ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Training in an organization like this, which is fuelled by the individuals with so

much zest and energy, TEAMING up to form a formidable force, was in itself a
true learning experience, which is going to help me immensely in my career.
There is no subsitute to TEAMWORK, this is one of the many lessons I learnt
during my training in DTL, NEW DELHI.
The successful completion of this report would not have been possible without the
help and guidance of many people. I avail this opportunity to convey my gratitude
to these people. Firstly I would like to express to thank the Principal of my
Institute Mr. Anant Kumar Srivastava, the H.O.D. Mrs. Nazia Parveen who
provided me with the opportunity to undergo Industrial Training.
I express my heartfelt thanks to Mr. Daljit Singh (Sr. Project Manager) who
provided me with ample platform for the successful completion of my project.
Last but not the least, I wish to thank all the staff members of DTL, NEW DELHI,
who have directly or indirectly helped me during the training process.

PREFACE
With the ongoing revolution in Electronics & Communication Engineering where innovations are
taking at the blink of an eye, it is impossible to keep up the pace with the emerging trends.

There is an attitude that whole of the human race is born with. It is the environment that makes
sure that whether the result of this attitude is visible or otherwise. A well-planned, properly
executed and evaluated industrial training helps a lot in inculcating a professional attitude. It
provides a linkage between the student and industry to develop an awareness of industrial
approach to problem solving, based on a broad understanding of process & mode of operation of
organization.

During this period the students get the real, first hand experience for working in the actual
environment. Mostly the theoretical knowledge that has been gained during the course of their
studies is put to test here. Apart from this, the students get an opportunity to learn the latest
technology, which immensely helps them in building their career.

Industrial Training has been an important part in students curriculum as it not only makes him
aware of the working conditions of any industry it also helps him in bridging the gap that exists
between an institution and an organization.
The Industrial Training is of high importance by helping young talent psychologically for the
transformation. I had the opportunity to have a real experience in many ventures, which increased
my sphere of knowledge to a great extent. I got a chance to learn many technologies.

DELHI TRANSCO LIMITED is a transmission company which is transmitting the power in

Union Territory of Delhi. S.L.D.C is a department in D.T.L which mainly deals with electronics
devices and responsible for providing uninterrupted power in entire region of Delhi state and
which also gives opportunity to a student of many disciplines in helping him prepare for a big
exam. They conduct training for organization, which excel in their own field of operation.

The Manager of the department helps the trainee in building as insight to the working of the
department. At the end of the duration, the trainee is evaluated on the basis of his performance
during the training period & accordingly a certificate is awarded which is of great help of the
student.

ABSTRACT
Substation Automation is defined as an accumulation of various benefiting capabilities to obtain
supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) data collection and control capabilities at the
substation. The substations function and operation are monitored and controlled from a
remote location.

Substation automation is the integration of smart electrical equipment (e.g., circuit breakers,
transformers, earth switches, etc.) that has the ability to monitor their functionality. For example,
circuit breakers are able to measure their contact resistance and acknowledge proper
maintenance diagnostics. Automated substations consist of microprocessor-based relays,
circuit breakers, transformers, and motor-operated air switches that are monitored by a
graphical interface unit that can be remotely accessed.

The new communication standard IEC 61850 is introduced in Substation Automation replacing
almost all traditional wires by serial communication. Based on mainstream communication means
like Ethernet it provides a high flexibility regarding communication architectures. Due to its
flexibility utilities are concerned about the process of specifying an IEC 61850 based Substation
Automation systems. IEC 61850 is a communication standard for electrical substation
automation systems. IEC 61850 is a part of the International Electrotechnical
Commission's (IEC) Technical Committee 57 (TC57) reference architecture for electric
power systems.

In this dissertation, the system integration is done through interface with the system
configuration editor, system management tool and data analysis tools using IEC 61850
protocol. This dissertation describes the functional design specification of data concentrator for
ALUMINA REFINERY for 11 KV HINDALCO MURI project. The bay controller for 11KV
switchgear for MURI project is based on AREVAs state of art integrated Substation
automation System-PACiS. There are 5 sets of redundant data concentrator. The 4 sets are for
11KV HT switchboards i.e. HT201,202,203 and 204 and fifth set is for load shedding panel.
Each switchboard has certain number of feeders like motor feeder, transformer feeder, plant
feeder etc. Each feeder has a relay in it. Through this relay data is collected. These relays
communicate with data concentrator using MODBUS protocol.

Automatic load shedding panel shall be included to allow continued partial operation of the
plant in case of loss of one of the generators (STGs). The loads are divided into various
category priority wise. In the event of tripping of one of the generators, non-priority loads shall
be disconnected in a sequential manner to keep the running generator within the stability limit.

Electrical system for Alumina (Expansion) at MURI comprises of Captive Power Plant, which is
consisting of 2*15 MW STGs (STG-1 and STG-2). The generation is at 11KV.

The project involves configuring these equipments in the bay controller as well as configuring
their hardwired input /output data points to Digital input and Digital output cards of the bay
controller. Our attempt is structured in following parts:

Since the system is entirely new, the project was initiated with a detailed study of the system
and related software.

Thereafter, bay controller is configured in the three topologies of the system.

The first is System topology that consists of bay controller composition that manages
switchboards namely HT201, 202, 203 and 204 in the MURI substation.

The second is Electrical topology that consists of all the modules like circuit breaker and
relays present in the HT switchboards.

The third is Graphical topology that consists of the mimic and their graphical animation
descriptions of all the control points in the feeder.

Then load shedding is implemented. For this continuous monitoring of frequency is done
through relay P122 and P922.When this frequency goes below a pre-defined value, certain
blocks of load are shed to restore frequency to its nominal value.
 This project presents the design and implementation of a bay controller intended for use in
distribution substations to perform monitoring and control duties within the framework of
distribution automation needs. The hardware of the developed controller is a DOS based
industrial computer running on SBUS. The application software handles all input/output tasks,
data collection, and control design decisions with its flexible structure. The bays working status
and the operators commands are sent and received through the automation system. Viewed
from the above analysis, the data flow path from the bays to the MMI is realized with the three
function 1ayers. This modular structure isolates the rest of the system from some objects fault
and improves the entire systems reliability.

CONTENTS

S.No. TOPIC
1. DECLARRATION
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. PREFACE
4. ABSTRACT
5. DELHI TRANSCO LIMITED (COMPANYs PROFILE)
6. INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
7. INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION
8. PLCC
9. SCADA
10. EMS
11. SLDC
12. RTU
13. SDH
14. MODES OF COMMUNICATION
15. CONCLUSION & WORK SCOPE

DELHI TRANSCO LIMITED PROFILE

Lifeline of Delhi

Delhi Transco shall endeavor to maintain an efficient and effective EHV grid network for
transmission of power in Delhi, continuously improve the performance and availability of the
system employing technology in cost effective manner with due social concern and operations to
the satisfaction of licensees and stakeholders.

Introduction

Delhi Transco Limited, a successor company of erstwhile DELHI VIDYUT BOARD, came into
existence on 1st July 2002, as a state transmission utility of the National Capital of Delhi. After
unbundling of VB the distribution sector has been handed over to private companies while the
generation and transmission are still with the government. Over the years, DTL has evolved as a
most dynamic performer, keeping pace with the many-fold challenges that confront the ever
increasing demand-supply-situation and achieving functional superiority on all fronts. The
transmission losses have been brought down from 3.84% in 2002-03 to 0.83% in 2006-07, and
are the lowest in the country.

Delhi , being the capital of India and the hub of commercial activities in the northern region.
Coupled with the prosperity of population, the load requirement has been growing at a much
faster pace. Added to that, being the focus of socio-economic and political life of India, Delhi is
assuming increasing eminence among the great cities of the world. Plus the vision -2021, aiming
to make Delhi a global Metro-political and world class city demands greater infrastructure to
enrich many services of infrastructure development. DTL has been responsibly playing its role in
establishing, upgrading, operating and maintaining the EHV (Extra High Voltage) network. DTL
has also been assigned the responsibility of running the State Load Dispatch Center which is an
apex body to ensure integrated operations of power systems in Delhi. This apart, DTL has been
designated as a nodal agency under Energy Conservation Act 2001 and it is playing a vital role in
encouraging energy conservation and promotion of renewable energy. Thus ensuring savings of
power and smooth load management . In this regard Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Management Center has been established. The Center has came out with many schemes with
distribution companies and manufacturers of energy efficient appliances. The schemes to promote
CFLs and solar water heaters have been a grand success.

Efficient and reliable transmission network

The existing network of DTL consists of a 400KV ring around the periphery of Delhi interlinked
with the 220KV network spread all over the city. The constituents of our network are as given
below:-

Parameters 400KV level 220KV level

No. of substations 4 33

Transformers capacity(in 5410 10680

MVA)

Transmission lines(length in 249.064 Over head= 592.3

Ckt. Km.)
Underground= 146.0
Introduction to Networking :-

NETWORK: -
Is a combination of independent intelligent objects joined together to make communication
possible.
Network design often requires input from many sources. Each organizations network has
evolved through the years. Many organizations implement PHYSICAL SEGMENTATION
for a performance reasons and provide LOGICAL SEGMENTATION for security and
connectivity issues.
On the most fundamental level, a computer network is an interconnected collection of devices
that enables you to store, retrieve, and share information. Commonly connected devices
 include personal computers (PCs), minicomputers, mainframe computers, terminals,
workstations, thin clients, printers, fax machines, pagers, and various data-storage devices.
In today's business world a computer network is more than a collection of interconnected
devices. For many businesses the computer network is the resource that enables them to
gather, analyze, organize, and disseminate information that is essential to their profitability.
The rise of intranets and extranetsbusiness networks based on Internet technologyis an
indication of the critical importance of computer networking to businesses.

COMPUTER NETWORKING:-
Computer networking means different things to different people. But to most of it indicates a
combination of hardware and software that provides a means for the various computers in an
organization to communicate with one another.

NETWORKING

Sharing of Info Sharing of Resources

The Advantages (Benefits) of Networking
You have undoubtedly heard the "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts". This phrase
describes networking very well, and explains why it has become so popular. A network isn't
just a bunch of computers with wires running between them.
Most of the benefits of networking can be divided into two generic categories: connectivity
and sharing. Networks allow computers, and hence their users, to be connected together.
They also allow for the easy sharing of information and resources, and cooperation between
the devices in other ways.
o Connectivity and Communication: Networks connect computers and the users of those computers.
Individuals within a building or work group can be connected into local area networks (LANs);
LANs in distant locations can be interconnected into larger wide area networks (WANs). Once
connected, it is possible for network users to communicate with each other using technologies
such as electronic mail. This makes the transmission of business (or non-business) information
easier, more efficient and less expensive than it would be without the network.

o Data Sharing: One of the most important uses of networking is to allow the sharing of data. True
networking allows thousands of employees to share data much more easily and quickly. More so,
it makes possible applications that rely on the ability of many people to access and share the same
data, such as databases, group software development, and much more. Intranets and extranets can
be used to distribute corporate information between sites and to business partners.
 o Hardware Sharing: Networks facilitate the sharing of hardware devices. For example, instead of
giving each of 10 employees in a department an expensive color printer, one printer can be placed
on the network for everyone to share.

o Internet Access: The Internet is itself an enormous network, so whenever you access the Internet,
you are using a network. The significance of the Internet on modern society is hard to exaggerate,
especially for those of us in technical fields.

o Internet Access Sharing: Small computer networks allow multiple users to share a single Internet
connection. Special hardware devices allow the bandwidth of the connection to be easily allocated
to various individuals as they need it, and permit an organization to purchase one high-speed
connection instead of many slower ones.

The Disadvantages (Costs) of Networking

Even though networking really does represent a "whole that is greater than the sum of its parts", it
does have some real and significant costs and drawbacks associated with it.
o Network Hardware, Software and Setup Costs: Setting up a network requires an investment in
hardware and software, as well as funds for planning, designing and implementing the network.
For a home with a small network of two or three PCs, this is relatively inexpensive. For a large
company, cost can easily run into tens of thousands of dollarsor more.

o Hardware and Software Management and Administration Costs: In all but the smallest of
implementations, ongoing maintenance and management of the network requires the care and
attention of an IT professional. In a smaller organization that already has a system administrator, a
network may fall within this person's job responsibilities, but it will take time away from other
tasks. In more substantial organizations, a network administrator may need to be hired, and in
large companies an entire department may be necessary.

o Undesirable Sharing: With the good comes the bad; while networking allows the easy sharing of
useful information, it also allows the sharing of undesirable data. One significant "sharing
problem" in this regard has to do with viruses, which are easily spread over networks and the
Internet. Mitigating these effects costs more time, money and administrative effort.

o Illegal or Undesirable Behavior: Similar to the point above, networking facilitates useful
connectivity and communication, but also brings difficulties with it. Typical problems include
abuse of company resources, distractions that reduce productivity, downloading of illegal or illicit
materials, and even software piracy. In larger organizations, these issues must be managed through
explicit policies and monitoring, which again, further increases management costs.

o Data Security Concerns: If a network is implemented properly, it is possible to greatly improve the
security of important data. In contrast, a poorly-secured network puts critical data at risk, exposing
it to the potential problems associated with hackers, unauthorized access and even sabotage.
 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SUBSTATIONS

Electrical Network comprises the following regions:

1) Generating stations
2) Transmission systems
3) Receiving stations
4) Distribution systems
5) Load points
In all regions, the power flow of electrical energy takes place through electrical
substations. An electrical substation is an assemblage of electrical components
including bus bars, switchgear, power transformers, auxiliaries, etc. Basically a
substation consists of a number of incoming circuits and outgoing circuits connected to
common bus bar systems. A substation receives electrical power from generating station
via incoming transmission lines and delivers electrical power via the outgoing
transmission lines.

FUNCTIONS OF A SUBSTATION
1) Supply of required electrical power to all consumers continuously at all times.
2) Maximum possible coverage of the supply network over the given geographical area.
3) Maximum security of supply.
4) Shortest possible fault-duration.
5) Optimum efficiency of plants and the network.
6) Supply of electrical power within targeted frequency limits.
7) Supply of electrical power within specified voltage limits.
8) Supply of electrical power to the consumers at the lowest cost.

SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT
1) Circuit breakers are the switching and current interrupting devices. These are
necessary at every switching point in the substation.
2) Isolators are disconnecting switches which can be used for disconnecting a circuit
under no current condition. They are generally installed along with the circuit breakers.
3) CT and VT (current transformer and voltage transformer) are used for transforming
the current and voltage to a lower value for the purpose of measurement, protection and
control.
OPERATION & CONTROL
Large substations are connected between the generating stations and load centers. The
supervision, control, protection and operation of large substations is very important in the
network control. The major sub-stations are in constant communication with the regional
load control centers. The data regarding current, voltage, frequency, power, through the
incoming lines and outgoing lines of substations is continuously scanned. Required data
is telemetered to load control centers via the PLCC channels. The load control centre
directs the control rooms of various substations and generating station to take appropriate
action so as to maintain load-frequency control and exchange desired power between the
regions.
POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION (PLCC)
The communication and that data transmission from one substation to another substation
is carried out by means of PLCC system. PLCC utilizes high frequency channel in the
frequency range between 50 and 500kHz. The high frequency data is transmitted through
the power line conductors. PLCC is also used for protection. In case of very long lines,
microwave communication is preferred.
PLCC equipment comprises the following :
1) Line trap unit
2) Coupling capacitor
3) Tuning unit
4) Transmitter, receiver and other electronic equipment.
PLCC is used for voice communication, telemetry, telecontrol, network monitoring,
SCADA.

Fig. PLCC diagram

SCADA & EMS

SCADA System in Power Sector
_ Distribution
_ Distribution Management System (DMS)
_ Transmission
_ Load Dispatch Control (LDC)
_ Generation
_ Plant Control System (PCS)

SCADA Applications
_SCADA System may be applied to any
process, which:
_ Is largely continuous
_ Is physically spread out
_ Requires common monitoring/ control
_ Is amiable to a centralised database

_ Needs historical data

_ Can interface to online instrumentation

_ Needs operator intervention from time-to-time

Target Segments:
_ Power Sector
_ Railways
_ Manufacturing Industry

_ Petro-chemicals and Pipelines

_ Chemicals and Fertilisers

_ Road Traffic

_ Water Supply

Why SCADA/ EMS?

_ Real Time Monitoring and control of the Power
Equipments and Systems
_ Load Management and Schedule Management
_ Early warning and early recovery
_ Minimum Interruption in the event of unforeseen
_ Improved Power quality
_ Planning for the future growth

_ Safety of the Manpower and the Equipment

SCADA & EMS: Sub-systems

_ Load Dispatch System/ Plant Control System
_ Load Management/ Energy Management
_ Abnormality Monitoring/ Management
_ Load-flow Studies/ Planning
_ Interface to other systems
_ Energy/ Plant/ Grid management, IT systems
_ Automation, Scheduling
_ Voltage Management/ Power-factor Management
_ Energy Audit/ Energy Accounting/ Billing

Advantage SCADA System

_A properly designed SCADA System reduces
labor costs by minimizing site visits for:
_ Inspection
_ Data collection/logging
_ Making adjustments
_ SCADA Systems allow:
_ Real-time monitoring from your PC system settings and
modifications
_ Troubleshooting from your PC

_ Increased equipment life better preventive maintenance

_ Automatic report generating feature

ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Why EMS:

Managing the power transmission and distribution system effectively is a major challenge for electric
utilities world wide. The fundamental activity of any utility is to provide better quality power to its
customers when they need it.

Functioning of the power system within operational limits in an optimal manner is the need of hour.

EMS provides the solution.

Present System Operation Scenario:

Utility operation personnel, management and engineers do not have complete, accurate and up to date
information about the status of the power system.

Dispatchers work with a telephone on the desk, a radio link to field personnel and paper maps on the wall.
The basic features of an EMS:

Monitoring the system state by means of acquisition of analog and digital information from the field.
o Status of all switching devices
o Power flow on lines and feeders
o Voltage & frequency of the grid
o Faults and alarms of the system
Regulation of frequency and voltage.

Continuous interaction with the power system.

Reliable and complete system information despite wrong or missing data.

Economic power system operations by means of regulation of energy exchanges between utilities
operating in an integrated manner. (e.g. Northern Grid, NTPC/NHPC/BBMB share)

Actions to improve power system security.

Evaluation of operational risks for the present or future state

Advantages of EMS :
Provides more system information to the operators.

Is more effective because of quick information/data exchange.

Easier to evaluate the complete power system state even without acquiring all the data from the field.

Allows faster decision-making.

Improves the response time to system faults.

System problems can be assessed and their impact minimized through the use of network topology
functions.

Better record keeping.

More flexibility to power system changes.

User friendliness.
 STATE LOAD DESPATCH CENTER (SLDC):

FUNCTIONS:
state level control center

monitors and controls the electrical network of the state

communicates with higher level and lower level control centers

software is composed of SCADA and energy management functions

also acquires data from RTUs connected directly to it

 R.T.U
interface with the electrical network to be monitored/controlled

collects, filters & processes the power system data and transmits it to the control center

receives the control commands/set points from the control center

 WHAT IS SDH ? SDH
SDH

SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY

A STANDARDIZED, HIGH SPEED,

SYNCHRONOUS , DIGITAL HIERARCHY-
THAT ENABLES FLEXIBLE TRANSPORT
OF HIGH DENSITY INFORMATION WITH
BUILT IN B/W MANAGEMENT AND
OPERATIONS CAPABILITIES.
In a set of Synchronous Signals, the digital transitions in the signals
occur at exactly the same rate. In a synchronous network, Primary
 Reference Clock accuracy is better than 1 in 1011 and is derived
from a cesium atomic standard.

In the set of Plesiochronous Signals, the digital transitions occur at

almost the same rate, with any variation being constrained within
tight limits. If two networks need to interwork, their clocks may be
derived from two different PRCs. Although these clocks are extremely
accurate, theres a small frequency difference between one clock and
the other. This is known as a plesiochronous difference.

In Asynchronous Signals, the transitions of the signals dont

necessarily occur at the same nominal rate. In this case difference
between two clocks is much greater than a plesiochronous difference.
For example, SDHif twoLINE
clocks RATES
are derived from free-running quartz
oscillators, they could be described as asynchronous.

LEVEL DATA RATE(Mb/s)

STM-1 155.52
STM-4 622.08
STM-16 2488.32
STM-64 9953.28
 MODES OF COMMUNICATION

1. OPGW
An optical ground wire (also known as an OPGW or, in the IEEE standard, an optical fiber
composite overhead ground wire) is a type of cable that is used in the construction
of electric power transmission and distribution lines. Such cable combines the functions
of grounding and communications. An OPGW cable contains a tubular structure with one or
more optical fibers in it, surrounded by layers of steel and aluminum wire. The OPGW cable
is run between the tops of high-voltage electricity pylons. Theconductive part of the cable
serves to bond adjacent towers to earth ground, and shields the high-voltage conductors
from lightning strikes. The optical fibers within the cable can be used for high-speed
transmission of data, either for the electrical utility's own purposes of protection and control
of the transmission line, for the utility's own voice and data communication, or may be leased
or sold to third parties to serve as a high-speed fiber interconnection between cities.[1]

The optical fiber itself is an insulator and is immune to power transmission line and
lightning induction, external electrical noise and cross-talk. Typically OPGW cables
containsingle-mode optical fibers with low transmission loss, allowing long distance
transmission at high speeds. The outer appearance of OPGW is similar to ACSR cable
usually used for shield wires

2. OFC

An optical fiber cable is a cable containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry light.
The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a
protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be deployed. Different types
of cable [1] are used for different applications, for example long distance telecommunication, or
providing a high-speed data connection between different parts of a building.

Optical fiber consists of a core and a cladding layer, selected for total internal reflection due to
the difference in the refractive indexbetween the two. In practical fibers, the cladding is usually
coated with a layer of acrylate polymer or polyimide. This coating protects the fiber from
damage but does not contribute to its optical waveguide properties. Individual coated fibers (or
fibers formed into ribbons or bundles) then have a tough resin buffer layer and/or core tube(s)
extruded around them to form the cable core. Several layers of protective sheathing, depending
on the application, are added to form the cable. Rigid fiber assemblies sometimes put light-
absorbing ("dark") glass between the fibers, to prevent light that leaks out of one fiber from
entering another. This reduces cross-talk between the fibers, or reduces flare in fiber bundle
imaging applications

(i)SINGLE MODE OFC

a single-mode optical fiber (SMF) is an optical fiber designed to carry light only directly down the
fiber - the transverse mode. Modes are the possible solutions of the Helmholtz equation for
waves, which is obtained by combining Maxwell's equations and the boundary conditions. These
modes define the way the wave travels through space, i.e. how the wave is distributed in space.
Waves can have the same mode but have different frequencies. This is the case in single-mode
fibers, where we can have waves with different frequencies, but of the same mode, which
means that they are distributed in space in the same way, and that gives us a single ray of light.
Although the ray travels parallel to the length of the fiber, it is often called transverse
mode since its electromagneticvibrations occur perpendicular (transverse) to the length of the
fiber. The 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Charles K. Kao for his theoretical work on
the single-mode optical fiber

(ii)MULTI MODE OFC

Multi-mode optical fiber is a type of optical fiber mostly used for communication over short
distances, such as within a building or on a campus. Typical multimode links have data rates of
10 Mbit/s to 10 Gbit/s over link lengths of up to 600 meters (2000 feet)

3. MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION
Microwave transmission is the transmission of information or energy by electromagnetic
waves whose wavelengths are measured in small numbers of centimetre; these are
called microwaves.[clarification needed] This part of the radio spectrum ranges
across frequencies of roughly 1.0 gigahertz (GHz) to 300 GHz. These correspond to wavelengths
from 30 centimeters down to 0.1 cm

USES

Microwaves are widely used for point-to-point communications because their

small wavelength allows conveniently-sized antennas to direct them in narrow beams, which
can be pointed directly at the receiving antenna. This allows nearby microwave equipment to
use the same frequencies without interfering with each other, as lower frequency radio waves
do. Another advantage is that the high frequency of microwaves gives the microwave band a
very large information-carrying capacity; the microwave band has abandwidth 30 times that of
all the rest of the radio spectrum below it. A disadvantage is that microwaves are limited to line
of sight propagation; they cannot pass around hills or mountains as lower frequency radio
waves can.

Microwave radio transmission is commonly used in point-to-point communication systems on

the surface of the Earth, in satellite communications, and in deep space radio communications.
Other parts of the microwave radio band are used for radars, radio navigation systems, sensor
systems, and radio astronomy.

4. PATCH CORD
A patch cable or patch cord or patch lead is an electrical or optical cable used to connect
("patch-in") one electronic or optical device to another for signal routing. Devices of different
types (e.g., a switch connected to a computer, or a switch to a router) are connected with patch
cords. Patch cords are usually produced in many different colors so as to be easily
distinguishable, and are relatively short, perhaps no longer than two metres. Types of patch
cords include microphone cables, headphone extension cables, XLR connector, Tiny Telephone
(TT) connector, RCA connector and " TRS phone connector cables (as well
as modular Ethernet cables), and thicker, hose-like cords (snake cable) used to carry video or
amplified signals. However, patch cords typically refer only to short cords used with patch
panels.

Patch cords may be:

Single-conductor wires using, for example, banana connectors (or pin plugs)
Coaxial cables using, for example, BNC connectors
Shielded or unshielded Cat5, Cat5e, Cat6 or Cat6A cables using 8P8C (RJ-45) modular
connectors with straight-through T568A orT568B wiring. Modular cables wired to T568A
at one end and T568B on the other are more commonly referred to as crossover cables.
Optical fiber cables

Conclusions and future scope of work

The activities involved in making a new SLDC Minto Road as described in this document
is the foremost step for understanding the SCADA (supervisory control and data
acquisition) system efficiently. The automation is an evolutionary step for controlling and
monitoring the flow of data. It also saves the time and increases the performance of work.

In my training during the company I got a opportunity to learn the work ethics of
company. I think it is the most important part of my training. Here I also learnt about the
networking as we have to make data servers and CFE servers of this SLDC in network
with data servers and CFE servers of RSCC and RTU through Routers and Hubs. Inner
part of SLDC is connected in network through switches So I think knowledge of
networking and work ethics in company surely give a long-term benefits to my life.