Académique Documents
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Water
1) Draw two water molecules, showing their dipolar nature and the formation of hydrogen bonds between
them.
2) Explain the importance of the following properties of water; universal solvent, high heat capacity, adhesion,
cohesion.
Heart Structure
3) Describe and compare open, single and double circulation systems.
4) Describe the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries.
5) Relate the structures (collagen, elastic fibres, muscle, endothelium) to their function.
6) Calculate the area of a blood vessel using r2.
7) Identify the chambers, valves and main blood vessels of the heart.
Cardiac cycle
8) Describe the stages of the cardiac cycle.
9) Relate pressure changes in the heart to the stages of the cardiac cycle.
10) Identify the points on a graph where heart valves open and close.
11) Calculate heart rate from a pressure graph.
Risk Factors
20) Describe five risk factors for CVD.
21) Explain the difference between cause and correlation.
22) Explain the importance of sample size, controls, and method of data collection on reliability and validity.
23) Explain and give examples of risks which are over and under estimated.
Carbohydrates
24) Explain how glucoses structure is related to its function as a good energy source.
25) Compare the structures and functions of glycogen and starch.
26) Draw a condensation reaction between two glucose molecules.
27) Draw the products of hydrolysis of maltose.
28) Name the bond formed between monosaccharides.
29) Name the reactions which take place when monosaccharides join and split.
30) Distinguish between 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds.
31) Draw and describe the structure of starch.
32) Explain the properties of starch which make it suitable as a storage molecule in plants.
33) State the products of hydrolysis of starch.
34) Draw and describe the structure of glycogen.
35) Explain the properties of glycogen which make it suitable as a storage molecule in animals.
Lipids
36) Draw the products of a condensation reaction between a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids.
37) Describe the formation of an ester bond.
38) Describe the structure of a phospholipid.
39) Explain the properties and importance of phospholipids in cell membranes.
40) Explain the difference between unsaturated and saturated lipids in terms of bonding, properties and
sources.
41) Describe how you could measure the rate of reaction of hydrolysis of a lipid.
Cholesterol
42) State the functions of cholesterol.
43) State where cholesterol is made.
44) Distinguish between low density and high density lipoproteins (LDLs and HDLs).
45) Describe the functions of low density and high density lipoproteins.
46) State why blood LDL is measured as a proportion of total blood cholesterol.
47) Explain the relationship between LDL and CVD.
Vitamin C
48) State the name of the indicator used to measure vitamin C content.
49) State the colour change of the indicator in the presence of vitamin C.
50) Describe a method to investigate the concentration of vitamin C in food.
51) Explain how to calibrate the vitamin C indicator in a known concentration of vitamin C.
52) State three control variables in this investigation
Effects of Diet
53) Describe the consequences of an imbalance in the energy budget.
54) Describe how to calculate body mass index and hip-to-waist ratio.
Gas Exchange
1) Draw a simple diagram of the lungs (to include trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, capillaries) and show
where gases are being exchanged
2) State Ficks Law
3) Apply Ficks Law to explain how the lungs are well adapted for gas exchange, and explain why a damaged or
diseased lung would have reduced gas exchange
4) Interpret data and explain in relation to Ficks law
5) Use Ficks Law to explain why gas exchange in the lungs may be reduced in people with certain conditions
6) Calculate the surface area : volume ratio of different biological structures
7) Explain why some organisms need a specialised organ for gas exchange while others can rely on simple
diffusion
Cell Membranes
21) Draw and label a phospholipid molecule
22) Explain which part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic and which is hydrophobic
23) Explain how the phospholipids are orientated in the cell membrane
24) Draw a labelled diagram of the molecules found in a cell membrane (to include phospholipids, channel
proteins, carrier proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, glycolipids)
25) Explain the role of channel proteins, carrier proteins and cholesterol in the cell membrane
26) Describe and explain the mechanism by which a molecule crosses the membrane by (a) diffusion, (b)
facilitated diffusion, (c) osmosis, (d) active transport, (e) exocytosis, (f) endocytosis
27) For each method above give examples of the type of molecule crossing by each method, whether energy is
needed, and state which way the concentration gradient goes
28) Define a membrane as being completely permeable, partially permeable or impermeable to a particular
substance and, for that particular substance, provide an explanation as to the level of permeability.
29) Analyse, describe and explain data relating (a) to membrane permeability, or (b) the uptake of a substance
into a cell.
30) Explain Singer and Nicholsons fluid mosaic model (1972) of the cell membrane and describe and explain
experiments which support this model to include the fusion of the human and mouse membranes by Frye
and Edinin (1970), freeze-fracture technique
31) Compare the fluid mosaic model with previous models of the cell membrane
32) Describe how to carry out an experiment to investigate how (a) temperature, (b) alcohol concentration or (c)
other variable affects the permeability of beetroot membranes. To include:
- explaining two different methods of measuring permeability and an evaluation of them.
- explaining how to minimise errors in this experiment
- explain any safety precautions you would take in this experiment
33) Describe data provided in relation to the above experiment.
34) Explain how increasing temperature affects membrane permeability. Explain how increasing alcohol
concentration affects membrane permeability.
35) Describe how to carry out an experiment relating to osmosis. Describe and explain results such an
experiment. Calculate a percentage change in mass or length of plant material in relation to this. Use the
experiment to calculate the concentration of a solute in a cell.
36) Define terms solute, solvent and solution. State correct units for measuring concentration.
DNA Structure
37) Draw and label a DNA nucleotide
38) Name the four bases found in DNA nucleotides
39) Show how two DNA nucleotides bond on the same strand of DNA
40) Show how two DNA nucleotides join across different DNA strands
41) Describe the structure of a molecule of DNA
42) Name the chemical elements which make up DNA
43) Given a base on one strand of DNA, identify the base on the other strand
44) Know that the length of DNA (or a section of DNA) can be given in bases or in base pairs
45) Work out the number or percentage of the other three bases, given information about one of the bases
DNA Replication
46) Describe in detail the process of DNA replication (including stating where DNA replication takes place)
47) Describe and explain the experiment of Meselson and Stahl (1958) by which it was shown that DNA
replication is semi-conservative rather than conservative
48) Analyse results of this experiment, and make predictions in relation to it.
Genetic code
61) If given a sequence of mRNA, and using a table of codons and amino acids, work out the sequence of amino
acids coded for in the polypeptide chain. If given the length of mRNA in bases, work out the number of
amino acids it codes for (and vice versa).
62) Explain how the sequence of codons in a particular gene, determines the sequence of codons in mRNA,
which determines the sequence of amino acids produced in the polypeptide chain that is produced.
63) Explain the meaning of the terms degenerative, non-overlapping and universal in relation to the
genetic code.
Mutations
64) Define the term mutation.
65) Know that mutations may take place which add a base (addition), remove a base (deletion) or change one
base for another (substitution).
66) Explain how different types of mutations may affect the primary structure of proteins in different ways.
67) Link a mutation in a gene with change in protein structure and resulting change in protein function (in
particular with reference to enzymes).
68) Define the term allele
Enyzmes
69) Describe the structure of an enzyme
70) Compare two different models as to how an enzymes may bind with its substrate
71) Explain how enzymes function using the terms biological catalyst, activation energy, active site,
substrate, and product. Define those terms.
72) Know that some enzymes, such as digestive enzymes, act outside of cells (they are extracellular) and that
these are produced inside cells and exported out of cells by exocytosis. Other enzymes act within cells (they
are intracellular).
73) Calculate the initial rate of reaction of an enzyme-controlled reaction using the correct units. Explain why it
is the initial rate of reaction that is measured. Use the terms enzyme activity and rate of reaction in
correct context.
74) Describe and explain how increasing substrate concentration affects the rate of reaction of an enzyme-
controlled reaction.
75) Describe and explain how increasing enzyme concentration affects the rate of reaction of an enzyme-
controlled reaction.
76) Compare data relating to enzyme activity.
77) Explain how you carry out an experiment to investigate how substrate concentration or enzyme
concentration affects the rate of an enzyme- controlled reaction.
Cystic Fibrosis
78) Draw and label an epithelial cell and state where it is found
79) Know that a person has cystic fibrosis if both alleles for the CFTR protein are faulty / defective / non-
functioning.
80) Describe common mutations that specifically may affect the CFTR gene and therefore CFTR protein
structure.
81) Know that the CFTR gene is found at a specific locus on chromosome 7a and 7b.
82) Explain the role of the CFTR protein
83) Explain why people with cystic fibrosis produce mucus which is too sticky.
84) For people with cystic fibrosis, explain the effect on the digestive, respiratory and reproductive systems of
mucus which is too sticky, and analyse data relating to this.
Cell structure
1) State that all organisms are made of cells.
2) Compare and contrast the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
3) Identify the following structures on diagrams and electron micrographs of eukaryotic cells: nucleus,
nucleolus, ribosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, centrioles, lysosomes, golgi
apparatus.
4) Describe the basic structures of each of the structures above (shape, single/double membrane, DNA)
5) Draw simple diagrams showing the structures of the nucleus, RER, mitochondria and golgi apparatus.
6) Identify the following structures on diagrams and electron micrographs of prokaryotic cells: cell wall,
capsule, plasmid, flagellum, pili, 70S ribosomes, mesosomes and circular DNA.
7) Describe the basic structures of each of the structures above.
8) Describe the process of protein folding, modification and packaging, including the role of the rough
endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles and the Golgi apparatus.
Mitosis
21) Explain the purpose of mitosis in growth, repair and asexual reproduction
22) Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis
23) Describe changes which take place in a cell during the stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
telophase, cytokinesis)
24) Draw an outline of the cell cycle including G1, S, G2, mitosis and cytokinesis.
25) Describe how you can prepare a slide of cells from a root tip to study mitosis, including the name of the stain
and safety precautions
26) Describe how you could use the data from this experiment to estimate the mitotic index
Stem cells
27) Give the definitions of stem cell, pluripotency and totipotency.
28) Compare and contrast pluripotent and totipotent stem cells with reference to the blastocyst.
29) State the sources of pluripotent and totipotent stem cells, including embryonic and adult stem cells.
30) Describe how stem cells are obtained from embryos
31) Explain why the use of embryonic stem cells is controversial
32) Describe how stem cells could be used to treat conditions such as parkinsons disease (therapeutic cloning)
33) Describe the possible risks with stem cell therapies
34) Describe the role of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA)
Gene expression
35) Explain how gene expression refers to the transcription and translation of DNA
36) Explain how gene expression determines the structure and function of a cell
37) Explain what is meant by the term active mRNA.
38) Use the idea of gene expression to explain how all the cells of an organism contain the same DNA but have
very different structures and functions
39) Describe the lac operon model for control of gene expression in bacteria, including the role of the operator
gene, the repressor molecule, RNA polymerase and lactose..
Organisation
40) Distinguish the terms cell, tissue, organ and organ system.
Epigenetics
41) Describe the packaging of DNA and histones in chromosomes
42) Explain the effect of histone modification (acetylation) and methylation on gene expression
43) Describe how epigenetic changes can be influenced by environmental factors
44) Describe how epigenetic changes can be passed on in cell division, and from parent to offspring.