Cast-in-place Written Report

Group 2
Dimo, Anichi Joseph
Fernando, Elline
Gabriel, Marco
Gill, Mandeep
Gomintong, Kolleen

Cast-in-place Concrete

It is a concrete that is transported in an unhardened state, primarily as

ready-mix, and placed in forms.
Cast-in-place concrete is a common type of building material for
commercial structures and residential homes alike.
Cast-In-Place concrete is a building construction method where locally
supplied ready mix concrete, steel reinforcement and formwork are
delivered to the construction site and fabrication of concrete elements
takes place on location.

Preparing concrete

4 Main Components of Concrete

Sand
Gravel
Cement
Water

Functions

Sand
It fills the voids existing in the coarse aggregate
It reduces shrinkage and cracking of concrete
It helps in hardening of cement by allowing water through its voids

Gravel
It reduces the crushing strength of concrete

Cement
It makes the concrete impermeable

Water
 The strength of concrete depends on the quantity and quality of water is
used in the mixture
Water is the only ingredient that reacts chemically with cement
It facilitates the spreading of cement over the fine aggregate

CONCRETE

Concrete is a type of artificial stone made by mixing dry aggregate (rocks

or gravel), sand and cement, then adding water. This makes a soft mix
that can be molded easily or transported in a rotating concrete mixer.
The use of concrete is mainly used for construction of buildings, dams,
bridges, sky scrapers, houses and etc.

CONCRETE SLUMP TEST

The slump test is a means of assessing the consistency of fresh concrete. It is

used, indirectly, as a means of checking that the correct amount of water has
been added to the mix.
It is a test which describes the state of fresh concrete. It refers to the ease with
which the concrete flows.

TRANSPORTATION, HANDLING AND PLACING CONCRETE

Transporting the concrete mix is defined as the transferring of concrete from the
mixing plant to the construction site. Keep in mind that not all concrete is mixed
on the actual construction site and could require some significant travel. This is
most common for ready-mixed concretes. The main objective in transporting
concrete is to ensure that the water-cement ratio, slump or consistency, air
content, and homogeneity are not modified from their intended states.
The two key goals when transporting concrete from the mixing plant to the
construction site are to prevent segregation and to not reduce the workability of
the mix. This transportation process must be well thought out and organized
efficiently. As a general rule of thumb, thirty to sixty minutes of transportation are
acceptable on small jobs. At a central or portable ready-mix plant, concrete
should be discharged from a truck mixer or agitator truck within two hours. If non-
agitating transporting equipment is used, this time is reduced to one hour. All
delays must be avoided in order prevent honeycombing.
Many factors determine which type of transportation is most suitable. Type and
constituents of the concrete mix, size and type of construction, topography,
weather conditions (i.e. temperature, humidity, wind speed), location of the
batch plant, and cost are all taken into consideration when choosing a mode of
transport for your concrete. If you choose the wrong mode of transportation, your
concrete could be segregated, which would in effect, make it useless. Therefore
it is essential that adequate thought be given to the type of transportation you
actually need.

Wheelbarrows and Buggies

Manual wheel burrow has capacity up to 80 kg of concrete (2.5 Cu-ft). It is used

for long horizontal distances. Power burrows' capacity is up to 800 kg and can be
used for horizontal distances up to 300m. They can also be used to haul concrete
to a gradient of 20%. Part of the mixer is single burrow. If you take a part of
concrete in one burrow and the other part of concrete in another burrow, it might
be problematic because uniformity of concrete will be disturbed.

Crane and Bucket

Cranes and cableway is use for three dimensional purpose of transport. It can be
used in projects where concrete is to be transferred across a valley or some
obstruction like a river, sea or road. Cranes can be used for various high rise
buildings and many other type of constructions also.

Cranes or cableways may be used for three dimensional transport of

concrete. Cable way is useful in river valley projects; cranes of various types
are also useful in high rise building construction in congested sites.
Depending upon the site, cranes may be any one of the following types
such as derrick crane, tower crane, crawler mounted, or wheel mounted,
or a hydraulic crane.
The main consideration in selecting the crane is height and radius of
operation.

Truck Mixer

Truck mixer and dumpers For large concrete works particularly for concrete to be
placed at ground level These are ordinary open steel tipping lorries Dumpers
having 2-3 cubic meter capacity Belt conveyors also can be used for.

Screw Spreaders
The concrete spreader can be operated on the crane as well as with its own
integrated drive system. Depending on the requirements, gantry, half-gantry or
bridge chassis systems are used. The working and travel speeds are infinitely
adjustable to ensure quality and efficiency. Weckenmann machines prove
themselves day after day because they are uncompromisingly designed for
durability and reliability.

Transportation of Concrete in Under Water Concreting:

Under water placing of concrete poses a number of problems, as concrete

cannot be compacted and concrete may get mixed with water. Whenever,
possible under water connecting is to be avoided. To overcome the problems
mentioned above, concrete must be self compacting and wet enough to flow
under its own weigh, and must be placed with least disturbances.

Methods of Transporting Concrete Under Water

1. Pre packed or grouted concrete

2. Termite or buckets
3. Pumping
4. Dumping by bags

Each of this method is used in different situation. First let look at buckets, buckets
can be used through cranes and that sort of equipment. It is filled up from top
and lifted off up, when its reach the ground where it is supposed to discharge,
open the screws at the bottom, when buckets is lifted up more so the scot is
actually on the ground and concrete is discharged with in scot which does not
immediately come into water, this is one common way to use under water
concrete.

Finishing Concrete

Broom Finish

In order to make concrete surfaces slip resistant, a broom finish can be applied.
This is done after placement, leveling, and troweling of concrete. Once a smooth
surface has been created, a broom is dragged across the surface of the concrete
to create small ridges that provide for traction control, particularly when the
concrete surface is wet. Concrete surfaces without a broom finish tend to be
slippery and dangerous when liquids are present on the surface.

Exposed Aggregate Finish

An exposed finish, once commonly found in sidewalks of old cities, is created by

washing the top layer of concrete away, which exposes the edges of the natural
stone aggregates that are mixed into the concrete. This provides an attractive
and slip resistant finish.
In addition to the use of the normal concrete materials (cement, sand, gravel and
water), other materials may be added into the mix to provide exposed finishes
with unique looks. Examples are rose quartz, limestone, dark gray or black basalt,
red or blue granite and even colored glass or seashells.

Salt Finish

A salt finish is a type of finish used mainly for swimming pool decks. Salt finishes are
created by applying rock salt to the top of the wet concrete and then washing it
away, which leaves small pits in the finished surface.

Stamped Concrete

A common method of texturing is to use concrete stamps. Concrete stamps are

comprised of panels with inlaid designs, which are placed on concrete while it is
still curing. Designs may consist of brick, stone or other decorative patterns to
provide the desired look, sometimes mimicking other common building materials,
but retaining the strength and durability of concrete. Once the forms are
removed, the concrete surface may have color applied via staining, as described
below.

Curing Concrete
Curing
- is the maintaining of an adequate moisture content and temperature in
concrete at early ages so that it can develop properties the mixture was designed
to achieve.

Why Cure?

A. Predictable strength gain.

- Laboratory tests show that concrete in a dry environment can lose as much as
50% of its potential strength compared to similar concrete that is moist cured.
Concrete placed under high temperature conditions will gain early strength
quickly but later strengths may be reduced. Concrete placed in cold weather
will take longer to gain strength, delaying form removal and subsequent
construction.
B. Improved durability.
- Well-cured concrete has better surface hardness and will better withstand
surface wear and abrasion. Curing also makes concrete more water-tight,
which prevents moisture and water-borne chemicals form entering into the
concrete, thereby increasing durability and service life.
C. Better serviceability and appearance.
- A concrete slab that has been allowed to dry out too early will have a soft
surface with poor resistance to wear and abrasion. Proper curing reduces
crazing, dusting and scaling.
Ways of Curing Concrete
1. Leave the form work used to create the concrete formation. The form
work itself, if left in place, or on the underneath of a suspended slab, or
around a concrete column will stop the concrete drying out too quickly,
and so can be said to be a curing agent.

2. Use ponding, which as illustrated in the photo above, is done by forming a

dam wall of sand around the concrete formation and then flooding with
water. This method has the following disadvantages:
It takes a fair bit of work to do, and then quite often a breach occurs and
the water runs off the slab.
Usually this can only be done for a few days as it inhibits other work and
the pressure is usually on to get the walls up.
A possible drawback of this method, especially if soil or clay is used, is the
chance of staining the concrete.
3. Spray water onto the formation. A simpler way is to just keep water
sprayed onto the slab with garden sprinklers or hand held hose pipes.
Following are some disadvantages that you need to consider if you intend
to use this method:
This method is very wasteful of water
Again, it can only be done for a short period usually. If you hand water, it
should be wet all the time, that is you should not let it dry out at all, almost
impossible to do

4. Use some sort of cover that holds and retains sprayed on water, like a
sand layer or hessian. The sand cover or hessian has to be kept wet and if
they do dry out they actually aid in sucking moisture out of the concrete.

5. Use a plastic shield, which basically is a plastic sheet laid on top of the
slab to stop the evaporation process. This is one of the most efficient
methods of curing concrete. Usually a spray from a hose pipe is used to
wet the surface and the plastic is laid on, with generous laps at the joints.
Use timber or cement blocks to keep the plastic in position, rather than
taping the joints. To a certain extent the plastic can be used a few times.
A major benefit of plastic is that it does not stop other work, like building
the walls, and so it can be left in position for weeks if need be.

6. Use concrete curing oils or curing compounds. These compounds and oils
now come in a variety of types. Used the water soluble waxy emulsions
that can be sprayed onto the fresh concrete with a hand pump type
spray. They are milky white when used but dry into a clear waxy film. They
have the advantage that that they can be sprayed onto footpaths and
the like even before the concrete is set enough to walk upon. Another
major use is on concrete walls. They remain on the surface for weeks and
finally break down in sunlight. Be hesitant to use concrete curing oils on
internal floors, on the off chance that any residue would stop the full
adhesion of ceramic tile glues etc.
Other types of concrete curing compounds are PVA based, chlorinated-
rubber or resin based. They can also be obtained in coloured versions that
fade over time.
 CONCRETE REINFORCING MATERIALS

1. What is Reinforced Concrete?

Reinforced concrete was designed on the principle that steel and
concrete act together in resisting force. Concrete is strong in compression
but weak in tension.
When concrete is used for tension members, such as beams, foundation
walls, or floors, it must be reinforced to attain the necessary tension
strength.

2. Required Properties of Reinforcement

High relative strength
High toleration of tensile strength
Good bond to the concrete
Thermal compatibility
Durability in the concrete environment

3. Key Characteristics of Reinforced Concrete

The coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete is similar to steel,
eliminating large internal stresses due to differences in thermal expansion
and contraction.
Cement paste hardens and conforms to the surface of the steel, thereby
transmitting forces efficiently between the two materials.
Hardened cement paste also provides a layer of protection for steel,
providing larger resistance against corrosion than in normal conditions.

4. Steel Reinforcements
Deformed steel bars
o are round steel bars with lugs, or deformations, rolled into the
surface of the bar during manufacturing. These deformations
create a mechanical bond between concrete and steel.

Plain Steel Bars

o they are the least used of the rod type of reinforcement
because they offer only smooth, even surfaces
for bonding with concrete.

Welded Wire Fabric

 o is most often used for floor slabs on well-compacted ground.
Heavier fabric, supplied mainly in flat sheets, is often used in
walls and for the primary reinforcement in structural floor
slabs. Additional examples of its use include road and runway
pavements, box culverts, and small canal linings.

Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
o used where corrosion of steel bars are likely or where sensitive
electrical or magnetic equipment might be affected by a
large amount of steel reinforcement.

Glass-Reinforced Plastic
a composite material or fiber-reinforced polymer made of a plastic reinforced
by fine fibers made of glass. Like carbon fiber reinforced plastic, the composite
material is commonly referred to by the name of its reinforcing fibers (fiberglass).

References:
http://www.tpub.com/steelworker2/76.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete#Steel_plate_construction
https://www.britannica.com/technology/reinforced-concrete
https://www.engr.psu.edu/ce/courses/ce584/concrete/library/construction/mixi
ngtransport/mixingandtransporting.html
http://www.aboutcivil.org/concrete-transportation.html
https://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/concrete/concrete-finishing-
techniques.html
https://weckenmann.com/en/products/machinery/concrete-spreader
https://civildigital.com/concrete-formwork-types-of-formwork/
https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-
using-aluminum-formwork
https://sites.google.com/site/thekacassite/fibre/what-are-the-advantages-and-
disadvantages-of-fibreglass
https://www.slideshare.net/snehagoudkaira/formwork-33181146
https://www.nrmca.org/aboutconcrete/cips/11p.pdf
http://www.wikihow.com/Cure-Concrete