Phenol Red Removal Using Water

Hyacinth Stalk Fiber Blended With

Bagasse

Justine Joey S. Tomas

9- Dalton
Chapter II:

Review of Related Literature

Water Hyacinth (Elichhornia Crassipes) are aquatic plants that are usually
collected from local ponds. Water hyacinth is considered one of the most harmful
notorious aquatic weeds. It proliferates rapidly in lakes, dams and irrigation channels
and chokes them. It causes blockage of canals and rivers causing flooding. Access to
sites becomes difficult when weed infestation is present, loss of fishing equipment often
results when nets or lines become tangled in the root systems of the weed and the
result of these problems is more often than not a reduction in catch and subsequent
loss of livelihood. In areas where fishermen eke a meagre living from their trade, this
can present serious socio-economic problems. Since water hyacinth is plentiful,it can
cause to the reduction of biodiversity where other aquatic plants have difficulty in
surviving. This causes an imbalance in the aquatic micro-ecosystem and often means
that a range of fauna that relies on a diversity of plant life for its existence, will become
extinct. Diversity of fish stocks is often effected with some benefiting and others
suffering from the proliferation of water hyacinth. People often complain of localised
water quality deterioration. This is of considerable concern where people come to
collect water and to wash.

Phenol red is a red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of
renal function. An indicator in tissue culture media (yellow at pH 6.8,red at pH
8.4);occurs as a bright to dark red crystalline powder; in the past given by parenteral
injection as a test for renal function. Phenol red bears a structural resemblance to some
nonsteroidal estrogens and which is used ubiquitously as a pH indicator in tissue culture
media. Any family of organic compound characterize by a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached
to a carbon atom that is part of an aromatic ring. Phenols occur either as colourless
liquids or white solids at room temperature and may be highly toxic.

Effluent is an outflowing of water or gas from our natural body of water,

industries/factory and manmade structures. These effluents affect the survival of
animals, plants and humans esp. the aquatic organisms if their water is loaded with toxic
chemicals or harmful microorganisms. A water becomes polluted due to these effluents
that can be a threat to our health. Effluent flows from wastewater treatment plants via long
pipelines called outfalls. Outfalls or dischargers can range from an open-ended pipe to a multiple port
diffuser. The outfalls lie between 1,600 feet (in Monmouth Beach) and 8,000 feet (in Atlantic City) from
the shore. The outfall is either a long concrete or steel pipeline, which runs along the ocean floor, from
the treatment plant directly to the diffuser. A diffuser is like a sieve with up to several hundred holes,
which release the effluent into the ocean over the distance of the diffuser.

Spectrophotometer

Instrument used to measure the intensity of wavelengths in a spectrum of light

compared with the intensity of light from a standard source.

Treating Plating Wastewater

The plating process typically involves, alkaline cleaning, acid pickling, plating, and
rinsing. Copious amounts of wastewater are generated through these steps, especially
during rinsing. Additionally, batch dumping spent acid and cleaning solutions
contributes to the complexity of waste treatment.
Centrifugation
Centrifugation is a separation process which uses the action of centrifugal force to
promote accelerated settling of particles in a solid-liquid mixture. Centrifuges achieve
separation by means of the accelerated gravitational force achieved by rapid rotation.
This can either replace normal gravity in the sedimentation of suspension or provide the
driving force in the filtration through a filter medium of some kind. The most common
application is separaton of solid substances from high concentrated suspensions. Used
in this way for the treatment of sewage sludge it enables the dewatering with the
production of more or less consistent sediment depending on the nature of the sludge
to be treated, and the accelerated thickening of low concentration sludge.

References
(2017, February 22). Retrieved from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effluent

Database, N. C., & CID=4766, h. (. (n.d.).

E.Sanmuga Priya, P. S. (2014). Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) An efficient and
economic adsorbent for textile effluent treatment A review. Arabian Journal of
Chemistry.

Lenntech. (n.d.). Retrieved from Lenntech.com:

http://www.lenntech.com/library/clarification/clarification/centrifugation.htm#i
xzz4miTHkTVC

The Free Dictionary. (2007). Retrieved from Medical Dictionary: http://medical-

dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/phenol+red

Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. (2017, June 29). Retrieved from Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawdust

Wood, P. R. (n.d.). Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) seed longevity
and the implications for management. Eighteenth Australasian Weeds
Conference, 37-40.
Chapter I:
Approximately, p67 billion is being consumed of our economic due to water pollution.
These include P3 billion for health, P17 billion for fisheries production and P47 billion for
tourism. Since only 6 out of 115 Philippine cities have sewerage systems, 31 percent of all
reported illness are caused by water-born sources. Nearly 22.2 million metric tons of organic
pollution are produced annually by domestic (48%), agricultural (37%) and industrial (15%)
sectors; up to 58% of groundwater for drinking is contaminated. "More than 90% of the sewage
generated is not disposed or treated in an environmentally acceptable manner. Septic tanks
alone are not environmentally acceptable. Because of these, Metro Manila ranks second to
the lowest in providing piped sewerage system in Asia and only 7% of the population of Metro
Manila is connected to a piped sewerage system and only a few households have acceptable
effluent from their septic tanks. Regions with unsatisfactory ratings for their water quality
criteria include the National Capital Region (NCR) or Metro Manila, Southern Tagalog Region
(Region IV), Central Luzon (Region III), and Central Visayas (Region VII) Ilocos Region
(Region I) was found to be one of the highest contributors to nitrate contamination Philippine
Environment Monitor (PEM) Some estimates point to household wastewater as contributing
as much as 60% of water pollution About 80% of water provided to households becomes
wastewater
Industrial effluents are causes of environmental pollution. These effluents are
discharged from dyeing industries which are highly colored with a large amount of suspended
organic solid. Dyes are widely used in industries such as textile, rubber, paper, plastics, etc.
The discharge of such effluents is worrying for both toxicological and environmental reasons.
But the conventional wastewater treatment has low removal efficiency for reactive and other
anionic soluble dyes. Due to low biodegradation of dyes, a conventional biological treatment
process is not very effective in treating dyes waste. However, these processes are very costly
and cannot. Effluent from textile mills also contains chromium, which has a cumulative
effect, and higher possibilities for entering into the food chain. Due to usage of dyes and
chemicals, effluents are dark in color, which increases the turbidity of water body. This in
turn hampers the photosynthesis process, causing alteration in the habitat (Joseph Egli,2007).

Other researchers use activated carbon as an adsorbent. However commercially available

activated carbon is very expensive. Furthermore, regeneration using solution produced small additional
effluent while regeneration by refractory technique results in a 10-15% loss of adsorbents and its uptake
capacity. This had lead to further studies for cheaper substitutions. Nowadays, there are numerous
number of low cost, commercially available adsorbents which had been used to remove the dye such as
clay minerals, lignin, fly ash, wood powder , coir pith and peat etc. However, as the adsorption capacities
of the above adsorbents are not very large, the new adsorbents which are more economic, easily
available and highly effective are still needed.(10)
Activated carbon has proven to be effective in removing contaminants in water such as
methylene blue yet it is very costly so, others cant afford it. This study aims to search new
alternative solutions or ways to remove certain hazardous chemical waste present from the
effluent discharge as it affects local aquatic life in a cheaper and affordable way.