband deployments. The prime markets
are in Western Europe, North America, and some Asia-
Pacific countries. This will be the first market to take off
- in 2005

MARKETS 2 off 3
2. It will offer high-speed Internet and voice access in

urban and suburban areas where access to the copper
plant is difficult. It will also support nomadic usage for
operators wishing to stand out from competition (the
same subscription could be used throughout a city).
This market will also start in 2005, with WiMAX
progressively replacing current proprietary products.

MARKETS 3 off 3
It will then introduce the portable Internet application by
providing broadband access on the move, extending the
currently limited coverage of public WLANs to city-wide
coverage (hotzones). Later expansion will be to Metropolitan
areas, providing high-speed data services under mobility
conditions. This market will first emerge in North America,
followed by most of the developed and developing countries.
It will take off with the availability of WiMAX-enabled laptops
in 2006.

WiMAX CPE
In most case, a simple plug and play terminal, similar to a DSL modem,
provides connectivity. See Figure 3. For customers located several
kilometers from the WiMAX base station, a self-install outdoor antenna
may be required to improve transmission quality. To serve isolated
customers, a directive antenna pointing to the WiMAX base station may be
required. For customers requesting voice in addition to broadband
services, specific CPE will allow the connection of standard or VoIP
phones.

WiMAX Technology
Unlike WLAN, WiMAX provides a media access control

(MAC) layer that uses a grant-request mechanism to
authorize the exchange of data. This feature allows
better exploitation of the radio resources, in particular
with smart antennas, and independent management of
the traffic of every user. This simplifies the support of
real-time and voice applications

MORE FLEXIBILITY AND
SECURITY
One of the inhibitors to widespread deployment of WLAN was the
poor security feature of the first releases. WiMAX proposes the full
range of security features to ensure secured data exchange:
Terminal authentication by exchanging certificates to prevent rogue
devices User authentication using the Extensible Authentication
Protocol (EAP),
Data encryption using the Data Encryption Standard (DES) or
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), both much more robust than
the Wireless Equivalent Privacy (WEP) initially used by WLAN.
Furthermore, each service is encrypted with its own security
association and private keys.

WIMAX SPECTRUM AND
REGULATION ISSUES
WiMAX-compliant equipment will be allowed to operate
in both licensed and unlicensed bands. The minimum
channel bandwidth for WiMAX usage is 1.75 MHz per
channel, while 10 MHz is considered as an optimum.
Although 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz non-licensed bands are
largely available, their usage could be limited to trials
because of the risks of interference preventing QoS
commitments.

WIMAX SPECTRUM AND
REGULATION ISSUES
The 2.5 and 3.5 GHz licensed bands will be the most
common bands for WiMAX applications. It should be
noted that the 5 GHz band is also partially licensed in
some countries.
Most countries have already allocated licensed
spectrum, generally to alternate operators. Nevertheless
large quantities of spectrum are still in process of
allocation, and some countries have not even defined
any WiMAX licensed bands yet.

TDD FDD
WiMAX is designed to accommodate either Frequency

Division Duplexing (FDD), which is more suited to
enterprise traffic, or Time Division Duplexing (TDD),
which is more adapted to asymmetrical traffic.
Cohabitation of FDD and TDD techniques is possible
within the same bands, provided guard bands are
implemented.

CONCLUSION
The latest developments in the IEEE 802.16 group are driving
a broadband wireless access (r)evolution thanks to a
standard with unique technical characteristics. In parallel, the
WiMAX forum, backed by industry leaders, helps the
widespread adoption of broadband wireless access by
establishing a brand for the technology. Initially, WiMAX will
bridge the digital divide. Then, thanks to competitive
equipment prices, the scope of WiMAX deployment will
broaden to cover markets where the low POTS penetration,
high DSL unbundling costs, or poor copper quality have acted
as a brake on extensive high-speed Internet and
voice over broadband.

CONCLUSION..
WiMAX will reach its peak by making portable Internet a reality.
When WiMAX chipsets are integrated into laptops and other
portable devices, it will provide high speed data services on the
move, extending today's limited coverage of public WLAN to
metropolitan areas. Integrated into new generation networks with
seamless roaming between various accesses, it will enable end
users to enjoy an "Always Best Connected" experience. The
combination of these capabilities makes WiMAX attractive for a wide
diversity of people: fixed operators, mobile operators, and wireless
ISPs, but also for many vertical markets and local authorities.
Alcatel, the worldwide broadband market leader with a market
share in excess of 37%, is committed to offer complete support
across the entire investment and operational cycle required for
successful deployment of WiMAX services.

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E1-

For internal circulation of BSNLonly 22/3/2011

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A cell corresponds to the covering area of one

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Frequencies used in a cell will be reused several cells

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A cluster is a group of cells

No channels are reused within a cluster

A seven Cell Cluster

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Macro cells :-large cells for remote and sparsely

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Mobile Station = Terminal + SIM

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Authentication of the validity of the MS when

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BTS (Base Transceiver Station) is usually placed in the

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BSC (Base Station Controller) controls a group of BTS

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The Mobile services Switching Center (MSC)

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Identity of mobile subscriber

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Identity of mobile subscriber

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White or Valid list - List of valid MS equipment identities

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Works on VAD (Voice Activity Detection)

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The aim of the TA is that the signals coming from

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Power levels are adjusted so that the power is nearly the

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BTS commands MS at different

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It is a method used to conserve the mobile station's

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An equalizer estimates the channel impulse response

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This is a presentation for the E1-E2

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UMTS is the convergence of mobile communications,

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UMTS is a suite of radio and network technologies that

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UMTS is an International Mobile Telecommunications -

3GPP is a global co-operation between six

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Significant market potential exists for UMTS. Rising

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UMTS architectures provide a smooth transition from 2G