Handbook of Thermionic Properties

HANDBOOK OF THERMIONIC PROPERTIES
Electronic Work Functions and Richardson Constants of Elements and Compounds
EMISSIONNYE SVOISTVA KHIMICHESKIKH ELEMENTOV I IKH SOEDINENII
3MJ.1C010HHbIE CBOHCTBA XJ.1MJ.14ECKJ.1X 3JlD1EHTOB J.1 J.1X COE.LlJ.1HEHJ.1H

HANDBOOK OF
THERMIONIC PROPERTIES
Electronic Work Functions and Richardson Constants
of Elements and Compounds
By V. S. Fomenko
Edited by G. V. Samsonov
Authorized translation from the Russian
Iii PLENUM PRESS DATA DIVISION

NEW YORK 1966
The Russian text, originally published by Naukova Dumka in Kiev
in 1964. has been completely updated to include data published as
late as mid-1965.
BJlsJ].JleH CTenSHOBH'I <l>oMeHKo
3MHCCHOHHble cBollcTBa XHMH'IeCKHX 8J1eMeHTOB
H HX coe)l,HHeHHIl (cnpaBoIfHHK)
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 65-23385

ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-7295-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-7293-6
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7293-6
1966 Plenum Press Data Division
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1966
A Division of Consultants Bureau Enterprises, Inc.
227 W.17th St., New York, N. Y.10011
All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any

form without written permission from the publisher
PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION
The current rapid development of cathode electronics has led fanned by their widespread use as cathode materials. A whole
to extensive investigations of the emission properties of chemical el- new section on the thermionic properties of aluminides has
ements and their compounds. This expansion of research is aimed at been introduced. The list of pertinent literature has been aug-
the continual refinement of data already available and the steady widen- mented by new contributions published in the years 1963-1965,
ing of the circle of materials under investigation. These events have as well as some earlier publications that had escaped notice in the
necessitated a whole series of additions and changes in this handbook, Russian edition.
even though the original Russian edition was published only in 1964.
It is the author's hope that the handbook will prove of great val-
Every effort has been made to include all available information ue to American readers interested in the emission properties of the
on each element or compound. Particular attention has been given to elements and compounds, and that it will contribute to the further
bringing the sections on borides and carbides of the transition and rare development of research in this promising and most timely field of
metals up to date, since interest in these compounds has recently been electronics.
v
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1 7. Aluminides .. 104

8. Silicides . 105
I. CHEMICAL ELEMENTS ...... 5 9. Chalcogenides . 106
10. Intermetallides . 117
II. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS 69 11. Miscellaneous Chemical Compounds 117
1. Simple Oxides 69
2. Complex Oxides .. 80 III. CHEMICAL ELEMENTS ON SUBSTRATES (METAL-FILM) 118
3. Salts 86
4. Borides 87 IV. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS ON SUBSTRATES 126
5. Carbides . . . 93
6. Nitrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
vii
INTRODUCTION
The new tools of automatic and remote control, without which The field -emission method, in which the work func-
the present level of technology would be inconceivable, are based on tion is determined by the current flowing when a high acceler-
exploitation of the latest advances in physics, electronics, radio ating field (up to 106 V/cm or higher) is set up at the surface of
engineering, and instrument design. Electronic instruments in which the cathode.
a cathode is one of the basic components are in use in the broadest
The e f fu s ion method, in which the equilibrium pressure
variety of devices. The performance of any instrument, and there-
of the electron gas over the emitter at different temperatures is
fore of the device as a whole, is dependent upon the reliability of
used to determine the work function.
the cathode performance. This places greater stress on the need to
find a greater variety of cathode materials and to study their The con t act pot e n t i aId iff ere n c e method, in
emission properties, particularly the work functions of these ma- which the work function is determined by measuring the contact
terials. potential difference between the cathode and a second electrode
having a known work function.
There are several methods available for the experimental
determination and theoretical calculation of the work function of The calor i met ric method, in which the work function
a particular material. These include: is computed by using the relationship between the quantity of
heat supplied to heat the cathode and the quantity of heat carried
The the r m ion i c method, in which the work function is
off by the electrons participating in the emission process.
found from the temperature behavior of the emission current
appearing in response to heating of the cathode. Empirical relationships linking the work function to various
physical characteristics are utilized in the the 0 ret i cal com-
The photoelectronic method, in which the work func-
put at ion of the work function.
tion is determined by the long-wavelength edge of the photo-
electric effect. For example, Sachtler [303] proposed the following equa-
1
tion: where R is the atomic radius in nanometers and z is the number of
free electrons per single metal atom.
<p=a-ba!, (1) The term "lattice energy" here refers to the half-sum of the
first and second ionization potentials of the metal atom plus the
heat of sublimation of the metal. Then
where cp is the work function of the metals in eV, a is the maximum
packing density of the atoms on the crystal face, I is the first ioni-
zation potential of the atom in V, and a and b are empirical con- W
stants. 8=123 8 , (4)
R
V. V. Demchenko and N. E. Khomutov [398] relate the work
function cp of an electron escaping from a metal to the surface Hence, with the aid of Eq. (3), we have
tension 6, which is assumed to be approximately equal to the free
energy of the electron gas at the surface, and also relate it to the <p=O.232 W. (5)
lattice energy W of the metal. The work function is thus ap-
proached as the variation in free surface energy in the course of The equations derived by R. M. Vasenin [302] are based on the
this process relations
co
<p= Sa (S)dS, (2)

<p = m (; z rand (6)
So
where So is the surface area of the metal referred to a single elec-

tron. A few straightforward mathematical transformations bring b
<p=a+ _, ( 7)
this expression to the form R
8 ( 3)
<p= 1.885 X 10- 3 R2_, where cp is the work function in eV, D is the density in g/cm 3 , A is
Z the atomic weight of the element, z is the number of free electrons
2
per single atom of the metal, R is the atomic radius of the metal, system increases, there will become manifest a tendency for the
and m, n and a, b are empirical coefficients whose values will differ work function of the electrons in that system to diminish; in those
for distinct periods in the Mendeleevian periodic table. cases where it is less than unity, the work function of the system
will always be greater than the work function of the constituent
The Gordy-Thomas equation [55] has the form
chemical elements of the system, and in cases where it is greater
than unity, conversely, the work function will be lower.
x=aip+b. (8)
In the case of semiconductor cathodes, a discrepancy is ob-
served between the work functions CPo found from the slope of lines
Here cP is the work function in eV, x is the electronegativity
plotted in coordinates log (j /1:2) and 5040/T and the values arrived
in Pauling units, and a and b are empirical constants.
at by other methods (the "total current" method, the calorimetric
The electronegativity is defined [399,400] as the tendency method, etc.). In addition, anomalous values of the thermionic
evinced by an atom in a molecule to attach or release electrons, constant differing from the theoretically predicted value for metals
and is usually represented as the half-sum of the first ionization [Ao = 120.4 Alcm2 '(deg K)2] by many orders of magnitude were
potential of the atom and its electronic affinity E: observed, as well as a break in the Richardson lines plotted over a
broad range of temperatures. All of these phenomena can be
accounted for in terms of the temperature behavior of the work
1 (9)
function.
x=- (1+).
2 Consequently, the handbook tables list, in addition to the
CPo values computed from the slope of the Richardson lines, values
arrived at by the "total current" method (the "effective" work
The electronegativity concept is of crucial importance in the
function 'PT at cathode temperature T), and in some cases the
choice of components in the design of an effective film thermionic
graphically determined dependence CPT = J(T).
cathode. By analyzing the available experimental information on
the work function of electrons in film systems and the computed At the present time, there is a huge quantity of data at hand
electronegativity values of the elements comprising those systems, on the emission properties of various materials, but these data are
one author [401] arrives at the following conclusion: as the ratio of scattered over many physical and chemical handbooks, separate
the electronegativities of chemical elements constituting a film original research papers, dissertations, etc. The first attempt on
3
record to collect these dispersed bits of information into a single rived data to the familiar semiempirical relationships mentioned
entity was the reference handbook "Emission Properties of the above. However, even the values obtained with the aid of these
Elements and Chemical Compounds" [Emissionye svoistva elemen- semiempirical formulas may clash somewhat because of some un-
tov i khimicheskikh soedinenii] published in 1961 by the Academy certainties in the coefficients appearing in the formulas. There-
of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. However, a wealth of new infor- fore, departure of the experimental data from the empirical rela-
mation on this topic has been published in recent years in both the tionships is not conclusive evidence of experimental error. If an
Soviet and foreign literature; moreover, several sources of data experimentally derived value does agree with these formulas
published earlier have been revised and brought up to date. This (within the limits of experimental error), that value may be
present edition thus is a revised and expanded varian t of its precursor. accepted as sufficiently trustworthy and may be adopted as the
recommended value. Moreover, in the choice of recommended
The handbook presents information compiled on the emis-
values, some allowance is made for the experimental procedure,
sion properties (work function and Richardson constant) of chemical
the time and systematiC nature of the measurements, and the
elements and of their compounds, including elements and com-
purity and quality of the materials measured.
pounds on various substrates, as measured by a variety of experi-
mental techniques, and also reports theoretically calculated values. In conclusion, the author welcomes this opportunity to ac-
knowledge his indebtedness to Professor L. 1. Antropov (Kiev Order-
In the tables, the author strived to provide the fullest possible
of-Lenin Polytechnic Institute) and Associate Professor D. A.
listIng of data reported by various investigators on any particular
Gorodetskii (Kiev Order-of-Lenin T. G. Shevchenko State Uni-
substance, feeling that this would be of interest to research workers
versity), who offered helpful critiques of the earlier handbook, and
in the field.
to G. A. Koval' for his invaluable technical assistance in the com-
With the object of facilitating the practical use of the hand- pilation of the present volume.
book, the recommended values for almost every chemical element The author also expresses his gratitude to Corresponding
in the Mendeleev periodic table are listed (with the exception of Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR G. V.
those cases where data are very scanty and sharply conflicting data Samsonov for his kind attention to the progress of the work.
have been reported by the few authors concerned). The effusion
method is acknowledged to be the most reliable. This therefore
provides an additional criterion for fitting the experimentally de- V. Fomenko
4
I. CHEMICAL ELEMENTS*
Work function 'P,eV
No. A Remarks References
TM PM FM EM CPDM CM TC
3. Lithium Li
1 1,40 [ 1]
2 2.28 [3,4,125]
3 2.34-2.38 [5]
4 2.39 [2,6]
5 2,4 [ 7]
6 2.42 [ 8]
7 2.49 Computed using formula (6). [ 302]
8 2.49 [ 9]
9 2,49 [384]
Recommended value: 2.38 eV.
"The abbreviations in the table headings have the following significance: TM-thermionic emission method; PM-photoelectron emission method;
FM -field -emission method; EM -effusion method; CPDM -contact potential difference method; C M-calorimetric method; TC -theoretical com-
putation; A-Richardson constant A, A/cm2 . (deg Kt
5
Work function cp, eV
4. Beryllium Be
1 3.10 [ 1J
2 3.17 [ 8J
3 3.30 [10]
4 3.37 a-phase. [ 6]
5 3.9 [ 7]
6 3.92 [2]
7 3.92 [3,5,11]
8 3.92 [ 2]
9 3.92 Computed using formula (6). [302]
10 _5.0 Thick Be layers on tungsten single [ 304]
crystal.
11 6.73 a-phase; computed using formula (1). [303]
5. Boron B
1 4.4-4.6 [12,418]
2 4.5 [2,6J
6
Work function CPo eV
No, A Remarks References
6. Carbon C
1 3.88 [ 13]
2 3.93 5.93 [14,15]
3 4.00 60.2 [ 16]
4 4.00 [ 17]
5 4.3 [2]
6 4.30-4.81 [5]
7 4.34 30 [3,18]
8 4.35 [ 19]
9 4.38 170 [25]
10 4.380.01 Polycrystalline graphite. Meas- [407]
urements conducted by
method of spherical condens-
ors at room temperature in
1.33 x 10-6 N/m2 (10- 8 mm
Hg) at wavelengths A= 239.9
and 230.2 nm.
11 4.39 15 [20]
12 4.39 [ 6]
13 4.4 [ 7]
14 4.4 [ 191]
15 4.45 [234]
N ewton = N = 1 if dynes.
7
TM PM FM EM CPOM CM TC
16 4.48 18.6 [14,21]

17 4.52 35 [156]
18 4.55 [22]
19 4.60 [23]
20 4.62 60 Emitter: walls of hollow graphite [73,222]
chamber.
21 4.81 [3,24,234]
22 4.83 [25]
23 4.84 [26]
11. Sodium Na
1 1.60 [ 1]
2 2.06 [8]
3 2.2 [ 7]
4 2.25 [27]
5 2.26 [28]
6 2.27 [ 6]
7 2.28 [29]
8 2.28 [384]
9 2.29 Thick layers of Na on AI. [11]
8
10 2.29 [3]
11 2.33 [5]
12 2.34 [2]
13 2.35 [2]
15 2.40 [ 30]
16 2.46 [125}
17 2.47 [4]
12. Magnesium Mg
1 2.74 [8]
2 <3.0 [31]
4 3.40 [6]
5 3.46 [2,6]
6 3.5 [7]
7 3.55 [159]
8 3.58 [1]
9 3.59 [32]
9
10 3.60 [32]
11 3.62 [33]
12 3.64 3.64 [ 2]
13 3.66 Mg film 100 mm thick evaporated [ 431]
onto quartz plate in vacuum of
1.33 x 10- 4 N/m 2 (~10-6 mm Hg).
14 3.670.02 [34]
15 3.68 [ 3,11]
16 3.69 [ 5]
18 3.78 [35]
19 3.79 [34]
13. Aluminum Al
1 2.98 [ 36]
2 3.0 [7]
3 3.38 [1]
4 3.43 (37]
5 3.66 Computed using formula (1). (303]
6 3.74 ( 6]
7 3.9 [159]
8 4.08 4.08 (30]
9 4.20 (38]
10
Work function <Po eV
10 4.21 [2]
11 4.23 [2]
12 4.25 [5]
13 4.25 C ontac t potential difference of [ 39]
Al evaporated on W relative
to W ('f'W assumed 4.56 eV).
15 4.34 [ 40]
16 4.36 [ 41]
14. Silicon Si
1 1.12 [424]
2 3.59 8.0 [20]
3 3.6 [ 7]
4 4.02 5.6 Specimen contained slight [ 43]
impurities of AI, P, and
other elements. Tempera-
ture 1373" to 1623K.
5 4.1 [ 6]
6 4.2 pSi [ 44]
7 4.3 [2]
11
Work function (/1. eV
No, A Remarks References
8 4.37-4.67 (45,418]
9 4.5 [93]
10 4.5 Contact potential difference relative (44]
to ClltO (/1Cllt O assumed 4.9 eV).
11 4.5 Temperature 623K. [93]
12 4.6 Temperature 1023"K, [93]
13 4.80 [5]
14 4.8 nSi [44]
15 4.9 {111} face of silicon single crystal [ 375]
in ultrahigh vacuum.
16 5.4 Same [375]
19. Potassium K
1 1.60 [ 1]
2 2.0 [46]
3 2.11 computed using formula (I), [ 303]
4 2.12 [10]
5 2.137:1:0.003 Temperature 82K. [370]
6 2.15 [ 6]
12
7 2.1770.004 Temperature 206"K. [370]

8 2.2 [ 7]
9 2. 216 O. 004 Temperature 300"K. [ 370]
10 2.22 [2]
11 2.24 [4,47,125]
12 2.24 [2]
14 2.24 [384]
15 2.26 [3,5,48]
2 O. Calc ium Ca
1 2.24 6.02 [5]

2 2.24 60.2 [49]
3 2.24 [ 42]
4 2.42 [8]
5 2.70 ex-- phase. Computed using [303]
formula (1).
6 2.7 [ 3]
13
Work function !p, eV
7 2.706 [50]
8 2.71 [2]
9 2.75 Computed using formulas (6) and (7). [ 302]
10 2.76 [51]
11 2.76 a-phase. [2,6]
12 2.9 [ 42]
13 2.96 [ 5]
14 3.02 0.12 [14,52]
15 3.2 [ 7]
16 3.20 [53]
17 3.21 [54]
18 3.33 [ 1]
21. Scandium Sc

4 3.3 Read off graph of work function [437]
vs., atomic number.
5 3.33 Found graphically: on graph of work [2]
function VS. atomic number.
14
Work function I, eV
6 3.33 a-phase. Computed using [303]

formula (1).
8 3.44 /3 -phase. Computed using [ 303]
formula (7).
22. Titanium Ti

2 3.81 a-phase. Computed using [ 303]
formula (1).
3 3.83 Com puted using formula (6). [ 302]
4 3.9 [ 7]
5 3.92 [5]
6 3.95 a-phase. [ 8]
7 3.95 [57]
8 3.95 44 Emitter: walls of graphite [223]
chamber covered with sput-
tered Ti.
9 4.09 [6,2]
15
10 4.14 Temperature 300"K. [ 1]

11 4.17 [58]
12 4.17 [389,422]
13 4.45 [59]
23. Vanadium V
1 3.77 [8]
2 3.78 [5]
3 3.79 [ 417]
5 4.11 [ 6]
6 4.12 [2,57]
7 4.12 50 Emitter: walls of graphite chamber [223]
covered with sputtered V.
10 4.44 [ 1]
16
Work function fP. eV
24. Chromium Cr
1 3.72 [5]
2 4.13 13 -phase. Computed using [302]
formula (7).
3 4.36 y-phase. Computed using [ 302]
formula (6).
4 4.37 [3,60,418]
5 4.38 [1]
6 4.4 [305]
formula (1).
8 4.49 a-phase. Computed using [3021
formula (7).
9 4.51 a-phase. [6]
10 4.51 4.51 [234]
11 4.58 60 Emitter: walls of graphite [57]
chamber coated with elec-
trolytic or sputtered Cr.
12 4.59 [234]
13 4.59 y-phase. Computed using [302]
formula (7).
14 4.60 48 [3.61]
15 4.6 [7.418]
1'7
16 4.62 [2]
17 4.63 [62]
18 4.7 [62]
25. Manganese Mn
1 3.76 [5,8]
2 3.83 [2.57]
coated with electrolytic or sput-
tered Mn.
4 3.95 [ 6]
5 4.14 [ 1]
6 4.28 Y-phase. Computed using formula (7). [ 302]
7 4.34 Y-phase. Computed using formula (6). [ 302]
8 4.44 8 -phase. Computed using formula (7). [ 302]
9 4.52 a-phase. Computed using formula (7). [ 302]
18
Work function (/J, eV
26. Ir 0 n Fe
1 3.91 [51]
2 3.92 [63]
3 4.04 [5,64]
4 4.210.05 1.5 y-phase. [65]
5 4.31 60.2 Emitter: walls of graphite [57]
chamber coated with elec-
trol ytic or sputtered Fe.
y -phase.
6 4.33 [2]
7 4.36 [ 6]
8 4.40 [1,234]
9 4.40 [234]
formula (7).
formula (6).
12 4.47 a-phase. [66]
13 4.480.06 26 a-phase. [65]
14 4.5 [ 191]
15 4.53 a-phase. Computed using [ 302]
formula (7).
19
Work function <p, eV
16 4.6 [ 7]
17 4.62 a-phase. [67]
18 ...4.63 [3,60]
19 4.68 y-phase. [67]
20 4.70 Measurements carried out on spec- [67]
troscopically pure Fe, including
ex _a and a-y transitions in the
temperature range 300o -1243"K.
21 4.703 [234]
22 4.72 [68]
23 4.75-4.77 [5]
tered Fe.
25 4.77 [3,70]
26 4.77 [2]
27 4.92 ex-phase. Computed using formula (1). [303]
20
27. Cobalt Co
1 3.90 (51]
2 4.09 [234]
3 4.12 Cubic structure. [5]
4 4.12 [72,133]
5 - 4.12-4.25 [71]
6 4.18 [6]
7 4.2 [2]
8 4.21 [1,234]
9 4.25 Hexagonal structure. [5]
10 4.25 [133,171]
11 4.3 [ 7]
12 4.40 [65]
13 4.41 60 Emitter: walls of graphite chamber [2,57,223]
tered Co.
14 4.41 [234]
15 4.410.10 41 [3,65]
17 4.55 [ 3]
1'8 4.56 Computed using formula (6). [302]

21
28. Nickel Ni
1 2.77 26.8 [14,72]

2 3.67 [ 36]
3 4.06 [ 51]
4 4.32 Temperature 300K. [ 1]
tered Ni.
7 45 Computed using formula (7). [ 302]
8 4.54 [234]
10 4.61 [2]
11 4.61O.05 30 [65]
12 4.63 [ 64]
13 4.65 O. 02 Photoemission at Ne pressure 3.62 X 103 [ 379]
N/m2 (27 mm Hg).
14 4.670.02 Photoemission at Ar pressure 1.6 xl 03 [379]
N/m2 (12 mm Hg).
15 4.84 [ 6]
16 4.87 [ 60]
17 4.9 {IOO} face of single crystal. Contact [432]
potential difference relative to polycrys-
talline nickel (CPNi assumed 4.61 eV).
22
Work function ~,eV

18 4.91 [234]
19 4.96 Temperature 300o K. [ 73]
20 4.98-5.03 [5]
21 5.0 27 [ 74]
22 5.0 [ 7]
23 5.01 [3, 70]
24 5.03 1380 [3,5,75]
25 5.03 i3 -phase. [ 306]
26 5.03 [2]
27 5.04 [234]
28 5.05 Temperature 623"K. [76]
29 5.09 B -phase. Computed using formula (1). [303]
30 5.1 5.1 [ 77]
31 5.20 Temperature 1108K. [ 76]
32 5.24 Temperature 1150o K. [ 76]
29. Copper Cu
1 3.85 [ 78]
2 4.07 [ 36]
3 4.1 [ 7]
4 4.18 [ 51]
5 4.2 [ 191]
23
6 4.26 4.6 [ 79]

7 4.29 [5]
8 4.29 [2]
9 4.35 [159]
10 4.36 4.36 [234]
11 4.38 65 [80]
12 4.39 Computed using .formula (7). [ 302]
13 4.40 60.2 [5]
14 4.4 Hard copper. [307]
15 4.43 Contact potential difference relative [85]
to silver (cp~ assumed 4.31 eV).
16 4.46 [1,81]
17 4.47 [6]
18 4.47 [62]
19 4.48 [159]
coated With copper.
22 4.51-4.68 [83]
23 4.55 [ 77]
24 4.56 [234]
to silver (CPAg assumed 4.31 eV).
26 4.61 Contact potential difference of copper [39]
on W relative to W (CfJw assumed 4.56 eV).
24
Work function tfI. eV
27 4.70 Geiger- MUller counter measurements [84]

in hydrogen atmosphere.
28 4.75 [85]
29 4.76 [8]
30 4.86 [85]
31 4.86 {Ill} face of single crystal. [ 86]
32 4.89 [224]
34 5.24 [2]
35 5.5 Melted copper. [307]
36 5.61 {ll 0} face of single crystal. [86]
30. Zinc Zn
1 3.08 [36]
2 3.28 [ 87]
3 3.32 [88]
4 3.40 [89]
5 3.57 [88]
6 3.60 [ 37]
7 3.66 [1]
25
Work function 1fJ, eV
8 3.74 [6]
9 3.89 [ 51]
11 4.11 Contact potential difference relative [ 159]
to silver (IfJAg)assumed 4.31 eV.
to silver (IfJAg)assumed 4.31 eV.
14 4.24 [2]
15 4.24 [3,90]
16 4.25 [ 5]
17 4.26 {001} face of single crystal. [ 91)
18 4.26 [2)
19 4.280.02 [ 92]
20 4.3 [ 7]
21 4.307 [38]
22 4.65 [85]
23 5.35 Com puted using formula (1). [303]
26
31. Gallium Ga
1 3.7 Com puted using formula (6). [ 302]

2 3.80 [ 1]
4 3.96 [2.6]
5 4.12 [ 8]
6 4.20 [5]

I
32. Germanium Ge
1 4.11 {Ill} face of single crystal. [ 309]

2 4.29 [ 51]
3 4.50 [ 1]
4 4.5 [ 93]
5 4.55 [ 5]
6 4.56 [ 6]
7 4.6 [ 191]
8 4.73 [8]
9 4.76 [2]
27
Work function ({I, eV

to tungsten ({IW assumed 4.55 eV).
11 4.80 [12,418]
12 4.8 [7]
Fig. 1. Graph of work function IPJ< measured

by the contact potential difference method
r,o,evn-J
(I), and of ({IT measured by the total current ,.75~ Fig. 2. Temperature variation of lI'T
method (2), as a function of the temperature for germanium processed in cesium
of n-type germanium specimen [338]. ,.35423 723 r:K vapor [338].
473 873 r,K
33. Arsenic As
1 4.66 Evaporated on Cu, Ni, Ta, and graphite. [310]

2 4.72 Crystalline sublimated layers on Ni, Mo, [94]
Pt, Nb, fused quartz, graphite, and on
Ni-Fe-Cu alloy.
28
Work function /p, eV
3 5.ll [2,6]
4 5.11 [8]
5 5.17 Gray. [5]
Recommended value: 5.ll eV.
34. Selenium Se
1 4.42 [1]
2 4.62 [37]
3 4.72 [2,6]
4 4.89 Hexagonal. [5]
5 5.11 [8]
37. Rubidium Rb

2 2.09 [47]
3 2.09 [384,422]
29
Work function (/J, eV
4 2.1 [3]
6 2.13 [5]
7 2.13 [6]
9 2.16 [ 7]
10 2.16 [4]
11 2.16 [2]
12 2.16-2.19 [3,125]
13 2.17 [2]
38. Strontium Sr
1 2.06 [95]
2 2.2 Monolayer on substrate. [ 425]
3 2.24 [8]
4 2.25 [5]
5 2.35 [6]
6 2.4 [ 7]
7 2.46 Corn puted using formula (1). [ 303]
8 2.6 2.6 [2]
30
Work function I. eV

11 2.74 [ 33]
39. Yttrium Y

5 3.3 Found from graph of atomic number [2,437]
vs. work function.
40. Zirconium Zr

2 3.57 40 [ 971
31
Work function 'P, eV
3 3.60 a-phase. [ 1]
7 3.78 120 [97]
8 3.84 [2,6]
9 3.84 Temperature 300"K. [8]
10 3.91 [190]
11 3.96 [234]
12 4.00 [58]
13 4.1 [ 7]
14 4.1-3.7 [388]
15 4.12 330 [5,301]
16 4.12 [96]
17 4.15 [2]
18 4.16 [234]
19 4.21 1260 [97]
20 4.33 [59]
21 4.50 3 x lOS [98]
32
41. Niobium Nb
1 3.96 [411]
2 3.96 57 [5,225]
3 3.97 [2]
4 3.98 [2]
5 3.98 Effective work function at 1873"1<. [429]
6 3.99 [5]
7 3.99 [6,234]
8 4.0 [7,335]
9 4.01 37.2 [99]
12 4.3 Effective work function at 2200"1<. [ 457]
13 4.37:1:0.03 Contact potential difference relative [434]
to tungsten (CPW assumed 4.54 eV).
Measurements performed in vacuum
of 1.33 x 10-1 N/m 2 (l0-9 mm Hg).
14 4.33 {110} face of single crystal. [459]
15 4.55 {335} face of single crystal. [459]
16 4.66 {111} face of single crystal. [ 459]

33
Work function If, eV
42. Molybdenum Mo
1 4.04:1:0.02 Photoemission at Ar pressure 1.6 x 103 [379]

N/m2 (12 mm Hg).
2 4.06:1:0.02 Photoemission at Ne pressure 3.62 x 10 3 [ 379]
N/m2 (27 mm Hg).
3 4.08 61.0 [100]
4 4.08 [89]
6 4.10 [89]
7 4.12 [ 32]
8 4.15 55 [3,5,301]
9 4.15 [3,101]
10 4.15 [101]
11 4.16 [2,322]
12 4.16 Effective work function at 1873"1<. [429]
13 4.17 51 [ 102]
14 4.19 [103]
15 4.19-4.29 [5]
If) 4.2 [ 384]
17 4.20:1:0.02 55 [ 104]
18 4.23 [103]
19 4.23 241 [25]
20 4.23 [234]
21 4.24 [2]
34
22 4.27 [6]
23 4.28 107 [102]
24 4.29 [234]
25 4.30 [234]
26 4.32 [105]
27 4.33 24.6 [106]
28 4.33 [62]
29 4.33 38 Computed by Richardson line method. [360]
30 ~4.34 [ 60]
31 4.34 Effective work function at
1873"1<. Computed from
data in [433].
32 4.37 115 [ 3]
33 4.370.02 155 [ 104]
34 4.38 60.2 [100]
35 4.38 [ 98]
36 4.39 323 [14,107]
37 4.40 [108]
38 4.4 Temperature 2100"K. [7,108]
39 4.41 60 [ 74]
40 4.41 Measurements conducted on wire 0.13 [ 360]
mm diameter at temperature 10000 K
in wavelength range 297 to 238 nm
at electric field strengths 0.8 to 142
kV/cm at cathode surface.
35

42 4.44 60.2 [109]
43 4.44 338 [109]
44 4.45 Effective work function at
2473"1<. Computed from
data in [433].
46 4.48 [1]
47 4.59 [22]
43. Technetium Tc
1 4.4 Read off graph of atomic number vs. [6]

work function.
44. Ruthenium Ru
1 4.52 [2,6]
2 4.52 ex-phase. [1]
3 4.60 ex-phase. Computed using formula (1). [303]
6 4.80 [2]

36
45. Rhodium Rh
1 4.52 [1,234]
2 4.57 [3,110]
3 4.58 [110]
4 4.6 [7]
5 4.62 a -phase. Computed using formula (1). [303]
7 4.65 a-phase. [6]
9 4.72 [2]
10 4.74 720 [162]
11 4.75 Temperature 400"K. [5,110]
12 4.75 4.75 [234]
13 4.80 33 [3,5,111]
14 4.9 100 [112]
46. Palladium Pd
1 4.49 [1]
4 4.60 0.15 Foil heated at 1173"K in vacuum [ 473]
< 1.33 x 10-1 N/m 2 10-9 mm Hg).
37
5 4.64 Contact potential difference relative to [178]

silver (CPAg assumed 4.31 eV).
7 4.82 [6]
8 4.83 Foil heated at 1173"K after exposure [ 473]
to H2 atmosphere at p = 1.33 X 10- 2
N/m2 (10-4 mm Hg).
9 4.9 [ 7]
10 4.95:1: 0.05 Film 40-70 mm thick evaporated [ 473]
onto degassed Ta in vacuum of
1.33 X 10- 6 N/m 2 (10- 8 mm Hg).
11 4.97 [ 101]
12 4.97 -4. 99 [ 5]
13 4.98 [2]
14 4.98 [ 428]
15 4.99 [101]
16 4.99 60 [5,301]
17 5.13 Film 40-70 mm thick evaporated [ 473]
onto degassed Ta after exposure
to H2 atmosphere at p = 2.66 X 10- 2
N/m 2 (2 X 10-4 mm Hg).
38
47. S il ver Ag
1 3.09 [ 78]
2 3.56 0.76 [ 79]
3 3.67 [36]
4 4.00 [234]
5 4.06 60.2 [5]
6 4.08 60.2 [ 80]
7 4.1-4.75 [113]
8 4.18 Com puted using formula (1). [303]
9 4.21 [114]
11 4.28 [6]
13 4.3 Work function of electrons from silver [ 158]
in NaCl.
14 4.30 Contact potential difference between [ 157]
silver and barium (CPBa assumed
2.52 eV).
15 4.31 [39,157]
coated with Ag.
to tungsten ('Pw assumed 4.56 eV).
18 4.33:1:0.05 [116]
39
Work function tp, eV
19 4.35 [ 39]
20 4.38 [234]
21 4.41 Silver evaporated onto surface of fused [158]
quartz and molybdenum.
22 4.44 [ 1]
23 4.45 [2]
24 4.46 [53, ll6]
25 4.47 [117]
26 4.48 [ 159]
27 4.50 Layer evaporated onto silver substrate. [158]
28 4.5 [191]
29 4.50-4.52 [ 45]
30 4.55 [2]
31 4.56 Temperature 873"K. [ 118]
32 4.58 [ 161,186]
33 4.61 [221]
34 4.63 [234]
35 4.68 [158,220]
36 4.70 Work function of electrons from silver [160]
in KBr.
37 4.7 [ 7]
38 4.7 Oxidized surface. [159]
39 4.73 Temperature 293"K. [5,118]
40 4.74 [3]
41 4.75:1:0.01 {111} face of single crystal. [ 119]
40
Work function IP, eV
42 <4.76 Monolayer evaporated onto {l00} face of [ 311]

silver single crystal. Silver heated to
faint red glow increases work function to
4.76 eV.
43 4.78 [161]
44 4.79 {l00} face of single crystal. [117]
45 4.81:1:0.01 {l00} face of single crystal. [119]
48. Cadmium Cd
1 3.68 [ 8]
2 3.73 [ 36]
4 3.92 [2,6]
6 3.94 [ 37]
7 4.00 [ 1]
to silver (IPAg ~sumed 4.3 e V).
9 4.04 [159]
to silver (IPAg assumed 4.31 eV).
11 4.07 [ 120]
41
Work function <P. eV
12 4.08 [ 5]
13 4.08 Contact potential difference between [ 312]
cadmium evaporated onto Ta, and
barium (<PBa assumed 2.52 eV).
14 4.099 [ 38]
15 4.1 [ 7]
17 4.49 [ 85]
49. Indium In
1 3.6 Computed using formulas (6) and (7). [ 302]

3 4.0 Read off graph of work function vs. [2]
atomic number.
4 4.09 Read off graph of work function vs. [ 6]
atomic number.
50. Tin Sn
1 3.62 [ 36]
2 3.87 [ 37]
42
Work function f{!. eV
3 4.09 [ 1]
4 4.11 [ 6]
5 4.21 [ 85]
6 4.21 Liquid. [ 121]
to silver ( cp assumed 4.31 eV).
8 4.28 Agy-phase. [ 2]
9 4.38 a -phase. [ 2]
10 4.38 Hexagonal structure. [ 5]
11 4.38 Y-phase. [ 121]
12 4.39-4.28 [2]
13 4.4 [7]
14 4.50 a -phase. [121]
15 4.51 ex-phase. [ 418]
16 4.51 Tetragonal structure. [ 5]
17 4.64 [ 85]
51. Anti mony Sb
1 4.0 [ 7]
2 4.01 [122]
3 4.05 B -phase. [5]
4 4.08 [6]
43
5 4.08 [2]
6 4.14 [ 1]
7 4.60 Crystalline sublimated layers on Ni, Mo, [94]
Pt, Nb, quartz, graphite.
Recommended value: 4.08 e V.
52. Tellurium Te
1 4.04 [45, 418]

2 4.70 [1]
3 4.73 [6]
4 4.73 [2]
5 4.76 [12]
6 5.0 Spectroscopically pure tellurium. [313]
53. Iodine
1 2.8 Rhombic. [123]

2 5.4 Monoclinic. [ 123]
3 6.8 Amorphous. [123]
44
Work function ({J, eV
55. Cesium Cs
1 1.B [ 7]
2 1.B [191]
3 1.B1 [422]
4 1.B1 162 [ 3,5,124,301]
5 1.B6 Computed using formula (7). [ 302]
6 1.B7 [2]
7 I.B7-1.96 [ 3,125]
9 1.89 [6]
10 1.9 [3,4]
11 1.93 [2]
12 1.93 [5]
14 1.96 [ 47]
15 2.14:1:0.05 Massive layer of pure Cs produced [ 427]
in vacuum of ~1.33 x 10- 8 N/m2
(~10-10 mm Hg).
56. Barium Ba
1 1.66:1:0.06 - Sputtered onto {110} face of W single [ 315]

crystal. Effective work function.
45
Work function <p, eV
2 1. 73 [ 1]
3 1.19 Monolayer on substrate. [ 425]
4 2.1 60 [5]
5 2.1 Sputtered on W. [314]
6 2.11 60 [301]
7 2.11 [ 125]
8 2.29 [ 6]
9 2.3 [ 191]
11 2.39 0.05 [126]
12 2.4 [ 7]
13 2.48 [29]
14 2.49 [3,127]
15 2.5 Computed using formula (6). (302]
16 2.52 (50]
17 2.52 (2]
19 2.55 [5]
57. Lanthanum La
1 2.71 a-phase. Computed using formula (1). [303]

2 2.72 B-phase. Computed using formula (1). [303]
46

5 3.3 [6,75,128]
6 3.3 Read off graph of work function vs. [2,437]
atomic number.
58. Cerium Ce
1 2.6 [128]
atomic number.
3 2.7 [6]
4 2.84 Read off graph of work function [ 437]
vs. atomic number.
5 2.84 a -phase. [ 53]
7 3.07 [ 5]
59. Praseodymium Pr
1 2.7 Read off graph of work function vs. [2,437]

atomic number.
2 2.7 a-phase. [6,128]
3 2.81 cx-phase. Computed using formula (1). [ 303]
47
Work function rp, eV
60. Neodymium Nd

2 3.3 Read off graph of work fUQction vs. [2,437]
atomic number.
3 3.3 [6,128]
61. Pro me thiu m Pm
1 3.07 Work function evaluated from Eq. (8). [56]
62. Samarium Sm
1 3.2 [6,128]
atomic number.
63. Europium Eu
64. Gadolinium Gd
48
Work function 1fI, eV
65. Terbium Tb
66. Dysprosium Dy
67. Holmium Ho
68. Erb ium Er
69. Thulium Tm
49
70. Ytterbium Yb
7l. Lutecium Lu
72. Hafnium Hf
1 3.20 Hexagonal structure. [5]

2 3.5 [7,96,383]
4 3.53 Cubic structure. [5]
5 3.53 [2]
6 3.53 14.5 [6,96,301]
8 3.60 22.9 [129]
9 3.91 20.5 [129]
10 5.09 4.75x104 [98]
50
73. Tantalum Ta
1 3.14 [130]
2 3.58 1.31 X 10- 3 [14,21]
3 3.96 Temperature 300o K. [1]
4 4.03 Temperature 1473"-1773"K. [131]
5 4.04 34 [5,14,100]
6 4.05 Temperature 300o K. [ 32]
7 4.07 60.2 [109]
8 4.08 [lOS]
9 4.D9 [234]
10 4.10 37.2 [132]
11 4.10 [2]
12 4.1 [ 7]
13 4.1 60 [301]
14 4.11 [3]
15 4.12 37 [ 411]
16 4.12 60 [3,74,42]
17 4.12 [6,418]
IS 4.12 Temperature 300 oK. [ 53]
19 4.12 [ 234]
20 - 4.12-4.16 [ 5]
21 4.13 Temperature 273"K. [ 113,133]
22 4.13 [ 2]
51
24 4.16 [133]
25 4.16 Temperature 9O-K. [62]
26 4.18 2.95 [134]
27 4.18 Temperature 973"K. [133]
28 4.190.02 555 [135]
30 4.24 [108]
31 4.24 Temperature 2550"K. [108]
32 4.25 Temperature 1900K. [136]
33 4.28 [234]
34 4.3:1:0.1 Film 0.01 mm thick after [473]
heating to 2273 -2573K.
35 4.352:1:0.01 120 {211} face of single crystal. [ 387]
36 4.4 Effective work function at 2200K. [ 457]
37 4.51 [22]
38 4.75:1:0.06 {lIO} face of single crystal. [430]
39 4.77 [228]
Fig. 3. Temperature behavior of work function,

in case of tantalum [338]. 1) cp (by contact
potential difference method); K 2) q.>T (by
total current method).
52
74. Tungsten W
1 4.25 [139]
2 4.35-4.65 Emission of tungsten coated with Pt, at [321]
high collecting fields.
4 4.38 [234]
5 4.40 43.6 [134]
6 4.40 40 [ 144]
8 4.42 [ 322]
9 4.45 38 [144,232]
10 4.46 [146]
11 4.46:1:0.09 [ 146]
12 4.48 [22]
13 4.49 [3]
14 4.49:1:0.02 [147]
15 4.5 [191]
16 4.50 60.2 [98,148]
17 4.50 a-phase. [6,7]
18 4.5 [ 320,417]
19 4.5 [339,376]
20 4.5007 [234]
21 4.52 60.2 [ 16,149,150,411]
53
Work function ({i, eV
22 4.52 72 [3,151]
23 4.52 [ 149]
24 4.52 [2]
25 4.52 84 [151,230]
26 4.52 [ 316]
27 4.53 55 [ 231]
28 4.53 60.2 [106,109]
29 4.53 22 [ 106]
30 4.54 [ 3]
31 4.54 60-100 [3,5,301]
32 4.54 [2]
33 4.54 [ 152]
34 4.54 52 [232]
35 4.54 [234]
36 4.54:1:0.07 53 Measured by Richardson straight- [354]
line method.
37 4.55 [ 422]
38 4.55 89 In 1900-2100"1< range. [ 421]
39 4.55 90 [ 229]
40 4.55 75 Pol ycrystalline surface. [ 153]
41 4.55-4.66 - Temperature range 293" -429"K. [ 319]
42 4.55-4.57 [5]
43 4.56 [323]
44 4.56 Computed from formula (6). [302]
45 4.565 [l08]
46 4.58 80 [74]
54
EMISSION PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS FACES OF TUNGSTEN SINGLE CRYSTAL [cp, eV; A, A/em>. (deg K)']
Index of crystal face

Method used
in determination {001} {OIl} {012) {013} {021} {100} {110} {111} {112) {116} {122) {123} {211} {233} {310}
Thermionic emission [ 17] 4.52

[142] 4.56 4.56 4.68 4.39 4.69 4.39
A= 156 A= 117
[154] 4.59 4.59
[288] 5.2 5.3
[143] 4.56 4.39 4.69 4.39
A= 156 A=35 A= 125 A= 53
[144] 4.56 4.68 4.69 4.39
A= 156 A= 15 A= 125 A= 53
[141] 4.52 4.52 4.58(4.72) 4.38 4.65 4.29
[ 150] 4.52 A= 105 A=9.7 A=54 A = 118-133 A=40
4.66 t O.06'}
[315]
5.30:10,06
[8] 4.58
[105] 4.58
[410] 5.33:1:0.03 4.40 to,03 4.30tO,03
Aeff= 300t Aeff= 122t Acff= 115t
[460] <1'2000"1< .... 5.1'
[461] - ~T=4.52- 'PT=4.38+ ~T=4.74- ~T=(5.28-
0.1 X 10~5T' 2'::5.14:1: 4.9 X IO-sT' 6.7 x IO-5 T , 4.39)+4.9 x IO-sT'
[462.463]
Photoelectric emission [233) 5.85 4.34 4.31 4.39 4.76 4.30 4.35 4.52 4.46
[140] 4.32 4.50 4.50 43Q(4.35)
Field emission [ 318] 5.7 <4.391 5.81
[376] 5.0 4.6 5.6 3.9 4.3
[145] 4.97 4.68 4.64 4.93 4.49 4.45
[ 137] 4.6 >4.9 4.40 4.8 4.2
[ 138] 4.6:1:0.1 5.5:0.2 4.2.0.1 4.9:1:0.2
[ 155] 6.0
[233] 4.34 5.7-5.99 4.39 4.65-4.88 4.30 4.35 4.52 4.46 4.31
[ 464,465] 4.BOH,08 4.3iO.1
[320] 5.0-5.5
'Effective work fWlction.

t A FA S (I -
ef 0
r) ("xp r- !.k (~')
dT
- (-~)
1-,
(~)]
dT'
where S is the emission area swept out by the collector; r is the electron-energy average of the reflectivity.
:l:Determined by means of surface ionization on {UO} face of sodium and potas~ium atoms.
Field in projector assumed hyperbolic.
55
Work function tfI, eV
47 4.59 140 [153]

48 4.60 Temperature 2700"K. [108]
50 4.6 Effective work function. [ 419]
51 4.6 Computed from formula (7). [302]
52 4.63 212 After calcining at temperature 3100"K. [153]
53 4.67 Effective work function. Computed by
author of data in [316] (T =2600"K,
ie =0.72 Alcm2) from graphs plotted
in [317].
54 4.7 Effective work function at 2200K. [ 457]
55 4.74 204 [324]
56 5.01 [ 146]
75. Rhenium Re
1 4.66:1:0.01 [ 386]
2 4.7 [ 7]
4 4.74 [162]
5 4.74 [385]
6 4.75-4.80 [435]
7 4.80 52 [323,421]
56
Work function ((I, eV
8 4.81 Computed using formula (6). [302J

9 4.85 0.05 - 66t 20 Measured by Richardson straight- [ 436]
line method on rhenium ribbon.
10 4.94 [2]
11 4.97 [163]
12 4.98-5.01 [5]
13 5.00 [ 2]
14 5.05 Effective work function at 1873"1<. [ 429]
15 5.5 [6,164]
16 5.1 200 [ 301]
76. Osmium Os
1 4.55 [6]
2 4.55 [1]
3 4.7 [2]
4 4.7 [165]
5 4.7 [7]
57
77. Iridium Ir
1 4.57 [6]
2 4.57 [1,2]
5 5.3 100 [ 112]
78. Platinum Pt
1 3.87 1. 36 x 10-2 [166]

2 4.08 53.8 [14,167]
3 4.09 [ 36]
4 4.18 30.1 [168,169]
5 4.23 51.6 [14,72]
6 4.31 4.46 x 10-2 [ 166]
7 4.52 [ 1]
8 4.57 [ 169]
10 4.67-4.77 Contact potential difference relative [ 89]
Surface of specimens pre-cleaned by
electron bombardment.
58
11 4.72 92.8 C arefull y degassed Pt wire. [ 325]

12 4.72 [ 326]
13 4.72 [ 170]
14 4.79 [89J
to silver (CPA} assumed 4.31 eV).
16 4.89 Compute using formula (1). [ 303]
18 4.99 [169]
19 5.08 60.2 [ 16]
20 5.08 11.5 [14,52]
21 5.08 21.9 [14,21]
22 5.08 [ 17]
23 5.10 [234]
24 5.14 [178]
25 5.22 28.8 [134]
26 5.27 64 Platinum wire (brand A-64). [226]
27 5.29 [6,171]
28 5.3 [ 7]
29 5.3 [ 191]
30 5.30 [234]
31 5.32 [2]
32 5.32 32 After careful degassing at temperature [ 3,172]
2000oK.
33 5.32 [ 327]
59
34 5.32 100-160 Platinum wire. [226]

35 5.36 [2,89,227]
36 5.40 170 [171]
37 5.40 130 [226]
38 5.44-6.37 [ 5]
39 5.46 4.93 [14,174]
40 5.55 [234]
41 5.68 3.56 x l(f [14,173]
42 5.9 [ 175]
43 6.0 32 [ 74]
44 6.05 840 [14,174]
45 6.2 [ 60]
46 6.27 17xl(f [3,5,176,301]
47 6.30 (3]
48 6.35 (177]
49 6.71 1.45x107 [14,100]
79. Gold Au
1 4.00-4.58 ( 79]
2 4.23 60.2 [5}
60
3 4.25 100 Emitter: inner cavity of gold-lined [ 82]

chamber.
4 4.28 [234]
5 4.29 [ 79]
to silver (rpAg assumed 4.31 eV).
8 4.32 40 [80]
10 4.46 [ 1]
11 4.55 [234]
12 4.58 [ 6]
13 4.63 [ 178]
14 4.72 [ 179]
15 4.7~ [ 113]
16 4.73 Temperature 1013K. [ 180]
17 4.74 computed using formula (1). [303]
18 4.76 [5,161]
19 4.78 [234]
20 4.82 Temperature 293"K. [113,180]
21 4.83:1:0.02 Contact potential difference relative [ 181]
to barium (rpBa assumed 2.52 eV).
22 4.86-4.92 [ 118]
23 4.89 [ 113]
61
24 4.9 [ 7]
25 4.90 [ 3]
26 4.92 [2]
27 5.1 [ 305]
80. Me rc ury Hg
1 4.50 [ 1]
2 4.50 [ 182]
3 4.5 [ 7]
4 4.52 [6]
5 4.52 [3,183]
6 4.52 [ 2]
7 4.53 [5,184,185]
62
Work function f/J, eV
81. Thallium Tl
1 3.0 Estimated using Eq. (8). [55]

2 3.03 a-phase. Computed using formula (1). [303]
3 3.68 a-phase. [5,186]
4 3.76 [ 6]
5 3.84 [ 1]
6 4.09 [ 1]
82. Lead Pb

2 3.92 [ 159]
3 3.94 [ 1]
4 3.97 [ 36]
5 4.0 [ 7]
6 4.02 [2]
7 4.02 [6]
8 4.14 [ 37]
9 4.15 [5]
10 4.58 [2]
63
83. Bismuth Bi
1 4.14 [37]
2 4.17 [ 1]
3 4.22-4.25 [187]
4 4.28 [ 6]
5 4.28 [2]
6 4.31 [60]
7 4.32 [60]
8 4.34 [94]
9 4.4 [ 3]
10 4.44 [ 10]
11 4.46 [188]
12 4.6 [ 7]
13 4.62 [5]
14 4. 76-fi. 06 [ 189]
84. Polonium Po
1 4.6 Read off graph of work function vs. [ 6]

atomic number.
64
87. Francium Fr
1 1.8 Estimated using Eq. (8). [ 55]
88. Radium Ra
89. Actinium Ac
90. Thorium Th
1 3.0 Thorium sputtered on W. [314]

2 3.29 [5]
3 3.3 60 [ 74]
4 3.31:1:0.02 Thorium sputtered on W. [ 314]
5 3.35 [2]
6 3.35 60.2 [5,98]
7 3.35 [96,234.437]
8 3.38 [2]
65
9 3.38 70 [3,301]
11 3.39 [58]
12 3.4 [7]
13 3.41 [6]
14 3.42 "Thick" thorium layers on W. [339]
15 3.44 [60]
to tungsten (1Pw assumed 4.560 eV).
Measured on film sputtered in vacuum.
18 3.46 [234]
19 3.47 [58]
20 3.51:1: 0.05 - [37,58,96,426]
21 3.52 [234]
22 3.57 Temperature 300o K. [ 37]
23 3.65 [8]
24 3.68 [8]
Measured on thin foil.
66
Work function CP. eV
92. Uranium U
1 Temperature dependence of work [ 438]

function: CPT = 2.9+ 2.3 x 10- 4 T.
2 3.080:1:0.05 Contact potential difference relative [367]
to tungsten (<Pw assumed 4.560 eV).
Measured on thin foil. Surface as-
sumed patchy, and to consist of
uranium metal and uranium oxides.
to tungsten (CPw assumed 4.560 eV).
Measured on film sputtered in vacuum.
4 3.24 [2]
5 3.27:1:0.05 ~6 [190, 422]
6 3.28 [5J
7 3.39:1:0.01 Body-centered lattice. Measured in [ 364]
temperature range 1043"-1065K.
8 3.47 [ 437]
9 3.47:1:0.01 Orthorhombic lattice. Measured in [364]
temperature range 3QO -938K.
10 3.47:1:0.03 - 114:1:12 Uranium film of 15 to 200 atomic [ 287]
layers thickness on tungsten ribbon.
11 3.52 0.01 Tetragonal lattice. Measured in tempera- [ 364]
ture range 938"-1043K.
67
12 3.63 Temperature 300"K. [53,422]

13 3.74 [6]
14 4.07O.O7 875 Temperature 1203K. [287]
68
II. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
1. SIMPLE OXIDES
Richardson constant A,
No. Oxide Work function cP, eV in A/cm 2.(deg K)2 Remarks References
1 BeO 3.8-4.7 [2]

2 B20 S 4.7 [ 2]
3 MgO 3.1-4.4 [ 2]
4 A1 20 S 4.7 [2]
5 Si02 5.00 [ 2]
Determined by Richardson line method. [ 330]
6
..
CaO 1.60.2
1.77 10- 2 [ 256]
1.9 Temperature 1000"1<. [259]
2.37 Photoemission at temperature 770"1<. [ 261]
Temperature dependence of the work [ 469]
function: CPT =(1.86 0.03) + (6.5 1)
X 10- 4 T.
Temperature dependence of the work [ 469]
function: CPT =(1.32 0.07)+ (4.51)
X 10-4 T. Oxide optimally activated
in Ba stream.
7 SC20S 4.4 Effective work function at break point [ 446]
on Richardson slope (T = 1700"1<).
Measured in 1300 -20000K on powder
coated on W ribbon.
8 Ti0 2 3.87 0.458 Activated. Measured in temperature
9 TiO
6.21
2.96-3.1
4.08 X 10 5
range 1750-2000"1<.
Unactivated. ~ [331]
[2]
69
No. Oxide Work function <p,eV in A/cm 2 (deg K)2 Remarks References
10 FeO 3.85 [2]

11 NiO 5.55 [ 2]
12 CuO 4.35 [2]
5.34 Photoemission [5]
13 CU20 4.9 [ 332]
5.15 Photoemission. [ 5]
14 SrO 1.27 10- 3 [256]
1.4 Tern perature 1000K. [ 259]
1.4-1.6 Thermionic emission. Molar Eu, Sm [ 408]
impurity concentration (0.01-0.05"/0).
2.03 Photoemission at temperature 640"K'l
2.07 Same, at 770"K. [ 261]
2.12 Same, at 1050"K.
Temperature dependence of work function: [ 469]
<PT=(l.60.08)+(71) X 10- 4 T.
<PT=(1.370.03)+(4.51) X 10- 4 T. Oxide
optimally activated in Ba stream.
15 Y20S 2.0 0.55 Comp,<ed from 'q'''ion with 1". ) [ 333]
2.00.1 209 T activation = 1723 -1773"K.
2.8 Computed from equation with T 5/ 4
Effective work function at 1600"K.
3.5 Same, at 1700"K. [340]
3.87 Effective work function at break point on [ 446]
Richardson slope (T = 1660"K). Measured in
1300 -2000"K range on powder coated on W ribbon.
70
I
No. Oxide Work function cp, eV in A/cm z . (deg K)Z Remarks References
16 ZrOz 3.12 0.363 Activated. Measured in temperature range

1700-2000"1<. [ 331]
4.11 2.81 Same, at 1400-1700"1<.
3.96 Effective work function at break point on [446]
Richardson slope (T = 1700 0K). Measured
in 1400 -20000K range on powder
coated W ribbon.
4.2-4.57 [ 2]
5.80 7.26Xl0 5 Unactivated. [ 331]
17 Mo0 3 4.25 [2]
18 CszO 0.99-1.17 [ 2]
19 BaO 0.99 10- z [256]
1.0 [258]
1.1 2 X 10- z [ 257]
1.1 Temperature 1000"1<. [ 259]
1.1 [ 263]
1.3 1 X 10- 1 [ 262]
1.4 [263]
1.44 0.026 [ 200]
1.4-1.6 Thermionic emission. Molar La, [ 408]
Nd, Gd, Er, Eu impurity concen-
tration (0.01-0.050/0).
1.57 Photoemission at 640"1<. [261]
1.63 Photoemission. [260]
1.65 Photoemission at 770"1<. [261]
71
No. Oxide Work function 'cP, eV in A/cm 2 (deg K)2 Remarks References
BaO 1.66 Same, at 1050"K. [261]

2.0-2.7 Photoemission. [264]
Contact potential difference relative to [ 439]
tungsten. Temperature dependence
of work function: cP = CPo + ex T;
CPo = 1.60:1:0.08 eV.
Temperature dependence of work function: [469]
CPT = (1.4:1:0.05)+ (7:1: 0.5) X 10- 4T.
CPT=(1.2:1:0.06)+(5.2:!:l) X 1O-4T. Oxide
optimally activated in Ba stream.
20 La20S 2.8 Computed from equation with T2. [333]
2.8:1:0.2 96 T activation = 1573 -1623"K.
Computed from equation with T5/4. [333]
3.10 Effective work function at 1700"K. [340]
3.16 Same as above. [445]
3.81 Same, at 1600 0 K. [333]
21 Ce20S 3.21 Effective work function at 1700"K. [ 340,445)
4.20 Effective work function at break point [446)
on Richardson slope (T= 1800"K). Measured
in 1300 0 -2000"K range on powder coated on W ribbon.
22 Pr203 2.8 0.22 Computed from equation with T2. [333]
2.8:1:0.2 220 T activation = 1673-1773"K. [ 333]
Computed from equation with T5/4.
3.48 Effective work function at 1700"K. [340,445)
3.68 Same, at 1600"K. [333)
72
No. Oxide Work function cp, e V in A/cm z . (deg K)Z Remarks References
}
23 NdzOs 2.3 0.99 Computed from equation with TZ.
. 2.3:0.2 246 Tactivation =1773-1823"1<. [333]
Computed from equation with T 5/ 4
3.06 Effective work function at 1673"1<. Computed [437]
from data in [447].
3.30 Effective work function at 1600"1<. [333]
3.3 Same, at 1700"1<. [340,445]
24 PmzOs ~3.33 Suggested value of effective work [445]
function at 1700"1<.
25 SmzOs 2.8 0.33 Computed from equation with TZ. [333]
2.8:0.1 55 T activation =2023-2123"1<. [333]
Computed from equation with T 5/ 4 ,
3.21 Effective work function at 1700"1<. [340,445]
3.57 Same, at 1600"1<. (333]
26 EuzOs 2.6 0.11 Computed from equation with TZ. [333]
2.6 0.2 22 T activation =1723-1823"1<. [333]
3.38 Effective work function at 1700"1<. [ 340,445]
I
3.60 Same, at 1600"1<. [333]
27 GdzOs 2,1 0.66 Computed from equation with TZ.
2.2:1:0,1 274 T activation =1723"1<. [333]
2.82 Effective work function at 1600"1<.
3.11 Same, at 1673"1<. Computed from data [ 437]
in [447J.
3.29 Same, at 1700"1<. [340,445]
73
Richardson constant A.
No. Oxide Work function cp. eV in Alcmz . (deg K)2 Remarks References
28 Tbzs 2.1 0.22 Compured from equ'''oo wi'" T'. J

2.3iO.1 197 T activation =1823"1<.
[ 333]
3.3 Effective work function at 1700'K. [ 340,445]
29 DYZ03 2.1 0.96 Computed from equation with r.
2.250.15 406 Tactivation = 1723'-1823"1<. [333]
2.75 Effective work function at 1600"1<. J
I
30 Ho Z0 3 2.3 0.33 Computed from equation with T2.
2.4 0.1 66 Tactivation = 2073' -2173"1<. [333]
Computed from equation with T 5/ 4.
3.24 Same, at 1700"1<. [445]
31 ErzOs 2.4 0.76 Computed from equation with TZ.
T activation =2023' -2123"1<.
'w
2.4 i O.2 88
3.0
3.33
Effective work function at 1600"1<.
Effective work function at 1700"1<.
} [333]
[ 340,445]
I
32 TmZ03 3.27 Same as above. [445]
33 YbzOs 2.7 1.42 Computed from equation with TZ.
2.70.1 121 T activation = 1723"1<.
[333]
74
No. Oxide Work function cp, eV in A/cm 2 . (deg K)2 Remarks References
I
Yb 20 3 3.39 Same, at 17001<. [ 445]
34 LU203 2.3 0.11 Computed from equation with T2.
2.40.2 187 Tactivation =1823-1923K.
[333]
Computed from equation with T 5 / 4
3.86 Effective work function at 16001<.
3.26 Effective work function at 17001<. [445]
3.86 Same, at 16001<. [333]
35 Hf02 2.82 0.49 Activated. Temperature measurement [331]
range 1500-19001<.
3.60 Effective work function at break point [446]
on Richardson slope (T =15001<). Measured
I
in 1300-20001< temperature range on powder
coated on W ribbon.
3.76 Activated. Temperature measurement
range 1300-15001<. [331J
5.84 9.25 X 106 Unactivated.
36 Ta20S 4.65 [ 2]
37 W02 4.96 [ 2]
38 Th0 2 1.66 1.1 X 10- 3 Activated. Temperature measurement [331]
range 1350-16501<.
2.54 2.5 [266]
2.55 3.3 Temperature 18001<. [203]
2.55 3.3 Temperature 20001<. [203J
2.57 7.9 [267J
2.60 2.45 Temperature 20001<. [334]
" 2.6 Computed from equation with T2. [ 335]
75
No. Oxide Work function <p, eV in A/cm 2 (deg K)2 Remarks References
Th0 2 2.67 5.62 [ 219]

2.7 Effective work function. [419]
2.71 21 Activated. Temperature measurement [331]
range 1200'-1350~.
" 2.74 Computed from equation with T 5/ 4 [335]
2.8 160

~20 layers of Th02 on tungsten ribbon. [336]
"
" 2.8 Photoemission. [58]
" 3.06 Effective work function at break point [331]
on Richardson slope (T = 1300'1<). Measured
in 1100' - 2000~ temperature range on powder
coated on W ribbon.
3.07 Effective work function at 1673~. Computed [437]
from data in [447].
4.7 [2]
6.32 4.07 X 107 Unactivated. [331]
39 U0 2 Temperature dependence of effective [438]
work function: <PT= 3.09+ 2.1 X 10- 4 T.
Powder coating on W core.
40 (Ba,Sr)O 1.2 ~1 [411]
Contact potential difference relative to [439]
tungsten. Temperature dependence of
work function: <p=<Po+cxT. <Po= 1.20:l:0.05eV.
41 (Ba,Sr,Ca)O Same. <Po =1.10 :1:0.05 eV. [439]
42 BaO+SrO 0.71 7 X 10- 2 [273]
0.93 5 X 10- 2 Optimally activated. [278]
1.01 4.8 X 10- 2 [282]
76
No. Oxide Work function cp, eV in A/cm 2 (deg K)2 Remarks References
BaO+SrO 1.02 1 X 10- 2 [272]

1.04 1 X 10- 3 [269]
1.1 [176,281]
. 1.1
1.14 9 X 10- 2
Temperature 1000"1<. [195]
[274]
. 1.2 [277]
1.23 (260]
1.24 1.2 X 10- 2 [271]
1.3 10- 3 [270]
1.37 [275]
1.4 [279]
1.42 1.8 X 10- 1 [280]
1.51 [268]
1.66 Photoemission. (265]
2.1 1.1 Unac tiv ated. [278]
Emission maximum at 300"/0 BaO, 700"/0 [284)
SrO.
. Emission maximum at 35% BaO, 650"/0 [285)
SrO.
43 BaO+CaO Same, at 600"/0 BaO, 400"/0 CaO. [285)
44 BaO + SrO + CaO 1.9 430"/0 BaO, 430/0 SrO, 14% CaO. [279)
Emission maximum at 470/0 BaO, 430/0 (283)
SrO, 100/0 CaO.
45 High - alumina 4.4 40/0 CaO in composition. Measured by [440]
zirconium ceramic Richardson slope method.
77
46. Mixed rare earth oxides
No. Composition Effective work Remarks Literature

function at 1673K
1 7 ff1/0 Gd.t0s + 2ff1/0 LazDs 2.99 Computed from data in [447]. ( 437]
2 5f11/0 Gd.tDs + 500/0 LazDs 2.93 Same ( 437]
3 45. 50/0 LazDs + 110/0 PrzOs + 380/oNdz0s 3.03 ( 437]
+ 5.50/0 other rare earth oxides
4 700/0 mixture (3) + 300/0 ThOz 2.98 [ 437]
5 4ff1/0 ClaOs + 2ff1/0 LazO~ + 17.90/0 Ndz0s 3.34 [448]
+ 5.70/0 PrzOs + 8.90/0 other rare earth
oxides
6 470/0 SrnzOs + 2ff1/0 Gdz0s + 280/0 other 3.39 ( 448]
rare earth oxides
78
~__________
f.eV -r____-'
r-________- '__________-r__________
2.9
c:C:X __ x
~~V~--~----r----r----,----,
2.7 L-------~---------+--------_t~~-~--_r--_l
2.5
2.3 L-------~~------~=-------7~------_t--_1
2.1
1.9 L-----~~~----~;J~------_t--------_t--~
1.7
lit 1200 1600 2000 T. Of{
(1060 ~~6
1.5 L::::~~:..:j~-------+--------_t----------t----j
Fig. 4. Temperature behavior of work SoO- So
function CPT in case of oxides of metals

700 900 1100 1300 1, oK
in the II-IV groups (stable emission state) 500
[328]. I)SezOs; 2) TiOz ;3) Y20S; 4)Zr02;

Fig. 5. Temperature dependence of work function ofBaO, SrO, an~l
5) L~Os; 6) HfOz.
CaO before and after sputtering of Ba in stream of 3.3 x 10
atmos/ cm2 sec [469].
79
2. COMPLEX OXIDES
Barium Niobate [300] <Pt. e V
L
Effective work function Emission current density ie' /
No. Compound 'PT' eV, at 12000 K in A/cm2 , at 12000 K
V
1 2.42 2.J
900 1100 1300 fj()O l, 'f(
Fig. 6. Temperature behavior of total

work function 'PT for basic barium
niob ium on a tantalum core.
Barium Hafnates [337]
No. Compound
Activation
temperature,"K
Effective work
function <p'f, Richardson work
in eV, at 1250"K function <Po' eV
Richardson
constant A,
in Alcm! (degK)2
~:11;1 ~f I
2.0 BOO 1000 1200 1, O/(
Fig. 7. Table emission curve for the

1 2 BaO Hf~ 1200 2.20 1.57 7.5 X 10-1 basic composition of barium hafnate,
2 3 BaO HfOz 1200 2.18 1.49 5.4x10-1 2BaO HfOz.
3 5 BaO HfOz 1200 2.17 1.42 1.15 X 10-1
4 7 BaO HfOz 1200 2.16 1.35 6.4 X 10-2
80
Tantalates
:0;::
o
No. Compound Core Remarks
I
1 CasT~OlO 1200 2.98 5.5 X 10-5
2 Srs Ta2010 1200 2.82 2.6 X 10-4 [300]
3 Bas Ta2010 1200 2.39 1.5 X 10-2
Tungsten 1560 1000-1550 1200 2.79 1.10 1.07 X 10-0 Sintered in hydrogen f
1560 1000-1550 1200 2.72 1.08 2.09 x 10~ Sintered in air
[299]
Tantalum 1250 840-1230 900 2.25 1.15 7.0 x10-4 Sintered in hydrogen
1250 840-1230 900 2.15 1.22 1.0 X 10-3 S intered in air
4 (Ba0>n<T~Cl;\n
n:m
3: 7 1200 3.49 4.0X10-7
1: 1 1200 3.18 7.0x10-s
~:1 1200 2.75 5.0 x 10-4
7:3 1200 2.71 7.5 X 10-4
3:1 1200 2.48 7.5 X 10- 3
[300]
4:1 1200 2.51 5.0 X 10- 3
4.5: 1.0 1200 2.44 1.0 X 10-2
7:1 1200 2.36 2.2 X 10-2
9:1 1200 2.37 2.0xlO- 2
81
No. Compound Core Remarks
5 Ca4BaTa2010 1200 2.78 4.0 X 10-4

6 CasB~T~010 1200 2.69 8.5 X 10-4
7 CaBa4T~010 1200 2.63 1.5 X 10- 3
8 Sr4CaTa2010 1200 2.83 2.2 X 10-4
9 SrsCa2T~010 1200 2.99 4.5 X 10-5
10 Sr2Ca3T~010 1200 3.05 2.7x10-6
11 srC<\4 T~010 1200 3.06 2.5 X 10-6
12 B<\4SrT~010 1200 2.48 6.5 X 10- 3
13 BasSr2 T~010 1200 2.51 5.0 X 10- 3 [300]
14 B~Sr3Ta2010 1200 2.60 2.0 X 10- 3
15 BaSr4 T~Dto 1200 2.63 1.5 X 10- 3
16 BasSrCaT~010 1200 2.55 3.1 X 10- 3
17 B~Sr2CaT~010 1200 2.51 5.0X10- 3
18 BaSrsCaT~OlO 1200 2.66 1.1 X 10- 3
19 BaSr2C~Ta2010 1200 2.67 1.0 X 10- 3
20 B~SrC~ Ta2010 1200 2.66 1.1 X 10- 3
21 BaSrCa3T~010 1200 2.62 1.6 X 10- 3
82
v. Fig. 8. Temperature behavior of total
I
3,0 II work function <PT for barium tantalate.

a) From data in [299]: 1) Bas T~010 on 1\
I~ tungsten (sintered in hydrogen); 2) \ Fig. 9. Dependence of total
3. I work function <{JT on com-
2,6 ~ <(Jt.ev~
BasT~Olo on tungsten (sintered in air);
3) BasT~Olo on tantalum (sintered in
\ position of barium tantalates
hydrogen); 4) BasT~Olo on tantalum 2 (BaO)n(Ta2C\;)m of different
:~ ~ 2;7~ (sintered in air). b) From data in \ n: m ratio, at 12000 K [300].
2.2
1/ [300]. 3
J'--.. f-- f-
800 1200 Tit
0
2.39CO 1100 '300 '500 T. oK 4 8 n,m
a b
Tungstenates
:>-
..>:: (l)
b .S
~
No. Substance Core' Remarks
1 1700 1100 2.42 1.02 3.39 X 10-6 1.2 X 10-3 [299]
I
1200 2.52 4.2x10-3 [300]
Tungsten 1560 1100-1500 1.20 1.07 x 10 '5 Sintered in hydrogen
1560 1000-1550 1200 2.82 1.25 3.39 X 10-5 S intered in air
[299]
Tantalum 1400 950-1400 1200 2.55 1.10 1.09 X 10-3 Sintered in hydrogen
1400 950-1400 1200 2.52 1.18 1.13 X 10-3 Sintered in air
83
No. Substance Core Remarks
2 BaC0S+BaSW06
(BaO: was>
9:1 1100 1.80 1.27 4.81 X 10-1
5: 1 1100 2.00 1.33 8.52 X 10-2
4:1 1100 2.08 1.32 3.98 X 10-2
3 BasWas+B~ W~ 1100 2.55 1.75 2.40 X 10-2
4 B~W~ 1100 2.76 1.85 9.77 X 10-3
5 B~W~+BaW04 1100 3.05 1.94 3.55 X 10-3
6 BaW04 1100 3.34 2.27 1.66 X 10-3
7 Baz.sSro.s Was 1700 1100 2.35 1.11 2.57x10-4 2.5x10- 3 [299]
8 B~SrW06 1700 1100 2.37 1.25 7.60x10-4 2.1x10- 3
9 BaLSSrLS WQ; 1700 1100 2.61 1.49 6.76 X 10-4 1.6 X 10-4
10 BaSrzWOs 1700 1100 2.83 1.82 4.80 X 10-3 1.5 X 10-5
11 SrsWOs 1700 1100 3.19 1.85 9.14 X 10-5 3.6 X 10-1
12 SrZCaW06 1700 1100 2.88 1.58 1.35 X 10..4 1.0 X 10-5
13 Srl,SCal.S WQ; 1700 1100 3.00 1.68 1.26 X 10"'" 2.5 X 10-6
14 SrC~W06 1700 1100 3.17 1.77 5.75 X 10-5 4.4 X 10-1
15 CasWC\; 1700 1100 3.36 2.13 2.82 X 10-4 5.5 X 10-8
16 C~BaWQ; 1700 1100 2.89 1.99 8.70 X 10-~ 7.7 X 10-6
84
~ ~
Q) Q)
. B bO::;
No. Substance Core .5... ~ Remarks
~ ~ ...
a
::l Q)
.~
a ~
0...
t;
< 3 :2 3
17 Cal.5Bal.5 WOG 1700 1100 2.70 1.55 4.26 x 10-4 6.0 X 10-5
18 CaB~WOs 1700 1100 2.40 1.33 1.35 x 10-3 1.4 X 10- 3
[299]
1
19 Cao.5B~.5W06 1700 1100 2.38 1.18 3.80xl0-41.8xl0-s
20 BaSrCaWOs 1700 1100 2.50 1.52 4.07xl0- 3 5.0xl0-4
35 ~
J.V
3.1
/ I cP t' e V:r---r---,.--r--"
J2r--+--r-~7Y
//2/
2.7
V/ / Fig. 10. Temperature behavior of work function for the basic barium
YI""- 1'3 2.81---+-*-_+_---1
tungstenate BasWOs [299]. (a) 1) After thermal activation at 1600o K;
2) after activation with current drain at 1600o K; 3) after thermal
2.3 1/ activation at 1 700o K; 4) after calcining at temperature 2000K.
/ (b) 1) BasWOs on tungsten (sintered in hydrogen atmosphere);
1/
1.9 800 1200 1600 .
T. K 1200 T.K 2) BasWOs on tungsten (sintered in air); 3) BasWOs on tantalum
a b (sintered in hydrogen); 4) BasW06 on tantalum (sintered in air).
85
Rhenates [337]
';:l I #j
Effective work
Activation function <fIT, eV, Richardson work Richardson constant A,
No. Composition temperature, oK at 12500 K func tion <Po' e V in Alcm2 (deg Ki
1 BaO'R~Or 1450 2.94 1.69 1.1 X 10- 3 2.2 900 1100 T,K
2 2BaO'R~Or 1300 2.68 1.43 1.1 X 10- 3
3 3BaO' Re20r 1300 2.57 1.57 1.1 x 10-1 Fig. 11. Stable emission curve
4 5BaO' R~Or 1350 2.44 1.67 1.15 X 10-2 for basic composition of
5 7BaO' R~Or 1350 2.38 1.51 7.4 X 10-2 bariulJl rhenate 7Ba' R~Or [337].
3. SALTS
Work function <p, Richardson constant A,

No. Substance in eV in A/cm2 . (deg K)2 Remarks References
1 NaCl ~4.2 Photoemission. [5]

2 AgCl 4.0-5.28 [5]
3 AgBr 3.7-5.14 [5]
4 AgI 3.0-40.92 [5]
5 Ammonia amalgam NE4Hg 2.76-2.90 [5]
6 (Ba, S r)C 0 3 1.25 26 [286]
86
4. BORIDES
No. Boride Work function <p, eV in A/cm2.(deg K)2 Remarks References
1 ZrB 4.48 35 X 10~ [203]

3.5 Effective work function at 2000"K. [442]
Computed from data in [203].
2 TaB 2.89 10 Temperature 1800"K. [203]
3.3 Effective work Function at 2000"K. [442]
3 SCB2 2.29 ~10-5 Richardson work function. Measured [293]
on powder.
2.90:1:0.05 4.6:1:2.1 Same. [207]
3.76 Effective work function at 1600"k. [369]
Measured on powder.
4 TiB2 3.88 884 [201]
3.95 35.5 [202]
5 VB 2 3.88 [202]
3.95 35.5 [201]
6 CrB2 3.36 48 [201]
3.36 [202]
7 MnB2 4.14 [201,202]
8 ZrB2 3.67 0.5 [201]
3.70 [202]
9 NbB 2 3.65 [ 202]
10 MoB2 3.38 [202]
11 HfB2 3.85 Effective work function at 2200"K. [457]
Powder coating on HfC core.
87
No. Boride Work function cp, eV in A/cm z (deg K)z Remarks References
12 TaB z 2.8-2.9 Thermionic emission in temperature [378]

range 1600 o -1800 o K.
13 WB z 2.62 [ 202]
14 U~ Temperature dependence of effective work [438]
function: CPT= 3.3+ O. 2'X 1O-4T. Powder
coating on W core.
15 W2Bz 2.95 Field emission. [ 359]
16 UB4 Temperature dependence of effective work [ 438]
function: CPT= 3.4-0.8x 10-'T. Powder
coated on W core.
I?' CaBs 2.86 2.6 [204,205]
18 SrBs 2.67 0.14 [ 204,205]
19 BaBs 3.15 [291]
20 ScBs 2.96 4.6 [ 290]
21 YBs 2.22 15 Richardson work function. Measured [207,208]
on powder.
2.52 Effective work function at 1700 o K. [ 340]
Computed using data in [208].
22 LaBs 2.27-2.07 Optimum surface coating by BaO [344]
molecules.
2.66 29 [ 204,205,207]
2.68 73 [208]
2.68 Field emission. [ 359]
2. 7 Effective work function. [ 419]
88
No. Boride Work function cp, eV in A/cm 2 . (deg K)2 Remarks References
LaBs 2.76 50.0 Temperature 2000oK. [334]

2.77 + 3.55 Photoemission. Surface cleaned by [ 344]
heating and subjected to action by
residual gases.
2.86 Effective work function at 1700"1<. [ 340]
computed using data in [205].
2.87 Effective work function at 1700K. [ 340]
computed using formula
CPT = 2.66+ 1.23 x 10- 4 Tcitedin
[341].
Measured on hot-pressed pellet
in 1800- 2070K range.
23 (LaNa)B s 3.95 Effective work function at 1970K. [ 443]
Measured on hot-pressed pellet
in 1l00-1900K range.
24 CeBs 2.59 3.6 [204,205]
2.93 ~580 [208]
25 PrBs 3.12 Photoemission. [209]
PrB6 3.35 Effective work function at 1700K. [340J
3.46 ~300 [208]
26 NdBs 3.31 Effective work function at 1700K. [340]
89
No. Boride Work function cp, eV in A!cm2 (deg K)2 Remarks References
NdB s 3.97 ~420 [208]

4.57 Photoemission. [209J
27 5mBs 3.7 Effective work function at 1700oK. [340J
4.4 [210J
28 EuBs 3.0 1.45 [212J
4.35-4.6 Effective work function at 1700oK. [340J
Computed using data in [342J.
4.9 1000-5000 [211J
29 GdBs 2.06 0.84 Mixture of two phases - GdB s and [207,208]
GdB4 Richardson work function.
Measured on powder.
2.78 Effective work function at 1700oK. [340J
4.6 P hotoem iss ion. [ 344]
30 TbBs 2.99 120..4 [213J
3.26 Effective work function at 1300oK. [ 340J
31 ~B6 3.53 25.1 [208]
32 HoB6 3.42 13.9 [208J
33 ErB6 3.37 9.9 [208]
3.74 Effective work function at 1700oK. [340J
34 TmBs 3.50 Mixture of two phases: TmBs and [ 369]
TmB4 Effective work function
at 1900"K. Measured on powder.
90
No. Boride Work function cP, eV in A/cm 2 (deg K)2 Remarks References
TmB 6 Measured on powder. Temperature [ 444]

dependence of work function in 1]00_
1800"K range: CPT = 2.75 + 3.3 X 10 -4 T.
Effective work function at:
3.14 1l00"K;
3.19 1400"K;
3.34 1800"K.
35 YbB 6 3.13 2.5 [ 208]
36 LuB6 3.0 0.36 [ 208]
37 ThBs 2.92 0.53 [204,205]
38 Mischmetall cerium 2.64 14.0 [ 205]
hexaboride
Same 2.89 ~370 [ 298]
39 LaB12 2.16 Thermionic emission. [ 343]
40 CeB12 2.20-2.24 Thermionic emission. [ 343]
41 (W 2B5, BaSi4) 2.73 Thermionic emission. 90 wf!l/o w2 B5. [ 351]
10 wt% BaSi4.
91
(/J,. e \(
t>;'
~ 1_ "
V 3.4
~
~
"',
3,2
[;tb :2; ~ . 0
0) .0 0
V
'O,
2. 4 1()()() . j{:
O
~
'400 T,K 1400 1800 T. K
Fig. 12. Temperature behavior Fig. 13. Temperature dependence

of work function for the com- of effective work function, TmBs
pound (LaNa)B6 [394]. 0 heat- (+ TmB4 ) [369]. Sample No.1;
ing; X cooling; 1:;. reheating; X sample No.2; 1:;. sample No.3;
recooling. Compound ob- o sample No.4; 0 sample NO.5 .
tained by electrolysis.
92
5. CARBIDES
No. Carbide Work function CPo eV in A/cm 2 (deg K)2 Remarks References
1 SiC 4.5 Contact potential difference. Measured [ 450]

on single crystal in vacuum of
1.33 x 10- 7 N/m 2 (10- 9 mm Hg).
2 TiC 2.35 2.5 Measured on powder. [203]
3.35 2.5 [ 214]
3.6 Effective work function at 1800"K. Com- [442]
puted from data in [203].
4.12 Effective work function at 1800"K. [ 455]
Measured on powder. [371]
Temperature dependence of effec-
tive work function: in 1300-
1750"K range:
CPT = 3.46 + 2 X 10- 4 T;
in 1750- 2200"K range:
CPT = 3.6+ 1 X 10- 4 T.
3.53 300"K;
3.74 1400"K;
3.82 2000"K.
3 VC 3.85 Measured on powder. [371]
Work function in temperature range
1300 - 2100"K is temperature-
independent.
93
No. Carbide Work function cp, eV in A/cm 2 (deg K)2 Remarks References
4 ZrC 2.1 Effective work function. Measured [ 419]

on powder.
2.18 [202]
2.18 0.31 Powder coating on W core. [203]
2.60 1.12 Temperature 2000"1<. [334]
2.96 14 Powder coating on Ta core. Measured [381]
by Richardron slope method.
3.1 36 Measured on hot-pressed pellet. [ 451]
3.49 Powder coating on Ta core. Effective [381]
work function at 1800"1<.
3.5 Field emission. [359]
3.620.01 Contact potential difference relative [356]
to molybdenum (<fMo assumed
equal to 3.01 eV). ZrC coated
electrophoretically on carburized
Ta. Measurements conducted in
vacuum of 1.33 X(10- 7 to 10-9 )
N/m 2 (10- 9 to 10- 10 mm Hg).
3.64 Effective work function at 2000oK. [ 452]
Powder coating on W core. Com-
94
No. Carbide Work function cP, eV in A/cm 2 (deg K)2 Remarks References
ZrC 3.7 Effective work function at 2320"1<. [ 452]

Powder coating on Ta core. Com-
Measured on fused samples. Com-
3.8 134 Measured on fused samples. [215]
Powder coating on W core. Com-
4.0 140 Measured on fused samples. [345]
Measured on hot-pressed samples.
Measured on powder. [371J
Temperature dependence of effective
work function in 1300" -2000oK range:
CPT = 3.24 + 2 x 10-4 T.
3.20 300"K;
3.53 1400oK;
3.64 2000oK.
5 NbC 2.24 ~10-6 Richardson work function. Measured on [293]
powder.
3.58 Effective work function at temperature [369]
95
No. Carbide Work function cpo eV Remarks References
in A/cm2 . (deg K)2
1500K. Measured on powder.

NbC 3.83 Effective work function at 2370"K. Measured (443]
on hot-pressed samples.
Measured on powder. Temperature (371]
dependence of effective work fWlc-
tion in 1450- 2200"K:
CPT=4.1-2.5 x 1O-4T.
4.02 300"K;
3.74 1400"K;
3.58 2000"1<.
6 3.80 Effective work function at lS00"K. [ 455]
7 3.85 Same at 1465"K. Carbide obtained [42S]
by diffusional saturation of
molybdenum with carbon. Com-
puted from data in (456].
8 HfC 2.04 Richardson work fWlction. Measured [293]
on powder.
3.25 Effective work function at 1550"K. ( 369]
Measured on powder.
Powder coated on W core.
96
No. Carbide Work function cp, eV in A/cm 2 (deg K)2 Remarks References
HfC 4.0 40 Massive disk cathode 12.5 mm in [ 346]

diameter and ~4. 7 mm thick.
Measurement range 1300-2100'1<.
4.15 Effective work function at 1800'1<. [ 455]
Nonstoichiometric composition.
Measured on powder. Temperature [ 371]
dependence of effective work func-
tion in 1300- 2100'1< range:
CPT =3.42+ 1.75 x 1O-4T.
3.47 300'1< ;
3.65 1400'1<;
3.76 2000'1<.
9 TaC 3.05 2.1 [ 203]
3.14 0.30 [203]
3.170.06 0.220.10 Thermionic emission. Measure- [373]
ments performed on carburized
tantalum wire in temperature
range 1600-2250'1<.
3.64 Effective work function at 2200'1<. Powder [442]
coated on W core. Computed from data in [203].
3.77 Effective work function at 2370'1<. Measured [443]
on hot-pressed samples.
4.15 Same, at 1800'1<. [455]
97
No. Carbide Work function cP, eV in A/cm z (deg K)z Remarks References
TaC Measured on powder. Temperature [ 371]

dependence of effective work func-
tion in 1350'-2200"1< range:
CPT = 3.98-1.5 x 10-4 T.
3.93 300"1<;
3.77 1400"K;
3.65 2000"K.
10 WzC 2.6 Field.emission. [ 359]
4.580.08 190 Average of four measurements. Found [ 354]
by the Richardson line method.
11 we 3.60 Effective work function at 1465"1<. [442]
Carbide obtained by diffusional
carbon saturation of tungsten. Com-
12 ThC z 3.0 Contact potential difference relative to [380]
tungsten (CPW assumed 4.5 eV).
3,2 ~200 [ 203]
3.5 ~550 [ 348]
13 UC 2.70 30 Powder coating on tantalum core. [ 381]
Measured by Richardson line method.
2.94 33 Measured on powder. [ 294]
3.21 Powder coating on tantalum core, Effec- [ 381]
tive work function at 1800"1<.
98
No. Carbide Work function cP, eV in A/cm 2 (deg K)2 Remarks References
UC 3.970.015 Contact potential difference relative [ 355]

4.57 7.3 x 105 Measured on fused specimens. [ 215]

Temperature dependence of work [ 438]
function: CPT" 2.94+ 1.1 x 10- s T.
Powder coating on Ir, Re, W.
14 UC-Nb 3.27 90 800/0 UC, 200/0 Nb. Thermionic [ 347]
emission in temperature range
1380 -1960"K at electric field
strengths 23,000 V/cm.
15 (UC)o.g-(BaCa)O.l Temperature dependence of work [ 438]
function: CPT" 1.66+ 6.1 X 10- 4 T.
16 TaC-ZrC Effective work function at 2370"K.
30-70 mol. 0/0 4.40
60 - 40 mol. 0/0 4.68
90-10 mol.% 4.70
17 NbC-HfC Same
33.0-67.0 mol. 0/0 4.80 [ 443]
57.2-42.8 mol. 0/0 4.73
88.0-12.0 mol. 0/0 4.43
18 TaC-ZrC Same
33.3- 6 6. 7 mol. 0/0 4.83
57.2-42.8 mol. 0/0 4.75
88.0-12.0 mol. 0/0 4.70
99
No. Carbide Work function cP, eV in A/cm z . (deg K)z Remarks References
19 (Tao.sZro.z) C 4.01 Effective work function at 1800"K. [ 455]

Measured on hot-pressed samples
20 (ZrC)o.s-(UC)o.z 3.1 12 Measured on hot-pressed specimens. [345]
3.28 3 Powder coated on tantalum core. [ 381]
Measurement by Richardson' slope
method.
3.28 Powder coated on tantalum core. [ 381]
Effective work function at 1800"K.
Powder coating on tungsten carbide core.
4.3 6.6 x 10 4 Measured on fused specimens. [ 215]
21 (ZrC)O.9-(UC)O.1 Temperature dependence of work [ 438]
function: CPT = 2.9 + 2.3 x 10-4 T.
22 (NbC)o.9Z- (UC)O.08 3.15 Effective work function at 1830"K.
Powder coating on tungsten carbide
23 (TaC)o.s-(UC)o.z 3.45
core.
Same, at 2100"1<. Powder coating on
tungsten carbide core.
} [ 457]
24 (WzC, BaSi,v 2.28 Thermionic emission. 90 wtfI/o WaC, [ 351]

10 w~o BaSi4
100
'Pr,e Fig. 14. Dependence of effective work function
---
0 on temperature, metal carbides [371]. 1) VC;
o v 0 1 2
38 2) TiC; 3) HfC; 4) TaC; 5) ZrC; 6) NbC.
~
!""" ~
l,.--<>- "
~ '"'-0....
~ ;--...!!
3,6
,....,..
5 6
1500 /900 r.K

s. I
II
~.f!V -.' oJtrr
/V
, ,0
x
~- "xx
---:-
~x
x
3.8
x 0
0
'.' ~><" / m
yA
p: ~ ./.
v.~
.
"
" ---:- ~ ~
--" ~ ..Y u
3 .0
Al' ..
~'Vv.

..
~
./'
V ~
#:~
- ..
A
'.0
87
3.' -"x-"
0
/:
~ 0
,., ~
~
V
3,1
/
3 .0
1100 "00 1600 1800 1100 2400 T. OK
,... 1700 1800 1900 2000 :2'100 2200 1Joo 2'400 2300
, K
Fig. 15. Temperature dependence of effective work function Fig. 16. Temperature dependence of work function for TaC-ZrC
of ZrC [452]: 0) ZrC rod; ., t:>, X) various specimens of cam odes system [458J at various concentrations (in mol. ,,/0): I) 60-40;
fabricated of powder coated on tungsten. II) 90-10; III) 30-70.
101
s. ,
s. ,
' .,
lJ) V
, JYln d
V/ .~
Vo .
::;:.
.'l
. :)
k~ V 4.

/
L// ~~
/
.
I/o
'
p
.7::~~ V
. ~
Bf
'.J
<.J
v;, v' l~.
" ~~V
6
f,P-"
nlO
.
4 .0
o
0 / 4
~~
' .0 ~ . ';
. ,
V ......
~.,.;
~
------:~
J.
l. ,
v ~
V '"
'h:P
ylyo/'
1000 1700 1800 1900 2000 :1100 nco 1]00 101.00 ,::,00
t ~
1600 1700 1800 1901) 1000 1100 :n00 2JOO 2.400 2'500
I, -K
Fig. 17. Temperature depel1del1ce of work fUl1ctiol1 for NbC - HfC Fig. 18. Temperature depel1del1ce of work fUl1ctiol1 for TaC- HfC system
system [458] at various cOl1cel1tratiol1s (il1 mol. 0/0): I) 33-67; [458] at various cOl1centrations (il1 mol. 0/0): I) 33.3-66.7; II) 88-12;
II) 57.2-42.8; III) 88-12. III) 57.2-42.8.
102
6. NITRIDES
No. Nitride Work function cp, eV in A/cm 2 (deg K)2 Remarks References
1 TiN 2.92 120.4 o-phase. [292]

2 VN 3.56 Effective work function at 1600"1<. [4431
Powder coating on Ta core.
3 ZrN 2.92 120.4 [292]
Measured on powder.
4 NbN 3.92 Same, at 1950"1<. Measured on powder. [369]
5 TaN 4.00 Effective work function at 1600"1<. [443]
Measured on sintered sample.
6 ThN 3.1 Photoemission. [58]
7 UN Temperature dependence of effective [ 438]
work function: CPT= 3.1+ 2.1 X 10- 4 T.
103
7. ALUMINIDES [466]
No. Aluminide Work function, eV drp/dT, eV/deg Remarks
1 V5 A1s 3.66 4.33 x 10- 3 T Effective work function at 1300"1(.

2 ZrA13 3.30 1.93 x 10- 3 T Same
3 Zr5A13 2.93 Same
4 NbA1 3 3.42 4.3 x 10- 4 T Same
5 TaA13 3.06 Same
3.S
-r-.",_
3.6 r- '"
- "-~ .-
~
-f
~
~
3.4
3.7
1---'
...- - . -n
3
2
0
Fig. 19. Temperature dependence of work function

"---- -0- .!looo<" ~ for the aluminides [466]: 1) V5Als; 2) NbA1 3;
.... ~ 3) ZrA13; 4) Zr5A13; 5) TaA1 3.

3 .0
1--
2.S
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
t emperOrufC'. K
104
8. SILICIDES
Temperature Effective work Value of CPT'

5
No. Silicide measurement function, e V eV at' References
range, oK CPT = CPo + (dcp /dT) T 300"1< 1400"1<
1 CrsSi 1100-1400 2.35+ 6.33 X 10- 4 T 2,54 3.23

2 CrSi 1200-1400 3.49-5.8 X 10- 5 T 3.47 3.40
3 CrSi z 1200-1450 3.78-1.2 X 10- 4 T 3.73 3.55
4 YSi z 1100-1600 3.26-7.5 X 10- 4 T_ 3.24 3.14
5 ZrSi z 1200-19iJO 3.95-5 X 10- 4 T 3.8 3.25 1800 T,'I<
[372]
6 NbSiz 1300-1700 4.34-5.25 X 10- 4 T 4.19 3.65
Fig. 20. Temperature dependence of
7 MoSi z 1100-1800 4.02-5 X 10- 4 T 3.87 3.30
effective work function, metal silicides
8 TaSi z 1400-1900 4.42-3.8 X 10- 4 T 4.31 3.90
[372]. 1) CrsSi; 2) CrSi; 3) CrSiz; 4) VSiz ;
9 WSiz 1200-1800 4.04-4.67 X 10- 4 T 3.90 3.34
5) ReSi z
10 ReSi z 1200-1900 4.02--2.67 X 10- 4 T 4.0 3.64
11
12
USi z
USis
3.01+ 2.1 X 10- 4 T
3.22+ 1.1 X 10- 4 T } [438]
-Temperature coefficient of work function is the average for the particular temperature range,
since it goes from a negative value through the zero point to a positive value.
105
9. CHALCOGENIDES AND MISCELLANEOUS SEMICONDUCTOR COMPOUNDS
No. Compound Work function <P, eV in A/cm2 (deg K)2. Remarks References
1 Ag2S 3.00-4.68 [5J

2 CdS 4.0-4.1 Thermionic emission. [361J
4.15 Thermionic emission. [362J
7.0 Photoelectronic emission. [363J
3 BaS 2.6 Sulfur film found on surface. [218J

4 L~S3 Measured on sintered specimen. [392J
Temperature dependence of effective
work function over the range 1200-
17000 K:
<PT = 0.73 + 2.02 x 10- 3 T.
3.15 1200 K;
0
4.16 1700"K.
5 LaS Measured on sintered specimen. Tem- [392J
perature dependence of effective work
function in range 1200 -1 700 K:
0
<PT = 0.58 + 2.1 x 10-3 T.

3.10 1200o K;
4.15 1700"K.
106
No. Compound Work function cpo eV in Alcm2 (deg Kl Remarks References
6 C~S3 Measured on sintered specimen. Tem- [392]

perature dependence of effective
work function in range 1200 -1700K:
CPT = 0.92 + 1. 78 X 10- 3 T.
3.06 1200K;
3.95 1700"K.
7 CeS Measured on sintered specimen. Tem- [392]
perature dependence of effective work
function in range 1200 -1700oK:
'PT = 0.79 + 1.86 x 10- 3 T.
3.02 1200oK;
3.95 1700oK.
8 Nd2SS Measured on sintered specimen. Effective [395J
work function at:
3.14 1200oK;
3.64 1500oK;
3.93 1700oK.
9 NdS Measured on sintered specimen. Effec- [395]
tive work function at:
3.09 1200oK;
3.69 1500"K;
3.89 1700oK.
107
No. Compound Work function cpo eV in A/cm2 . (deg K)2 Remarks References
10 Pr2SS Measured on sintered specimen. Effec- [395]

3.08 1200oK;
3.63 1500"K;
3.84 1700"K.
11 PrS Measured on sintered specimen. Effec- [395]

3.10 1200"K;
3.72 1500"K;
3.90 1700"K.
12 ThS 3.4 100 [219]
13 CdTe 6.0 Field emission from polycrystalline [393]

p-type specimen.
14 BaTe 2.1-3.9 As a function of activation, Thermionic [ 449]

emission.
15 Bi2Tea 5,30 Photoelectronic emission, {OOOl} face of [ 309]
single crystal. Measurements in vacuum
of 1.33 X 10-sN/m 2 (i,e . ~1O-8mm Hg).
16 Sb~ea ~5 Photoelectronic emission, Measurement on [ 349]
single crystal.
108
'fi" e.\j-- - ---r----.-----..-----,r-..........,
~e V'r----r--_r--_r--,
Fig. 21. Temperature behavior of work function of Fig. 22. Temperature behavior of work function
L~S3 [392]. 0 Sample No.1; X sample No.2; of LaS [392]. 1) Sample No.1 on heating;
b. sample No.3; sample No.4; sample No.4, 2) sample No. 1 on cooling; 3) sample No.2 on
reheated. heating; 4) sample No.2 on cooling; 5) sample
No. 3 on heating.
109
'Ii. ev.,r - - - -,-----.-______,r-----
Fig. 23. Temperature behavior of C~S3 work

function [392] . Sample No.1; x sample
No.2; 0 sample No.3 on heating; ,6 sample
No.4 on cooling.
~ev~---r----,,----.-------,
4.301----t----+----+--:;;~~
Fig. 24. Temperature behavior of CeS work function

[392] . Sample No.1 on heating; 0 sample No.1
J301-~-~~--+----+----4
on cooling; x sample No.2 on heating.
IJOO 1500 1700
110
~~ U-------~------~--------r-------'
38~-----+------+-~~~~~---\
331----------*'e;::.------I-----+-------\
2.8 1100 1300 1500 1700 r. 0f{
Fig. 25. Temperature behavior of Nd2Ss work

function [395]. 0 Sample No.1; X sample
No.2; /:; sample No.3.
v
~
3.8 C?
J3
~./'
//
2.8 '373 1573 1773 T.
.
K
Fig. 26. Temperature behavior of NdS work function

[395]. 0 Sample No.1; X sample No.2.
111
!II,ev,r-------,.--- - - , - - - - - - . - - - - ,
3.8~----_4------_r~~~+_----~
2.8 1373 1573 1773 1973 T,'J(
Fig. 21. Temperature behavior of Pr2SS work function

[395]. 0 Sample No.1; x sample No.2.
~r, eV.
3,8
0 .
~
33 /
0
2.8 ~
/IOU /300 /500 1700 r'x
Fig. 28. Temperature behavior of PrS work

function [395]. 0 Heating; x cooling.
112
No. Compound Work function !{J,eV in Alcm2 (deg K)2 Remarks References
11 GaAs 4.10-+3.90 Thermionic emission} . d [350]

p-t e semlcon uctor
4.34-+4.24 Photoelectronic emission YP
Work function decreased as current carrier con-
centration varies from 4 X 1015 -+1018 _10 19
4.15 Thermionic emission} . d [350]
-t e semlcon uctor
4.36 Photoelectronic emission p YP
4.69 Photoelectronic emission. Measurements per- [309]
formed in vacuum of 1.33 X 10-6 N/m2 (~10_ 8
mm Hg).
18 InSb 4,42:1:0.05 Contact potential difference relative to gold [366]
(!{JAu assumed 4.92 eV).
4.57 Photoelectronic emission. Measurements per- [309]
formed in vacuum of 1.33 x 10-6 N/m2
(~10-8 mm Hg).
19 CssSb 1.9 Photoelectronic emission. [ 409]
20 NazKSb 1.8 Photoelectronic emission. [329]
" 2.0 Same [ 409]
21 (Cs)NazKSb 1.2 Same [329]
1.5 Same [ 409]
",,1.55 Same [297]
22 (Cs,Rb)aS b 1.40-1.76 Thermionic emission. Measured by Richardson [ 467]
slope method.
113
I
No. Compound Work function cpo eV Remarks References
in Alcm2 (deg K)2
23 Sb~Cs Photoemission at various wavelengths: [365]
Wmk f~"ioo A=404.6

"
nm
1.46
1.55 Same at A = 313.0 nm
A 2 Layer thickness ~ 120 nm
1.55 = SO.5 nm
1.59 A= 24S.2 nm
1.43 A=404.6 nm
1.46 A = 313.0 nm
Layer thickness ~ 530 nm
1.47 A=2S0.5nm
1.49 A=24S.2nm
24 Bi-O-Ag-Cs 1.5 Photoemission. [ 409]
114
I I
/ I
If-O / 1
I
,, \
V I
1 , ,
I
~
~ 4,0
38 , ,
....
/ '" ........
I
e _ I ,/
, /
I
~
'-
V
3.6
3.6 60 20 w, o
100 60 20W o b
a
/e
3.4
Fig, 30. Dependence of the work functions of alloys on
composition (wt!'/o) [397], a) Tungsten -hafnium system:
-/
3.2
X values of work function determined experimentally;
values of work function computed from formula
1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 IBOO r. X N
'P*- ~ Ii 'Pi' where q>* is the work function of the
Fig. 29. Temperature behavior of work function i-I
of LaG~ [396]. 0 Heating; ~ cooling; "re- phase mixture. f i is the fraction of the current supplied
heating; cooling. Specimens were obtained by by patches of the i-th type; q>i is the work function of a
sintering components with subsequent melting in patch of the same i-th type. b) Tungsten-titanium sys-
an argon atmosphere. tem: X work function values determined experimentally.
115
T. oK
f .v
~.eV
3500
T. <:IK
3500 3000
3000 5.8
3000 4 .6 2500 4.8

2500
2500 2000
r-
2000 5.0
1500
~,
....,
0 2000
,/
--- --- 2
:-- >--
V
4. 2 1500
,./_Q..--
-v-
r---<>
--,,-
~. .;...- '\
1'-, _SJ
oj 4.0
/ - ~-- ------ 2
1000
===0=- - ,..,.0-
4.2
1500 1000
I o 20 40 60 80 100
3.8
20 40 60 80 100
3.2
T.
20 40
ClI. %
100
R.
Nb w t. % T. C t. ~
Fig. 31. Dependence of work function on com- Fig. 32. Dependence of work function on composition of alloys [468]: a) Nb-Ta; b) Ti-Re;
position of alloy Ta -Re [468]. o castings; hot-pressed compacts.
116
10. INTERMETALLIDES
No. Alloy Work function cpo eV Remarks References
in A/cm2 . (deg K)2
1 CuMg 3.7-3.8 Thermionic emission. Activated. [390]

2 CuBe 4.2 Thermionic emission. [391]
11. MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
No. Compound Work function cpo eV in A/cm2 . (deg K)2 Remarks References
1 Water 6.13-6.09 Photoelectronic emission. [5]

2 Mica ~4.8 [5]
3 Fuchsin 5.26 [ 5]
4 Cyanin 5.22 [5]
5 Organic dyes:
rhodamine 6G
erythrosine
1
5.5-6.0 [295]
8 -carotene
phthalocyan (no metal)
zinc phthalocyan
pinakryptol 5.2 [296]
pinacyanol 4.9 [296]
117
III. CHEMICAL ELEMENTS ON SUBSTRATES
(Metal- Film)
No. Metal-film TE* PE* CPD* RC* Remarks References
1 Carbon -cesium (C-Cs) 1.37 10.0 Optimum coating at Cs pressure of [ 420]

1.33 X(10- 4 to 1) N/m2 (10- 6 to 10- 2 mm Hg).
2 Titanium-chlorine (Ti-Cl) 4.40 [ 403]
3 Titanium - cesium (Ti -Cs) 1.07 0.10 Optimum coating at Cs pressure of [ 420]
1.33 X(10-4to 1)N/m 2 (10-6 to 10- 2 mmHg).
4 Manganese-oxygen (Mn-O) 6.5 [ 2]

5 Iron-hydrogen (Fe-H) 4.83 [ 403]
6 Cobalt-hydrogen (Co-H) 4.24 [ 403]
7 Nickel-hydrogen (Ni-H) 4.98 [ 403]
8 Nickel-oxygen (Ni -0) 6.34 [ 2]
6.36 [73]
9 Nickel-cesium (Ni -Cs) 1.65 2.09 Optimum coating at Cs pressure of [420]

1.33 X(10-4to 1)N/m 2(10-6to 10- 2 mmHg).
10 Nickel-barium (Ni-Ba) 2.60 [ 199]
.TE-work function in thermionic emission <P. in eV; PE-work function in photoelectron emission <P. in eV; CPD-work function in contact
potential difference <P. in eV; RC-Richardson constant A. in A/cm 2 '(deg K)2.
118
No. Metal-film TE PE CPD RC Remarks References
11 Copper-barium (Cu-Ba) 3.350.05 Field emission. Cu layer on tungsten [289]

ribbon. Ribbonheated at 973"K for
20 min. Value cited is average of
eleven measurements.
12 Zirconium -oxygen (Zr-O) 5.2 3.7 X 104 [237]
13 Zirconium -chlorine (Zr- CI) 4.27 [ 403]
14 Zirconium-cesium (Zr-Cs) 3.93 10 13 Optim um coating at Cs pressure of [ 420]
1.33 X (10- 4 to 1) N 1m2 (10- 6 to
10- 2 mm Hg).
15 Niobium-cesium (Nb-Cs) 1.02 0.05 Same [ 420]
16 MOlybdenum -cesium (Mo-Cs) 1.22 0.45 Same [ 420]
1.680.05 [ 347]
17 Molybdenum-thorium (Mo-Th) 2.58 1.5 [ 2,5,237,301,437]
2.58 [ 5]
18 Palladium-oxygen (Pd-O) 6.04 [178]
19 Silver-barium (Ag-Ba) 1.56 [ 199]
20 Silver-oxygen- cesium (Ag-O-Cs) 0.8 [329]
1.0 [ 472]
21 Barium-barium (Ba-Ba) 1.66 [ 5]
2.1 60 [ 5]
22 Barium-iridium (Ba-Ir) Composition: Ir 89.70/0; [3BaO' 0.5CaO W03] [ 416]
9.50/0; Al 0.80/0. Temperature dependence
of work function in 723" -1273K range:
CPT = 1.78 + 4.29 X 10- 5 T.
23 Hafnium-oxygen (Hf-O) 5.1 5.5 x 10 4 [ 237]
119
24 Hafnium-cesium (Hf-Cs) 3.62 10 17 Optimum coating at Cs pressure of [ 420]

1.33 x (10- 4 to 1) N/m2 (10- 6 to
10- 2 mm Hg).
25 Hafnium-hafnium (Hf-Hf) 3.53 1.45 [ 5]
26 Tantalum-hydrogen (Ta-H) 4.53 [ 403]
27 Tantalum-nitrogen (Ta-N) 4.50 [ 403]
28 Tantalum-cesium (Ta-Cs) 1.11 0.15 Optimum coating at Cs pressure of [ 420]
1.33 x (10- 4 to 1) N/m2 (1O- 6 to 10- 2mm Hg).
29 Tantalum-thorium (Ta-Th) 2.52 [243]
2.52 0.5 [2,437]
3.53 [131]
30 Tungsten-hydrogen (W-H) 5.80 [2]
31 Tungsten-lithium (W - Li) 1.83 [ 199]
32 Tungsten-beryllium (W-Be) 4.50 [ 404]
33 Tungs ten - nitrogen (W - N) 6.88 [ 403]
34 Tungsten-oxygen (W -0) 5.34 [235]
6.24 [ 244]
6.28 [ 2]
9.22 5 X 1011 [237]
35 Tungsten-sodium (W - Na) 1.76 [ 199]
2.10 [ 5]
36 Tungsten-potassium (W-K) 1.64 [ 199]
37 Tungsten-calcium (W - Cal 2.40 [ 405]
38 Tungsten-strontium (W -Sr) 2.20 [ 406]
39 Tungsten-yttrium (W-Y) 2.70 7.0 [2,5,52,301,437]
120
40 Tungsten-zirconium (W-Zr) 3.14 5.0 [2,5,301]

3.14 [ 5]
3.15 5.0 [ 49]
41 Tungsten-cesium (W-Cs) 1.1 Optimum coating. [ 419]

1.36 3.2 [ 2]
1.36 1.36 [ 5]
1.38 3.26 [237]
1.41 3.55 Optimum coating at Cs pressure of [ 420J
1.33 x (10- 4 to l)N/ m2 (10-s to 10- 2 mm Hg).
1.44 [ 235]
1.50 [ 242]
1.64 [ 240]
" 1.70 [241]
42 Tungsten-barium (W-Ba) 1.10 [ 5]

1.56 [273]
1.56 1.5 [ 2,301]
1.66 2.5 [2]
1.66 [ 5]
1.72 3 Com position: 5Ba3WOS+ 15Al+ 80W [ 412]
or Ba3WOS+WC+W.
1.90 [ 402]
2.01 100 [239]
2.07 [ 238]
2.1 100 [ 411]
121
Tungsten - barium (W - Ba) Composition: W 900/~ [3BaO .0.5CaO WOs] [ 416]

9.50/0; Al 0.5-10/0. Temperature dependence
of work function in 823-1273"1< range:
<PT= 1.75+ 3.33 X 10- 4 T.
43 Tungsten-lanthanum (W-La) 2.71 8.0 [2,5,237,301,437]
2.71 [ 5]
2.72 8.0 [ 52]
44 Turrgsterr-cerium (W -Ce) 2.71 8.0 [2,5,301,437]
2.72 8.0 [ 52]
45 Tungsterr-turrgsten (W - W) 4.54 60-100 [ 5]
46 Tungsten - thorium (W - Th) 2.62 [ 5]
2.62 3.0 [ 192]
2.63 3.0 [ 2,5,192,301,411,421,437]
2.66 5.0 [237j
2.67 [316]
2.69 7.0 [193,194]
2.77 6.5 [151,230]
2.86 15.5 [236J
2.86 [151,230]
3.08 [235]
3.20 Effective work furrctiorr at 2000"K. Computed
by author from data in[ 316] based orr graphs
irr [31 7J.
47 Tungsten-urarrium (W-U) 2.84 3.2 [2,5,52,301,437]
122
48 Tungsten- hydrogen - potassium

(W-H-K) 1.80 [2]
49 Tungsten-oxygen-sodium (W-O-Na) 1.72 [2]
50 Tungsten-oxygen-potassiurn (W-O-K) 1.76 [ 2]
51 Tungsten-oxygen-cesium (W-O-Cs) 0.72 0.003 [ 2,193,194]
1.44 [ 2,235]
52 Tungsten-oxygen-bariurn (W-O-Ba) 1.34 0.18 [2,301]
1.34 [245]
53 Tungsten - barium - oxy gen (W - Ba - 0) 1.9-2.5 [2]
54 Tungsten-barium -barium (W-Ba-Ba) 1.86 4.1 [2]
55 Rhenium-cesium (Re-Cs) 1.98 266.1 Optimum coating at Cs pressure of [ 420]
1.33 X(10- 4 to 1) N 1m2 (10- 6 to 10- 2 mm Hg).
56 Rhenium-barium (Re-Ba) 2.3 [ 402]
57 Rhenium-thorium (Re-Th) 2.58 1.4 In 1373-1573"1< temperature range. [ 421,437]
3.10 Obtained by calculation. [ 423]
3.15 [ 423]
3.16 75 Monolayer coating. Work function [ 436]
independent of layer thickness
and equal to 3.3 e V as Th
concentration increases on Re
surface.
58 Platinum-hydrogen (Pt-H) 4.24 [ 2]
59. Platinum-hydrogen (Pt-H 2) 4.21 [227]
60 Platinum-oxygen (Pt-O) 6.27 [ 178]
6.55 [ 2,227]
8.46 [237]
123
No. Metal- film TE PE CPD RC Remarks References
61 Platinum-sodium (Pt-Na) 2.10 [5]

62 Platinum - potassium (Pt- K) 1.62 [ 5]
63 Platinum - calcium (Pt- Ca) 3.0 Ca- Pt alloy on platinum substrate. [377]
64 Platinum-rubidium (Pt-Rb) 1.57 [ 5]
65 Platinum-strontium (Pt-Sr) 2.3 Sr- Pt alloy on platinum substrate. [377]
66 Platinum-cesium (Pt-Cs) 1.38 [199]
67 Platinum-barium (Pt-Ba) 1.9 [ 402]
2.2 Ba - Pt alloy on platinum substrate. [377]
3.28:1:0.05 Same. Contact potential difference [470]
relative to tungsten (tpW assumed
4.52 eV).
68 Gold-oxygen (Au-O) 5.66 [ 178]

6.46 [2]
69 Gold-barium (Au-Ba) -2.3 Effective work function at -1200"1<. [441]

Film of composition (6: 1 to 7: 1)
thickness 70-90 nm on tungsten
substrate.
3.35:1:0.05 Field emission. Au layer 0.3 /.l thick [289]
on tungsten ribbon. Over 50 layers
Ba sputtered on top. Ribbon heated
at 973"1< for 20 min. Stated value
is average is taken from 67 meas-
urements using different instruments.
124
70 1Kh18N9T stainless steel-cesium 1.41 4.68 Optimum coating at Cs pressure of [ 420]

1.33 X (10- 4 to 1) N/m 2 (10- 6 to
10- 2 mm Hg).
71 Thorium oxide-cesium (ThOz-Cs) 1.0 Optimum coating. [ 419]
72 Lanthanum hexaboride-cesium 0.8 Same [ 419]
(LaB 6 -Cs)
73 Zirconium carbide-cesium (ZrC-Cs) 1.0 [ 419]
3.7 Effective work function in temperature [452]
range 1350-1750"1<.
125
IV. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS ON SUBSTRATES
>-OJ
<.-
..
'CIIi:l Q'
~ .... be
c:: 190 OJ
.S () ~
No. Substr ate-material ....() c:: Remarks References
c:: 0"
.E '" S
.:.: :a . .(). .
"Cl
!5 iJ<.
~ o:! ....c::
1 Carbon- barium, barium oxide (C-Ba/BaO) 1.99 Heat-activated at 1073 to 1173"1<. Therm- [ 382]
ionic emission.
2 Aluminum-aluminum oxide (AI-AI20 s) 3.9 Contact potential difference. Oxide film [471]
thickness 200 nm.
4.3:1:0.1 Same. Film thickness 3 nm. [471]
3 Aluminum- barium oxide (AI- BaO) 1.80 Activated. Thermionic emission. [352]
4 Silicon-barium, barium oxide (Si-Ba/BaO) 2.07 Heat-activated at 1073 to 1173"1<. Therm- [382]
ionic emission.
5 Titanium- barium oxide (Ti- BaO) 1.58 Same [352]

6 Chromium-barium oxide (Cr-BaO) 1.54 [353]
1.72 [352]
7 Iron- barium oxide (F e- BaO) 1.61 [352]

Iron- barium oxide (Fe-BaO) 1.83 Heat-activated at 1073 to 1173K. Therm- [353]
ionic emission.
126
<
:>-
(l) ... '"
...
c:!~
s:- o:! ::.::
c:!
190 DO
(l)
No. Substrate-material ...

.9
U
U
c:!
-0
~
Remarks References
c:! 0",
.8 ~ 6
....
u
..:x:
0
.... ~<
u
:::: ~ .S
8 Nickel- strontium oxide (Ni -SrO) 2.0 [195]

9 Nickel- barium oxide (Ni - BaD) 1.27 [246]
1.32 Activated. Thermionic emission. [353]
1.35 Same [352]
10 Nickel- barium oxide, strontium oxide (Ni - Ba/SrO) 1.20 0.96
1.15 0.25 After 1000 hr service.
1. 062- 0.0359- Depending on degree of activity. [2]
1.240 0.1595
11 Nickel alloy- barium oxide (Ni alloy-BaD) 1.503- 0.087- Same
1.830 2.18
12 Manganous nickel- barium oxide (Manganous Ni-BaO) 1.36 Activated. Thermionic emission. [ 352]
13 Nickel-barium sulfide (Ni-BaS) 2.1 4.4 X lOS [217]
2.2 4.2 X lOS [216]
14 Copper-barium oxide (Cu-BaO) 1.34 Activated. Thermionic emission. [353]
1.62 Same [ 352]
15 Zirconium- barium oxide (Zr- BaD) 1.48 [353]
1.5 Temperature 670 0 _ 870 0 K. [195]
127
<:
>-<1l <-> ..
c:: ~
S- S :.::
c:: '" <1lbO
.g U~
No. Substrate-material U c:: Remarks References
c:: 0 ..
.;:! ~ a
.... u
-c0 l'!"<
u c::
;3: .~
0:: .~
16 Molybdenum-calcium oxide (Mo-CaO) 2.1 Temperature 820" -920"K. [195]

17 Molybdenum-strontium oxide (Mo-SrO) 1.15 Temperature 1000"K. [195]
1. 2-1.1 Temperature 550" -900"K. [195]
18 Molybdenum-calcium oxide (Mo- BaD) 1.1 Temperature 1000"K. [195]
1.2-1.0 Temperature 550" -900"K. [195]
1.22 Temperature 1000oK. [247]
1.40 Same [353]
2.0-2.1 Contact potential difference. Ba impurity [322]
present.
19 Molybdenum-molybdenum silicide (Mo-MoSi2 ) 3.86-3.91 Contact potential difference. MoSi2 layer [322]
5 to 25 Jl thick.
4.49-4.56 Contact potential difference. Layer subjected [322]
to eight-hour heat treatment at 1600" -2100"K.
20 Molybdenum-cesium fluoride-cesium (Mo-CsF-Cs) 1. 380. 05 Thermionic emission. [374]
21 Palladium-barium, barium oxide (Pd-Ba/BaO) 1.66 Heat-activated at 1073" -1l73"K. Thermionic [382]
emission.
22 Silver-barium oxide (Ag-BaO) 1.32 Activated. Thermionic emission. [352]
23 Tantalum-strontium oxide (Ta-SrO) 1.3 Temperature 600"- 870"K. [ 195]
24 Tantalum-barium oxide (Ta-BaO) 1.15 Temperature 1000"K. [195]
128
No. Substrate -material Remarks References
Tantalum- barium oxide (Ta- BaO) 1.3-1.0 Temperature 600 _900 0K. [195]
1.58 Same [352]
25 Tungsten- calcium oxide (W-CaO) 2.1 Temperature 8200_9200K. [195]
26 Tungsten-strontium oxide (W-SrO) 1.2-1.1 Temperature 550 -900 0K. [195]
27 Tungsten-barium oxide (W-BaO) 1.1 Temperature 1000o K. [195]
1.2-1. 0 Temperature 550 _900 o K. [195]
1.36 Same [353]
1.9-2.0 Contact potential difference. Ba impurity [ 322]
present.
28 Tungsten-tungsten oxide (W-WOs) 9.22 5 X lOll [5]
29 Tungsten-thorium oxide (W-Th~) 1.5 5 X 10-2 Activated at 2150K. [249]
1.6 1 X 10-2 [250]
2.4 12 Ba impurity present. [336]
2.5 2.5 Temperature 1980o K. [248]
2.5 100 [249]
30 Tungsten-barium-gold alloy (W-BaAlIs) 3.3 Field emission. Vacuum: 1.33 to 2.66 X 10-7 [357]
N/m2 [or (1-2) X 10-9 mm Hgl.
129
No. S ubstr ate -m aterial Remarks References
31 Tungsten-tungsten silicide (W-WSi2) 3.9-4.02 Contact potential difference. WS~ layer [322]
5 to 25 IJ. thick.
4.67-4.83 Contact potential difference. Layer sub- [322]
jected to seven-hour heat treatment at
2050 -21200K.
32 Tungsten-thorium sulfide (W-ThS) 3.4 100 [219]
33 Iridium-thorium oxide (Ir-Th~) 6.2 6 X 107 [112]
34 Platinum- beryllium oxide (Pt- BeO) 1.88 4,56 X 10-6 [196]
3.94 360 [134]
35 Platinum- boron oxide (Pt- B20 S) 4.51 13,2 [134]
36 Platinum- magnesium oxide (Pt- MgO) 3.19 1.1 X 10-5 [196]
3.31 1.02 X 10 3 [134]
37 Platinum-aluminum oxide (Pt-A~03) 3.00 2,09 X 10-5 [196]
3.90 16.2 [134]
38 Platinum-silicon oxide (Pt-Si~) 4.75 12.3 [134]
39 Platinum-calcium oxide (Pt-CaO) 2.52 129 [134]
3.33 249 [196]
40 Platinum-scandium oxide (Pt-Sc20S) 3.52 13.5 [134]
41 Platinum-titanium oxide (Pt-Ti02) 4.24 2.04 [134]
42 Platinum-ferric oxide (Pt- F~03) 3.82 1.16 X 10-2 [196]
130
co::
> '"
....;aQ
(J) ....
s.
~ '" (J)bO
.3 u::::'.,
No. S ubstr ate-m aterial .... Remarks References
u ~
0 ...
~
.2 {j E
u
.2:;:
~
..:>::
....
0 u
~ e:::
.~ ~
.~
43 Platinum-cobalt oxide (Pt-C~03) 4.06 2.17 x 10-2 [196]

44 Platinum-nickel oxide (Pt-NiO) 4.19 9.1 x 10-2 [ 196]
45 Platinum-cupric oxide (Pt-CuO) 1. 76 1.55x10-s [ 196]
46 Platinum-strontium oxide (Pt-SrO) 1.86 4.07 [ 134]
1.9 Temperature 600' -900'K [195]
3.71 258 [ 196]
47 Platinum-yttrium oxide (Pt-Y20S) 2.95 8.22 x 10-2 [ 196]
3.10 14.8 [ 134]
48 Platinum- zirconium oxide (Pt- Zr~) 2.98 2.90 x 10-2 [196]
3.80 3.80 [134]
49 Platinum- barium oxide (Pt- BaO) 1.37 Activated. Thermionic emission. [ 353]
1.68 2.88 [ 134]
1.71 Activated. Thermionic emission. [ 352]
3.44 272 [ 196]
50 Platinum-lanthanum oxide (Pt-La20S) 3.10 3.03x10-2 [196]
51 Platinum-cerium oxide (Pt-Ce~) 3.02 8.62x10- 2 [ 196]
52 Platinum-gadolinium oxide (Pt-GdO) 2.43 1.65 x 10-6 [ 196]
53 Platinum-thorium oxide (Pt-Th~) 2.89 1.54 x 10-4 [ 196]
3.18 5.7 x 10-1 [ 134]
54 Platinum-barium sulfide (Pt-BaS) 2.1 4.4 x 103 [217]
131
No. Substrate-material Remarks References
55 Platinum- barium oxide, strontium oxide (Pt- BaO/SrO) 1.51-1.89 [197]

56 Gold-barium oxide (Au-BaO) 1.81 Activated. Thermionic emission. [ 353]
1.90 Same [ 352]
57 Nickel - molybdenum alloy- barium, barium oxide 1.52 Heat-activated at 1073 -1173K. [ 382]
58 Chromium-beryllium bronze-barium, barium oxide 1. 70 Same [ 382]
59 Nichrome alloy-barium, barium oxide 1.49 [ 382]
60 Platinum - iridium alloy-calcium oxide (Pt/Ir-CaO) 1. 77 10-4-10-2 Activated. Thermionic emission. (5]
1. 77 Activated. Photoemission. [ 5]
61 Platinum - iridium alloy- strontium oxide (Pt/Ir-SrO) 1.27 10-4-10-2 Activated. Thermionic emission. [5]
1.27 Activated. Photoemission. [5]
62 Platinum - iridium alloy- barium oxide (Pt/Ir- BaO) 1.0-1.1 10 -4 -1 0- 2 Activated. Thermionic emission. [ 5]
63 Platinum - iridium alloy- barium oxide. strontium oxide
(Pt/Ir- BaO/SrO) 1. 03 10- 3 _10- 2 Activated. Thermionic emission. [ 5]
Same 1.03 Activated. Photoemission. [ 5]
64 Platinum -nickel alloy- barium oxide. strontium oxide
(Pt/Ni-BaO/SrO) 1.00 1 x 10-2 Activated. Thermionic emission. [2,5]
Same 1.37 2.45 Thermionic emission. [ 2]
65 Platinum - nickel alloy- barium oxide, iridium oxide
(Pt/Ni - BaOlIrO) 1.00 Activated. Photoemission. [ 5]
132
No. S ubstr ate-material Remarks References
66 Silver- palladium alloy-barium, barium oxide

(Ag+ 500/0 Pd-Ba/BaO) 1.32 at 1073-1173K.
Heat~activated [ 382]
Thermionic emission.
67 Gold -platinum alloy-barium, barium oxide
(Au+ 100/0Pt-Ra/BaO) 1. 75 Same [ 382]
68 Gold -palladium alloy-barium, barium oxide:
(900/0 Au +'100/0 Pd - Ba/BaO) 1.91
(800/0 Au + 200/0 Pd - Ba/BaO) 2.2
(700/0 Au + 300/0 Pd -Ba/BaO) 1 .. 77 [ 382]
(600/0 Au +400/0 Pd-Ba/BaO) 1.60
(500/0 Au + 500/0 Pd -Ba/BaO) 1.65
69 Beryllium oxide-barium, barium oxide (BeO-Ba/BaO) 1.85 Heat-activated at 1073 -1173K. [ 382]
Thermionic 'emission.
70 Aluminum oxide-barium, barium oxide (AlzOs-Ba/BaO) 1.84 Same [ 382]
71 Silicon oxide-barium, barium oxide (SiC\-Ba/BaO) 2.10 [ 382]
72 Titanium oxide-barium, barium oxide (TiC\-Ba/BaO) 1.93 Heat-activated at 1073-1173K. [ 382]
73 Chromium oxide- barium, barium oxide (CrzOs-Ba/BaO) 2.28 Same [ 382]
74 Ferric oxide-barium, barium oxide (FezOs-Ba/BaO) 1.57 [ 382]
75 Cuprous oxide-barium, barium oxide (CUzO-Ba/BaO) 2.04 [ 382]
133
No. Substrate- material Remarks References
76 Tantalum oxide-barium, barium oxide (Ta2~-Ba/BaO) 1.82 Heat-activated at 1073'-1173'K. [ 382]

77 Silver oxide-cesium (Ag 2O-Cs) 0.75 9.8 X 10-2 Thermionic emission. [ 5]
78 Tungsten oxide-cesium (W2O-Cs) 0.71 1 X 10- 3 Thermionic emission. [ 5]
79 Tungsten oxide-barium (W 2O-Ba) 1.1 3 X 10- 1 Thermionic emission. [2,5]
80 Tungsten oxide- barium oxide (W 20- BaO) 1.0-1.1 Activated. Photoemission. [ 5]
81 Tungsten oxide- barium, 'barium oxide (W 20- Ba/BaO) 2.43 Heat-activated at 1073' -1173'K. [ 382]
Therm ionic emission.
82 Boron carbide- barium, barium oxide (B4 C - Ba/BaO) 1. 72 Same [ 382]
83 Titanium carbide- barium, barium oxide (TiC -Ba/BaO) 1.61 [ 382]
84 Zirconium carbide-barium, barium oxide (ZrC-Ba/BaO) 1.29 [ 382]
85 Molybdenum carbide- barium, barium oxide (M02C-
Ba/BaO) 1.57 [ 382]
86 Tungsten carbide- barium, barium oxide (W 2C - Ba/BaO) 1. 79 [ 382]
87 Titanium silicide-barium, barium oxide (TiSi2-Ba/BaO) 1.95 [ 382]
88 Zirconium silicide - barium, barium oxide (ZrSiz - Ba/BaO) 1.85 Heat-activated at 1073' -1173'K. [ 382]
134
No. Substrate-material Remarks References
89 Molybdenum silicide- barium, barium oxide

(MoSi2 -Ba/BaO) 1.38 Heat-activated at 1073' -1173'K. [382]
Same 2.53-2.58 Contact potential difference. [322]
90 Tantalum silicide-barium, barium oxide
(TaSi2 -Ba/BaO) 1.62 Heat-activated at 1073' -1173K. [382]
91 Tungsten silicide - barium, barium oxide
(WSi 2 - BamaO) 1.44 Same [382]
Same 2.5-2.58 Contact potential difference. [ 322]
EMISSION CONSTANTS OF OXIDE CATHODES [2]
Work Richardson constant A.

No. Type of cathode function <p. eV in Alc m2 (deg K)2
1 Hull cathode (dispenser cathode) 1.215 0.85

Same (after 30,000 hr of service) 1.00
135
EMISSION CONSTANTS OF THORIUM OXIDE CATHODES [198.199]
Work Richardson constant A.

No. Type of cathode Type of emission function cpo eV in A/cm2 (deg K)2
{ Constant 2.54 2.5

1 Simple or sintered on metal core
Pulsed 2.62 7.5
2 La yer on metal core. coated by { Constant 2.67 2.63

cataphoretic method Pulsed 2.55 5.62
3 Ceramic. sintered Pulsed 2.55 3.5
EMISSION CONSTANTS OF CERMET CATHODES (MK)

(L-cathodes. cermet cathodes (MK). W-capillary cathodes)
No. Type of cathode Work function cpo eV in A/cm2 . (deg K)2 References
1 L-cathode 1.37 0.6 [ 251]

1.67 [ 252]
1.8 [253]
1. 91( 1. 56) 100(0.6) [251]
2. 07( 1. 7) 100(3.0) [ 254]
2 MK-cathode 1.86(1.53) 100(4.5) [ 1]
1.86(1.60) 100(9.0) [ 1]
1. 88( 1.48) 100(2.3) [255]
3 MK-W-Ba-SrC 3 2.15(1. 70) 100(1.0) [ 1]
4 MK-W-BaC0 3 + Sr 1. 99 106 [ 132]
IMPREGNATED NICKEL-BARIUM CATHODE [358]

Work function CP" 2.2 eV.
136
PROPERTIES OF SEVERAL DESIGN VARIANTS OF OXIDE CATHODES AND COMPARISON TO SEVERAL FILM CATHODES [411]
Emission current density ie' A/cm 2

No. Cathode configuration Temperature, "K
constant pulse Surface configuration References
1 Sintered, grid metalli zed layer 1150 0.350 Rough, uneven

or Ni powder coating
2 Lamellar, sprayed 1150 0.400 Smooth [ 412]
3 Lamellar, grid metallized layer 1150 0.600 Rough
or Ni powder coating
4 Honeycombed (tubular) 1150 0.600 30 Smooth with perforations
5 Hollow, with 0.3-mm-diam holes 1170 Small
1500 70
6 Hollow, with annular hole to 1300-1350 25 [ 413,414]
0.75 mm diam
7 Hollow, toroidal; with 0.12-mm slit 1120 2.0
1170 3.5
8 W-Ba, "a fagot" type 1800 10 100(to 220) Very smooth [ 412]
I
9 W - Ba, pressed 1400 1 Smooth
1550 5 Smooth [ 415]
10 Th02 , sintered on tantalum 1950 2 10 Smooth
137
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150
PUBLISHER'S NOTE
The following Soviet journals cited in this book are available in cover-to-cover translations:
Russian Title English Title Publisher
Atomnaya energiya Soviet Journal of Atomic Energy Consultants Bureau

Fizika tverdogo tela Soviet Physics-Solid State American Institute of Physics
Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR: Bulletin of the Academy of Columbia Technical Translations
Seri ya fizicheska ya Sciences of the USSR: Physical Series
Krista llogra fiya Soviet Physics -Crystallography American Institute of Physics
Radiotekhnika i eIektronika Radio Engineering and Electronic Institute of Electrical and
Physics Electronic Engineers
Teplofizika vysokikh temperatur High Temperature Consultants Bureau
Zavodskaya laboratoriya Industrial Laboratory Instrumental Society of America
Zhurnal fizicheskoi khimii Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry The Chemical Society (London)
Zhurnal tekhnicheskoi fizika Soviet Physics - Technical Physics American Institute of Physics
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Handbook of Thermionic Properties

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HANDBOOK OF THERMIONIC PROPERTIES

Electronic Work Functions and Richardson Constants of Elements and Compounds

EMISSIONNYE SVOISTVA KHIMICHESKIKH ELEMENTOV I IKH SOEDINENII

3MJ.1C010HHbIE CBOHCTBA XJ.1MJ.14ECKJ.1X 3JlD1EHTOB J.1 J.1X COE.LlJ.1HEHJ.1H

Authorized translation from the Russian

Iii PLENUM PRESS DATA DIVISION

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 65-23385

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any

INTRODUCTION 1 7. Aluminides .. 104

<p= Sa (S)dS, (2)

where So is the surface area of the metal referred to a single elec-

Recommended value: 2.38 eV.

Recommended value: 3.92 eV.

Recommended value: 4.5 eV.

16 4.48 18.6 [14,21]

Recommended value: 4.7 eV.

Recommended value: 2.35 eV.

Recommended value: 3.64 eV.

Recommended value: 4.25 eV.

Recommended value: 4.80 eV.

7 2.1770.004 Temperature 206"K. [370]

Recommended value: 2.22 eV.

1 2.24 6.02 [5]

Recommended value: 2.80 eV.

1 3.15 Computed using formula (6). [302]

6 3.33 a-phase. Computed using [303]

Recommended value: 3.3 eV.

1 3.78 Computed using formula (7). [302]

10 4.14 Temperature 300"K. [ 1]

Recommended value: 3.95 eV.

Recommended value: 4.12 eV.

Recommended value: 4.58 eV.

Recommended value: 3.83 eV.

Recommended value: 4.31 eV.

Recommended value: 4.41 eV.

1 2.77 26.8 [14,72]

No. A Remarks References

Recommended value: 4.50 eV.

6 4.26 4.6 [ 79]

27 4.70 Geiger- MUller counter measurements [84]

Recommended value: 4.4 eV.

Recommended value: 4.24 eV.

1 3.7 Com puted using formula (6). [ 302]

Recommended value: 39.6 eV.

1 4.11 {Ill} face of single crystal. [ 309]

10 4.76 Contact potential difference relative [308]

Recommended value: 4.76 eV.

Fig. 1. Graph of work function IPJ< measured

1 4.66 Evaporated on Cu, Ni, Ta, and graphite. [310]

Recommended value: 5.ll eV.

Recommended value: 4.72 eV.

1 2.04 Computed using formula (1). [303]

Recommended value: 2.16 eV.

9 2.59 Computed using formula (7). [ 302]

Recommended value: 2.35 eV.

1 2.0 Computed using formula (8). [55]

Recommended value: 3.3 eV.

1 3.47 Computed using formula (1). [303]

Recommended value: 3.9 eV.

Recommended value: 3.99 eV.

1 4.04:1:0.02 Photoemission at Ar pressure 1.6 x 103 [379]

41 4.42 Computed using formula (6). [302]

1 4.4 Read off graph of atomic number vs. [6]

Recommended value: 4.60 eV.