Summary

Contents

1 Introduction
Bibliography

References
[1] Adriano Joaquim de Oliveira Cruz. Fuzzy logic presentations.
http://equipe.nce.ufrj.br/adriano/fuzzy/ln.htm.
[2] Jyh-Shing Roger Jang, Chuen-Tsai Sun, and Eiji Mizutani. Neuro-Fuzzy and
Soft Computing: A Computational Approach to Learning and Intelligence.
Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA, 1997.
[3] Bart Kosko. Fuzzy Thinking: The New Science of Fuzzy Logic. Harper and
Collins, USA, 1994.
[4] Hung T. Nguyen and Elbert A. Walker. A First Course in Fuzzy Logic.
Chapman and Hall/CRC, New York, USA, 2000.

Bibliography

References
[1] Lefteri H. Tsoukalas and Robert E. Uhrig. Fuzzy and Neural Approaches in
Engineering. John Wiley and Sons, inc, 1997.
[2] Constantin von Altrock. Fuzzy Logic and Neuro Fuzzy Applications Ex-
plained. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA, 1995.
[3] John Yen and Reza Langari. Fuzzy Logic: Intelligence, Control and Infor-
mation. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA, 1999.

Artificial Intelligence Definitions

1. AI is the activity of providing such machines as computers with the

ability to display behaviours that would be regarded as intelligent if it
were observed in human. (R. McLeod)?

2. AI is the study of agents that exist in an environment, perceive and act.

(S. Russel and P. Norvig)?
AI

1. AI emphasizes symbolic processing

2. Acts on higher levels of intelligence
3. AI seeks to understand

Computational Intelligence

1. Acts on lower levels of Intelligence

2. Uses learning extensively
3. Pattern recognition and heuristics play important roles

Computational Intelligence Tools

1. Fuzzy Logic
2. Artificial Neural Networks
3. Evolutionary Systems
4. Swarm Intelligence
5. Hybrid Systems

2 Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzy Logic?

1. Logic that deals mathematically with imprecise information usually em-

ployed by humans.
2. Multi-valued logic that extends Boolean logic usually employed in com-
puter science.

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Fuzzy Logic examples of applications

1. Used to alleviate difficulties in developing and analysing complex control

systems.
2. Function approximator
3. Decision systems

Fuzzy Logic questions

1. Who is greater than 1.80 m?

2. Who is tall?
3. Who weighs more than 100 kg?
4. Who is heavy?
5. The driver was heavy and tall.

3 Artificial Neural Networks

ANN definitions

1. Computational models that try to emulate the structure of the human

brain wishing to reproduce at least some of its flexibility and power.
2. ANNs consist of many simple computing elements ? usually simple non-
linear summing operations ? highly connected by links of varying strength.

ANN

1. ANNs are able to learn from examples.

2. Function approximators.
3. Solutions not always correct.
4. ANNs are able to generalize the acquired knowledge.

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ANN models

ANN Model

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 Inputs Input Hidden Output Output
Layer Layer Layer

Training
1. Weight values change during the training process.
2. Values are presented at the inputs and outputs are compared to the desired
values.
3. Wrong outputs cause weights to change in order to reduce the error.
4. Process is repeated with different inputs till the ANN is able to give the
correct answers.
5. Hopefully the ANN will be able to give the correct answer even to inputs
that were not trained.

4 Evolutionary Systems
Evolutionary Systems
1. ES are global search and optimization algorithms modelled from natural
genetic principles such as natural selection.
2. Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are a type of Evolutionary Systems.
3. They are stochastic searching methods.
4. Good solutions will survive and be combined by the natural selection
process.
5. At the end the most fit will survive.

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The Metaphor

1. The metaphor that lays behind GAs is the natural selection.

2. The problem of each species in the nature is seek for the best adaptations in
order to survive in a hostile environment that is in constant modification.

Adaptation

1. The sets of characteristics of an individual, that distinguishes from every-

body else, defines its survival capacity.
2. These characteristics are determined by its genetic material.

Inputs Input Hidden Output Output

Layer Layer Layer

Mechanisms

1. The competition for scarce resources makes the adapted survive and re-
produce.
2. Through reproduction the genes from individuals are transmitted to their
descendants.
3. This continuous process of selection and reproduction of the best individ-
uals may conduct to more adapted individuals.

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GA flux
Begin

Initial
Population

Mutation

Current Select Generate Next

Generation Evaluates Parents Offsprings Generation

Crossing

Ok?

yes

End

5 Swarm Intelligence
Swarm Intelligence

1. Swarm Intelligence (SI) is the property of a system whereby the collec-

tive behaviours of (unsophisticated) agents interacting locally with their
environment cause coherent functional global patterns to emerge.
2. SI provides a basis with which it is possible to explore collective (or dis-
tributed) problem solving without centralized control or the provision of
a global model.

Characteristics of Swarm Intelligence

1. Distributed, no central control or data source.

2. No (explicit) model of the environment.
3. Perception of environment, i.e. sensing.
4. Ability to change environment.

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Motivations

1. Robust nature of animal problem-solving

(a) simple creatures exhibit complex behaviour;
(b) behaviour modified by dynamic environment.
2. Emergent behaviour observed in:
(a) bacteria
(b) ants
(c) bees
(d) . . .

Ant Colonies

1. Ants are behaviourally unsophisticated; collectively perform complex tasks.

2. Ants have highly developed sophisticated sign-based stigmergy
(a) communicate using pheromones;
(b) trails are laid that can be followed by other ants.
3. Stigmergy is a method of indirect communication in a self-organising emer-
gent system where its individual parts communicate with one another by
modifying their local environment.

6 Hybrid Systems
Hybrid Systems

1. Each intelligent technique has its particular strengths and weakness and
cannot be applied to universally to every problem.

2. Mixing together these techniques systems improve the quality of the solu-
tions and allows application to different tasks.

Computational Intelligence Calendar

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7 History
Aristotle

1. Macedonian philosopher who lived between 384 e 322 AC

2. Studied under Plato in the Academy

3. Creator of formal logic
4. His father Nichomachus was court physician to King Amyntas
5. Associates the spirit of observation and a classification instinct
6. He was considered during the middle ages the philosopher
7. He shaped much of the western mind.

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Aristotle x Budha

1. Everything must either be or not be, whether in the present or in the

future. Aristotle
2. I have not explained that the world is eternal or not eternal. I have not
explained that the world is finite or infinite. The Buddha

Fuzzy Logic? Why?

1. Every language is vague.

2. All traditional logic habitually assumes that precise symbols are being
employed. It is therefore not applicable to this terrestrial life, but only to
an imagined celestial one.
3. Everything is vague to a degree you do not realize till you have tried to
make it precise. Bertrand Russel

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Fuzzy Logic? Why?

1. As far as the laws of Mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain;
and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality. Albert Einstein

How to classify?

1. Happy people
2. Small rooms
3. High temperatures
4. Faster cars
5. High tax rates
6. High people

To be or not to be?
1. Bertrand Russel, while trying to formalize Mathematic had difficulties due
to the liar?s paradox.

I am lying.

2. If Eubulides statement was true, then he is lying when he says I am

lying and so he isnt, i.e. his statement is false.
3. If his statement is false, then he isnt lying when he tells us he is, and so
his statement is true.

To be or not to be?
1. Consider the set of all sets that are not members of its own set.
2. Is it a member of this set?
3. If it is a member then it is not, but if it is not then it is.

Detractors

1. Fuzzy theory is wrong, wrong, and pernicious. What we need is more

logical thinking, not less. The danger of fuzzy logic is that it will encourage
the sort of imprecise thinking that has brought us so much trouble. Fuzzy
logic is the cocaine of the science. Prof. William Kaham - U. Cal - Berkeley
2. Fuzzification is a kind of scientific permissiveness. It tends to result in
socially appealing slogans unaccompanied by the discipline of hard scien-
tific work and patient observation. Prof. Rudolf Kalam - U. Florida -
Gainesville

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The Beginning

1. Lotfy Zadeh. Fuzzy Sets, Information and Control, 1965

2. Principle of Incompatibility As the complexity of a system increases,
our ability to make precise yet significant descriptions about its behaviour
diminishes until a threshold is reached beyond which precision and sig-
nificance (or relevance) become almost mutually exclusive characteristics.
Lofty Zadeh

Fuzzy Thinking

Function Approximator

Outputs
Inputs

Fuzzy System
outputs=f(inputs)

f is unknown

Fuzzy Rules

1. If the interest rate is high and the deficit is high then there will be a
recession.
2. If rush hour then diminish the interval between buses.
3. If the tyre skids then loose the brake a bit.
4. If the soil is very dry then water it for very long time.

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Fuzzy System

Rules Sets Operations

Data
Management

Inference
Fuzzyfier Defuzzyfier
Engine

Advantages

1. Uses rules that express imprecision of the real world.

2. Easy to understand, test and maintain.
3. Easy to be prototyped.
4. Robust. They operate even when there is lack of rules or wrong rules.
5. Need less rules.
6. Parallel evaluation of rules.
7. Accumulate evidences in favour and against.

Disadvantages

1. Need more tests and simulation.

2. Do not learn easily.
3. Difficult to establish correct rules.
4. Lack of precise mathematical model.

Commercial Products

1. Sendai subway: 16 stations and 13,5 km route, designed by Hitachi.

2. Washing machines that measure weight, saturation time and water clarity
in order to program cycles.
3. Portable camcorders with automatic focus and anti-jitter.

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 4. Vacuum cleaners that measure air dust to set suction power.
5. Microwave ovens that measure temperature, humidity, weight of food to
set time and power.

Commercial Products

1. Sugeno designed a voice controlled system to operate an unmanned heli-

copter
2. Anti-Lock Braking Systems: Nissan, Mitsubishi. Honda, Mazda, Hyun-
day, BMW, Bosch and Peugeot
3. Suspension, transmission and fuel injector systems are usual.

4. Hitachi uses approximately 150 rules to trade in Japanese bonds and fu-
tures
5. Yamaichi Securities uses hundreds of rules to manage a stock fund
6. Anaesthesia Control and Fuzzy Data Analysis for Cardio-Anaesthesia

Commercial Products

1. Air conditioning, Mitsubish, Hitachi, Sharp. Avoids temperature oscilla-

tions and saves energy.
2. Electronic fuel injection, Nissan. Injection based on throttle, O2 rate,
RPM etc.
3. Steel, Nippon Steel. Mix inputs and controls time and temperature.
4. Golf. Maruman Golf Club. Chooses golf clubs.
5. Lifts, Fujitec. Improves response time based on traffic.

The End

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