NVI NONDESTRUCTIVE & ISUAL INSPECTION, LLC Liquid Penetrant Testing Level I and I Training Manual Rev (0) January 31, 2008LESSON | LESSON 2 LESSON 3 LESSON 4. LESSON 5, SON 6. LESSON 7. D PENETRANT TESTING METHOD TABLE OF CONTENTS CAPILLARY ACTION EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS SURPACE PENETRATION AND PENETRANT ACTION EMULSIFICATION,PENETRANT REMOVAL AND DEVELOPERS INSPECTION, EVALUATION, POST CLEANING AND MATERIAL. CONTROL TYPES OF DISCONTINUITY IDENTIFICATION AND COMPARISON OF FLAWSLESSON 1 LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING IS A NON-DESTRUCTIVE MEANS OF LOCATING SURFACE DISCONTINUITIES BASED ON CAPILLARITY OR CAPILLARY ACTION, IN THE LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD, THE LIQUID IS APPLIED TO THE SURFACE OF THE SPECIMEN AND SUFFICIENT TIME IS ALLOWED FOR PENETRATION OF SURFACE DISCONTINUITIES IF THE DISCONTINUITY IS SMALL OR NARROW AS IN A CRACK OR PINHOLE. CAPILLARITY ASSISTS THE PENETRATION. ENT TIME HAS PASSED FOR THE PENETRANT TO ENTER THE DISCONTINUITY. TE RFACE OF THE PART IS CLEANED, CAPILLARY ACTION IS AGAIN EMPLOYED TO ACT AS A BLOTTER TO DRAW PENETRANT FROM THE DISCONTINUITY, TO INSURE VISIBILITY. THE LIQUID PENETRANT CONTAINS EITHER A COLOURED DYE EASILY SEEN IN WHITE LIGHT OR A. y DYE VISIBLE UNDER BLACK (ULTRAVIOLET) LIGHT.8 A. PENETRANT APPLIED TO SURFACE, % B. TIME ALLOWED FOR PENETRANT TO SEEP INTO THE OPENING. a“ C. SURFACE PENETRANT REMOVED 8 D. DEVELOPER APPLIED TO DRAW PENETRANT OUT OF OPENINIG. Q Esk ‘CIMEN VISUALLY EXAMINED,- F, POST-CLEANING DISCONTINUITIES THAT ARE SUBSURFACE IN ONE STAGE OF PRODUCTION COULD BE OPEN TO THE SURFACE AT ANOTHER STAGE. SUCH AS AFTER GRINDING OR MACHININ' NON-METALLIC INCLUSIONS AND POROSITY IN THE INGOT MAY CAUSE STRINGERS, SEAMS, FORGING LAPS, COLD SHUTS AND THE LIKE AS THE BILLET OR SLAB IS PROCESSED. ANYTHING THAT COULD BLOCK THE PENETRANT FROM ENTERING THE DISCONTINUITY MUST BE REMOVED. A LIST OF CONTAMINANTS THAT MUST BE REMOVED WOULD INCLUDE DIRT, GRE. RUST, SCALE, ACIDS AND EVEN WATER. THE CLEANING SOLVENT USED MUST BE VOLATILE (READILY VAPORIZED) SO THAT IT EASILY EVAPORATES OUT OF THE DISCONTINUITY AND DOES NOT DILUTE THE PENETRANT. SURFACE PREPARATION BY SHOT OR SANDBLA‘ RECOMMENDED. NG IS NOT DISCONTINUITIES THAT WERE OPEN TO THE SURFACE MAY BE CLOSED BY THE SHOT OR SANDBLASTING. CROSS SECTION BEFORE SAND BLASTING CROSS SECTION AFTER SAND BLASTING. IL AND TH INSPECTION OF RAILROAD PARTS, HOWEVER, IN THE PAST 40 YEARS HISTORICALLY, PENETRANT INSPECTION WAS CALLED THE WHITING METHOD” AS IT PSED EEROSPNE AND UL OHhTETHE PROC HAS BEEN IMPROVED TREMENDOUSLY TO THE POINT WHERE IT IS A RELIABLE AND ACCURATE INSPECTION TECHNIQUE. THE LIQUID PENETRANTS USED IN NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING Cé CATEGORIZED BY THE TYPE OF DYE THEY CONTAIN, 1. VISIBLE DYE PENETRANTS CONTAIN COLOURED (USUALLY RED) DYE. 2 SCENE CONTAIN A FLUORESCENT DYE. 5. DUAL SENSITIVITY PENETRANTS CONTAIN A COMBINATION OF VISIBLE AND FLURESCENT DYES. PENETRANTS CAN BE FURTHER CATEGORIZED BY THE PROCESSES USED TO REMOVE THE EXCESS PENETRANT FROM THE SPECIMEN 1. WATER-WASHABLE PENETRANTS ARE EITHER SELF-EMULSIFYING OR REMOVABLE WITH PLAIN WATER. N BE 2. POST-EMULSIFIED PENETRANTS REQUIRE A SEPARATE EMULSIFIER TO MAKE THE PENETRANT WATER WASHABLE. 3. SOLVENT-REMOVABLE PENETRANTS MUST BE REMOVED WITH A SOLVENT WHICH IS TYPICAL WHEN USING VISIBLE DYE IN PRESSURIZED SPRAY CANS THE FLOW CHART BELOW ILLUSTRATES THE PROCESSING SEQUENCE WITH VISIBLE DYE AND FLUORESCENT PENETRANTS, WATER WASHANIE “POST EMULSIFIED : Ey WATER WASH APPLY WATER BASED. WET DEVELOPER APPLY DRY POWDER be APPLY DRY POWDER DEVEL RDUAL SENSITIVITY PENETRANTS WOULD FOLLOW A PROCESSING SEQUENCE SIMILAR TO THAT SHOWN BELOW PRECCLEAN APPLY PENETRANT NONAQUEOUS. WET DEVELOPER POST CLEAN DRY POWDI DEVELOPER THE SELECTION OF THE BEST PROCESS, AS LISTED ON PAGES 5 AND 6 DEPENDS UP ON SITIVITY REQUIRED, NUMBER OF ARTICLES TO BE TESTED. SURFACI CONFIGURATION OF TEST SPECIMEN. AVAILABILITY OF TESTING AREA, ETC see ptt PENETRANT TESTING IS SUCESSFULLY USED ON ME CONDITION OF PART BEING INSPECTED. ‘ATER, ELECTRICITY, COMPRESSED AIR. SUITABLE rALS SUCH AS ALUMINUM, MAGNESIUM, BRASS, COPPER, CAST IRON, STAINLESS STEEL, TITANIUM AND MOST OTHER ALLOYS. IT CAN ALSO BE USED TO TEST OTHER MATERIALS INCLUDING CERAMICS, PLASTICS, MOLDED RUBBER, POWDERED METAL PRODUCTS OR GLASS. PENETRANT TESTING IS LIMITED BY ITS INABILITY TO TEST MATERIALS WITH DISCONTINUITIES THAT ARE NOT OPEN HAVING AN EXTREMELY POROUS SURFACE, to THE SURFACE ORLESSON 2 THIS LESSON DISCUSSES THE EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL REQUIRED TO PERFORM THE VARIOUS PENETRANT TESTS AND THE REQUIRED PRE AND. POST-TEST CLEANING. PROPER CLEANING IS ESSENTIAL TO LIQUID PENETRANT TWO REASONS. TING FOR 1. If THE SPECIMEN IS NOT CLEAN AND DRY, PENETRANT TESTING [S INEFFECTIVE. 2. IF ALL TRACES OF PENETRANT MATERIALS ARE NOT REMOVED AFTER THE TEST. THEY MAY HAVE A HARMFUL EFFECT ON THE SPECIMEN (CHLORINE AND SULFUR MAY AFFECT SOME ALLOYS). IMMERSION TANKS AND DETERGENT SOLUTIONS ARE COMMON MEANS OF ASSURING THAT A SPECIMEN SURFACE IS BOTH PHYSICALLY AND CHEMICALLY CLEAN VAPOUR DEGREASING IS PARTICULARLY EFFECTIVE IN THE REMOVAL OF OIL, GREASE AND SIMILAR ORGANIC CONTAMINATION. HOWEVER, CERTAIN ALLOYS HAVE A AFFINITY FOR SPECIFIC ELEMENTS USED IN VAPOR DEGREASING AND IF EXPOSED TO THEM MAY BECOME STRUCTURALLY DAMAGED. EANING IS PARTICULARLY ADAPTABLE TO THE CLEANING OF DY ARTICLES, SOLVENT CLEANING MAY BE USED IN IMMERSION TANKS OR MAY BE USED IN A WIPE-ON AND WIPE-OFF TECHNIQUE. SOLVENT CLEANING IS USUALLY LESS EFFECTIVE THAN THE PREVIOUS METHODS OF CLEANING. RUST AND SURFACE SCALE CAN BE REMOVED BY ANY GOOD COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE ACID OR ALKALINE ACID OR ALKALINE RUST REMOVER FOLLOWING MANUFACTURER'S DIRECTIONS, PAINT REMOVAL IS OFTEN DONE IN DISSOLVING TYPE HOT TANK PAINT STRIPPERS BOND RELEASE OR SOLVENT PAINT STRIPPERS, ETCHING IS EFFECTIVE FOR USE ON ARTICLES THAT HAVE BEEN GROUND OR MACHINED THIS PROCESS USES AN ACID OR AN ALKALINE SOLUTION TO OPEN UP GRINDING BURRS AND REMOVE METAL FROM SURFACE DISCONTINUITIES,SURFACE CLEANING PROCESSES TO BE AVOIDED INCLUDE BLAST (SHOT AND GRIT OR PRESSURE). LIQUID HONING, EMERY CLOTH, WIRE BRUSHES AND METAL SCRAPERS. THESE PROCESSES TEND TO CLOSE DISCONTINUITIES BY PEENING OR COLD WORKING THE SURFACE OF THE SPECIMEN, PENETRANT TEST EQUIPMENT (STATIONARY) STATIONARY EQUIPMENT USED IN LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING VARIES IN SIZE AND IS LARGELY DEPENDENT UPON THE SIZE OF THE SPECIME DEPENDING ON THE TYPE AND PROCESS USED. A STATIONARY SYSTEM COULD INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING PRECLEANING STATION (USUALLY IN REMOTE AREA), PENETRANT STATION (TANK). DRAIN STATION, EMULSIFICATION STATION (TANK), RINSE STATION (TANK). DEVELOPING STATION (TANR). DRYING STATION (USUALLY OVEN). INSPECTION STATION (ENCLOSED BOOTH OR TABLE WITH PROPER LIGHTING), 9. POSTCLEANING STATION (USUALLY IN REMOTE AREA), BLACK LIGHT DEVELOPER DRYER = NNSPECTION DRAINING EMULSIFIER PENETRANT RINSE CONTROLS. PENETRANT TEST EQUIPMENT (PORTABLE)BOTH VISIBLE AND »|_ DYE PENETRANTS ARE AVAILABLE IN KITS WHICH CAN BE USED AT A REMOTE LOCATION OR WHEN TESTING A SMALL PORTION OF A LARGE ARTICLE. E DYE PENETRANT KIT USUALLY CONTAINS = 1. PRESSURIZED SPRAY CANS OF CLEANING OR REMOVAL FLUID. 2. PRESSURIZED SPRAY CANS OF VISIBLE DYE PENETRANT, 3. PRESSURIZED SPRAY CANS OF NON-AQUEOUS DEVELOPER, 4. WIPING CLOTH AND BRUSHES. aR NEM KIT USUALLY CONTAINS : A PORTABLE BLACK LIGHT AND TRANSFORMER. PRESSURIZED SPRAY CANS OF CLEANING OR REMOVAL FLUID. PRESSURIZED SPRAY CANS OF VISIBLE DYE PENETRANT. PRESSURIZED SPRAY CANS OF NON-AQUEOUS DEVELOPER. WIPING CLOTH AND BRUSHES. BLACK LIGHT EQUIPMENT IS REQUIRED IN FLUORESCENT PENETRANT TESTING SINCE IT SUPPLIES LIGHT OF CORRECT WAVELENGTH TO CAUSE THE PENETRANT TO FLUORESCE A DEEP RED-PURPLE FILTER IS USED TO. PASS ONLY THOSE WAVELENGTHS OF LIGHT THAT WILL ACTIVATE THE FLUORESCENT MATERIAL. AT LEAST A FIVE MINUTE HEAT-UP TIME IS REQUIRED TO REACH THE CORRECT ARC TEMPERATURE WHEN USING MERCURY ARC LAMPS, THE BLACK LIGHT EMITS A SPECIAL LIGHT WITH WAVELENGTHS THAT FALL BETWEEN VISIBLE AND ULTRAVOILET PROVIDED THAT THE FILTER IS NOT BROKEN OR CRACKED, THERE IS NO DANGER OF INJURY TO THE HUMAN EYE. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THE FILTER BE CHECKED PRIOR TO. EACH USE, PENETRANT TESTING MATERIALS PENETRANT MATERIALS ARE OFTEN RESTRICTED TO SPECIFIC GROUPS. THE ESTABLISHED GROUPS OF PENETRANT MATERIALS WILL USE THE FOLLOWING IN A VARIETY OF COMBINATIONS TO OBTAIN THE BEST RESULTS. 1, WATER-WASHABLE PENETRANTS - CONTAIN AN EMULSIFYING AGENT, WHICH MAKES THEM EASILY REMOVABLE BY A WATER RINSE OR WASH. THIS PENETRANT MATERIAL CAN BE OBTAINED WITH EITHER A VISIBLE OR FLUORESCENT DYE, 2. POST-EMULSIFIABLE PENETRANTS - ARE HIGHLY PENETRATING. OILY VISIBLE OR FLUORESCENT PENETRANTS WHICH ARE NOT SOLUBLE IN WATER THE NETRANTS MUST BE TREATED WITH AN EMULSIFIER TE WA’ OR WASH,3. SOLVENT-REMOVABLE PENETRANTS - ARE OILY PENETRANTS THAT DO NOT CONTAIN AN EMULSIFYING AGENT AND ARE REMOVABLE ONLY BY SOLVENTS SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED FOR THAT PURPOSE, 4. EMULSIFIERS - WHEN APPLIED TO A PENETRANT COATED SPECIMEN MAKE THE RESULTANT MIXTURE REMOVABLE BY WATER RINSE OR WASH. EMULSIFIERS HAVE LOW PENETRANT CHARACTERISTICS AND DO NOT REMOVE INDICATIONS FROM THE SPECIMEN SURFACE. 5. REMOVERS (SOLVENT) - ARE DESIGNED TO BE USED IN CONJUCTION WITH SPECIFIC PENETRANTS TYPICAL REMOVERS ARE AVAILABLE IN BULK OR PRESSURIZED SPRAY CONTAINERS. 6. DRY DEVELOPERS - ARE A FLUFFY, ABSORBENT WHITE POWDER THAT IS USED IN BOTH FLUORESCENT AND VISIBLE DYE PENETRANT TESTS. IT FUNCTIONS TO DRAW THE PENETRANT INDICATIONS TO THE SURFACE THUS MAKING THEM VISIBLE. 7. WET DEVELO! EXCEPT THAT TI WATER. ERS - FUNCTION SIMILARLY TO DRY DEVELOPERS ARE A MIXTURE OF A DEVELOPING POWDER AND. 8. NON-AQUEOUS WET DEVELOPERS - DIFFER FROM WET DEVELOPERS IN THAT THE DEVELOPER POWDER IS MIXED WITH A RAPID DRYING LIQUID SOLVENT, 9. LIQUID OXYGEN (LOX) COMPATIBLE MATERIALS - MUST BE USED WHEN ARTICLES INSPECTED ARE SUBJECTED TO CONTACT WITH EITHER LIQUID OR GASEOUS OXYGEN. THESE MATERIALS ARE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED TO BE INERT WHEN IN THE PRESENCE OF LOX. 10.LOW SULFUR AND LOW CHLORINE - PENETRANT MATERIALS MUST BE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED TO AVOID THE HARMFUL EFFECTS CAUSED ON SOME NICKEL AND TITANIUM ALLOYS BY THE SULFUR AND CHLORINE CONTENT, SAFETY PRECAUTIONS : IN GENERAL, THE MATERIALS USED IN PENETRANT INSPECTION CAN BE FLAMMABLE AND CAUSE SKIN IRRITATIONS, IN ADDITION, THE ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRUM OF LIGHT RAYS GENERATED PROM THE MERCURY ARC LAMP CAN CAUSE SUNBURN AND MAY BE INJURIOUS TO THE EYES. HOWEVER. IF THE PROPER FILTER FOR JORES SED. THE HARMFUL RAYS WILL BE FILTERED OUTFIRE - MANY PENETRANT MATERIALS ARE FLAMMABLE. SAFE PRACTICE REQUIRES THAT PENETRANT MATERIALS USED IN OPEN TANKS HAVE A FLASHPOINT OF GREATER THAN 120 DEG. F. V IRRITATION - SKIN IRRITATION CAN BE AVOIDED BY PREVENTING “ESSARY CONTACT AND BY THE USE OF GLOVES, APRONS AND PROTECTIVE HAND CREAMS. AIR POLLUTION - THE DEVELOPING POWDERS ARE CONSIDERED NONTOXIC BUT EXCESSIVE INHALATION MUST BE AVOIDED. EXHAUST FANS SHOULD BE INSTALLED IN ANY CONFINED AREA WHERE DRY DEVELOPERS OR VAPORS FROM THE PENETRANTS ARE PRE! Li ON 3 THIS LESSON DISCUSSES SURFACE PREPARATION AND PENETRANT APPLICATION, CLEANING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING IS BASED UPON THE ABILITY OF THE PENETRANT TO ENTER SURFACE DISCONTINUITIES. ALL PAINT, CARBON, OIL, VARNISH, OXIDE, PLATING, WATER, DIRT AND SIMILAR COATING MUST BE REMOVED BEFORE APPLICATION OF THE PENETRANT LIQUID PENETRANT PLACED ON THE SURFACE OF A SPECIMEN DOES NOT MERELY SEEP INTO DISCONTINUITIES, IT IS PULLED INTO THEM BY APILLARY ACTION. THIS IS THE REASON ONE CAN COVER THE UNDER SURFACE OF AN ITEM WITH A PENETRANT AND STILL HAVE A VALID TEST. PENETRANTTHE FOLLOWING ARE TYPICAL CLEANING METHODS DISCUSSED EARLIER DETERGENT CLEANING. VAPOR DEGREASING. STEAM CLEANING. ULTRASONIC CLEANING. RUST AND SURFACE SCALE REMOVAL. PAINT REMOVAL ETCHING, NP wee De APPLICATION OF ENETRANTS, ALMOST ANY LIQUID COULD BE CONSIDERED A PENETRANT BUT MODERN PENETRANTS MUST HAVE : |. THE ABILITY TO HOLD A DYE MATERIAL IN SUSPENSION. 2. THE ABILITY TO SPREAD THE DYE EVENLY OVER THE SURFACE. 3. THE ABILITY TO CARRY THE DYE INTO ANY DISCONTINUITY OPEN THE SURFACE. 4. THE ABILITY TO BRING UP THE DYE AS IT IS “COAXED” BACK TO THE SURFACE, 5. THE ABILITY WHEN DESIRED TO BE EASILY REMOVED, THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF DYE USED IN MODERN PENETRANTS 1. VISIBLE - A BRIGHTLY COLOURED DYE THAT IS HIGHLY VISIBLE UNDER NORMAL LIGHTING CONDITIONS. THIS TYPE OF DYE IS NORMALLY CALLED VISIBLE DYE, - AN ALMOST COLOURLESS DYE WHICH EMITS VISIBLE LIGHT RAYS WHEN REVIEWED UNDER BLACK LIGHT A DYE WITH DUAL SENSITIVITY CONTAINS BOTH A VISIBLE DYE FOR EXAMINATION IN WHITE LIGHT AND FLUORESCENT DYE FOR A MORE SENSITIVE EVALUATION OF SMALL DISCONTINUITIES. PENETRANTS EITHER FLUORESCENT OR VISIBLE CAN BE APPLIED BY ANY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING MEANS 1. SPRAYING - USUALLY USING A LOW PRESSURE CIRCULATION PUMP OR FROM PRESSURIZED SPRAY CANS. 2. BRUSHING - USUALLY APPLIED WITH RAGS, COTTON WASTE OR BRUSH 3. IMMERSION - THE ENTIRE PART IS DIPPED INTO A TANK OF PENETRANT TRANTIS SIMPLY POURED OVER THE SURFACE.PENETRATION (DWELL) TIME THE PERIOD OF TIME DURING WHICH THE PENETRANT IS PERMITTED TO REMAIN ON THE SPECIMEN IS A VITAL PART OF THE TEST NIGHT CRACKLIKE DISCONTINUITIES MAY REQUIRE IN EXCESS OF 30 MINUTES FOR PENETRATION THAT WILL GIVE AN ADEQUATE INDICATION, HOWEVER, GROSS DISCONTINUITIES MAY BE SUITABLY PENETRATED IN 3 TO 5 MINUTES. THE TEMPERATURE OF THE SPECIMEN AND TEMPERATURE OF THE PENETRANT CAN AFFECT THE REQUIRED DWELL TIME. WARMING THE SPECIMEN TO 70 DEG. F OR HIGHER ACCELERATES PENETRATION AND SHORTENS DWELL TIME. HOWEVER, CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN NOT TO OVERHEAT THE SPECIMEN SINCE TOO MUCH HEAT MAY CAUSE EVAPORATION OF THE PENETRANT FROM THE DISCONTINUITY. DWELL TIMES ARE BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT THE PENETRANT WILL REMAIN WET ON THE PART SURFACE ADDITIONAL PENETRANT MAY BE APPLIED DURING DWELL TIME. THE PENETRANT MANUFACTURER WILL PROVIDE SUGGESTED DWELL TIMES FOR THE VARIOUS PENETRANTS THAT IT PRODUCES. PENETRANT TESTING PROCESSES WE PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED THE TWO TYPES OF PENETRANTS VISIBLE AND » FOR BOTH CATEGORIES THERE IS A FURTHER BREAKDOWN ; 1 [R-WASHABLE (VISIBLE OR FLUORESCENT), MULSIPICATION (VISIBLE OR FLUORESCENT), 3. SOLVENT-REMOVABLE (VISIBLE OR FLUORESCENT). WATER-WASHABLE PENETRANTS HAVE A BUILT-IN EMULSIFIER AND THE PENETRANT IS EASILY REMOVED BY A WATER RINSE, CARE MUST BE TAKEN TO INSURE THAT THE SPRAY VOLUME AND FORCE DOES NOT WASH PENETRANT OUT OF THE DISCONTINUITY, WATER TEMPERATURES ABOVE 110 DEG. F ARE NOT RECOMMENDED BECAUSE THIS MAY SPEED UP THE EVAPORIZATION OF THE PENETRANT.THE SKETCH BELOW REPRESENTS THE STEPS IN A WATER-WASHABLE PENETRANT TEST yf, Alea WAT ‘WASHABLE PENETRANTS ARE U SUALLY PREFERRED FOR USE ON ARTICLES WITH A ROUGH SURFACE OR IF THEY CONTAIN THREADS OR KEYWAYS. THE BUILT-IN EMULSIFIER PROVIDES THE BEST PENETRANT REMOVAL FROM BLIND HOLES AND OTHER HARD-TO-REACH LOCATIONS BUT HAS THE DISADVANTAGE OF POOR RELIABILITY IN DETECTING WIDE OR SHALLOW DISCONTINUITIES. a 8SOLVENT-REMOVABLE PENETRANTS - THEY HAVE THE ADVANTAGE OF PORTABILITY AND CAN BE USED OUTDOORS WITHOUT USING HEAVY COMPLEX EQUIPMENT. THEY ARE EXCELLENT FOR MANY MAINTENANCE INSPECTIONS AND FOR CHECKING PORTIONS OF A LARGER STRUCTURE. PENETRANT IS OFTEN APPLIED FROM A. PRE: WHICH MAKES THE SYSTEM V _ URIZED SPRAY CAN, AFTER THE SPECIFIED DWELL TIME. THE EXCESS PENETRANT IS FIRST REMOVED BY WIPING WITH ABSORBENT TOWELS AND THEN CLEANED WITH TOWELS DAMPENED WITH SOLVENT. * U SOLVENT IF NEVER APPLIED DIRECTLY TO THE SPECIMEN AS IT MIGHT WASH OUT OR DILUTES THE PENETRANT IN THE DISCONTINUITY. POST-EMULSIFICATION PENETRANTS REQUIRE A TWO-STEP REMOVAL PROCESS. THE EMULSIFIER IS USUALLY APPLIED BY DIPPING OR IMMERSION THE AMOUNT OF DWELL TIME IN THE EMULSIFIER IS IN THE RANGE OF ONE TO FOUR MINUTES IN ACCORDANCE. WITH MANUFACTURER'S RECOMMENDATIONS AND THE TYPE OF DEFECTS EXPECTED, THE RESULTANT EMULSIFIER-PENETRANT MIXTURE IS REMOVED BY WATER RINSE (EMULSIFICATION WILL BE COVERED IN MORE DETAIL IN LESSON 4),THE SKETCH BELOW REPRESENTS THE STEPS IN A WATER-WASHABLE PENETRANT TEST FLORESCENT DYE PENTRANT WATER SPRAY REMOVES SURFACE SEEPS INTO DISCONTINUITY PENETRANT. DEVELOPER IS APPLIED TO DRAW INDICATION IS VIEWED. PENETRANT TO SURFACE UNDER VISIBLE OR BLACK Licht WATER- WASHABLE PENETRANTS ARE USUALLY PREFERRED FOR USE ON ARTICLES WITH A ROUGH SURFACE OR IF THEY CONTAIN THREADS OR KEYWAYS. THE BUILT-IN EMULSIFIER PROVIDES THE BEST PENETRANT REMOVAI FROM BLIND HOLES AND OTHER HARD-TO-REACH LOCATIONS BUT HAS THE DISADVANTAGE OF POOR RELIABILITY IN DETECTING WIDE OR SHALLOW DISCONTINUITIES.SOLVENT-REMOVABLE PENETRANTS - THEY HAVE THE ADVANTAGE OF PORTABILITY AND CAN BE USED OUTDOORS WITHOUT USING HEAVY. COMPLEX EQUIPMENT THEY ARE EXCELLENT FOR MANY MAINTENANCE INSPECTIONS AND FOR CHECKING PORTIONS OF A LARGER STRUCTURE. PENETRANT IS OFTEN APPLIED FROM A PRI WHICH MAKES THE SYSTEM VERY PORTABLE _ RIZED SPRAY CAN, AFTER THE SPECIFIED DWELL TIME. THE EXCESS PENETRANT IS FIRST REMOVED BY WIPING WITH ABSORBENT TOWELS AND THEN CLEANED WITH TOWELS DAMPENED WITH SOLVENT. @ SOLVENT IF NEVER APPLIED DIRECTLY TO THE SPECIMEN AS IT MIGHT WASH OUT OR DILUTES THE PENETRANT IN THE DISCONTINUITY, POST-EMULSIFICATION PENETRANTS REQUIRE A TWO-STEP REMOVAL PROCESS. THE EMULSIFIER IS USUALLY APPLIED BY DIPPING OR IMMERSION THE AMOUNT OF DWELL TIME IN THE EMULSIFIER IS IN THE RANGE OF ONE TO FOUR MINUTES IN ACCORDANCE WITH MANUFACTURER'S RECOMMENDATIONS AND THE TYPE OF DEFECTS EXPECTED, THE RESULTANT EMULSIFIER-PENETRANT MIXTURE IS REMOVED BY WATER RINSE (EMULSIFICATION WILL BE COVERED IN MORE DETAIL IN LESSON 4).