Vampire number

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

n Count of vampire numbers of length n

4 7

6 148

8 3228

10 108454

12 4390670

14 208423682

In mathematics, a vampire number (or true vampire number) is a composite natural number v,
with an even number of digits n, that can be factored into two integers x and y each with n/2 digits
and not both with trailing zeroes, where v contains precisely all the digits from x and from y, in any
order, counting multiplicity. x and y are called the fangs.
For example: 1260 is a vampire number, with 21 and 60 as fangs, since 21 60 = 1260. However,
126000 (which can be expressed as 21 6000 or 210 600) is not, as 21 and 6000 do not have the
correct length, and both 210 and 600 have trailing zeroes. Similarly, 1023 (which can be expressed
as 31 33) is not, as although 1023 contains all the digits of 31 and 33, the list of digits of the factors
does not coincide with the list of digits of the original number.
Vampire numbers first appeared in a 1994 post by Clifford A. Pickover to the Usenet group sci.math,
and the article he later wrote was published in chapter 30 of his book Keys to Infinity.
The vampire numbers are:
1260, 1395, 1435, 1530, 1827, 2187, 6880, 102510, 104260, 105210, 105264, 105750, 108135,
110758, 115672, 116725, 117067, 118440, 120600, 123354, 124483, 125248, 125433, 125460,
125500, ... (sequence A014575 in the OEIS)
There are many known sequences of infinitely many vampire numbers following a pattern, such as:
1530 = 3051, 150300 = 300501, 15003000 = 30005001, ...

Contents
 1 Multiple fang pairs
2 Variants

3 References

4 External links

Multiple fang pairs

A vampire number can have multiple distinct pairs of fangs. The first of infinitely many vampire
numbers with 2 pairs of fangs:
125460 = 204 615 = 246 510
The first with 3 pairs of fangs:
13078260 = 1620 8073 = 1863 7020 = 2070 6318
The first with 4 pairs of fangs:
16758243290880 = 1982736 8452080 = 2123856 7890480 = 2751840 6089832 =
2817360 5948208
The first with 5 pairs of fangs:
24959017348650 = 2947050 8469153 = 2949705 8461530 = 4125870 6049395 =
4129587 6043950 = 4230765 5899410

Variants
Pseudovampire numbers are similar to vampire numbers, except that the
fangs of an n-digit pseudovampire number need not be of length n/2 digits.
Pseudovampire numbers can have an odd number of digits, for example 126 =
621.
More generally, you can allow more than two fangs. In this case, vampire
numbers are numbers n which can be factorized using the digits of n. For
example, 1395 = 5931. This sequence starts (sequence A020342 in
the OEIS):
126, 153, 688, 1206, 1255, 1260, 1395, ...
A prime vampire number, as defined by Carlos Rivera in 2002, is a true
vampire number whose fangs are its prime factors. The first few prime
vampire numbers are:
117067, 124483, 146137, 371893, 536539
As of 2006 the largest known is the square (9489225479510 45418+1)2,
found by Jens K. Andersen in 2002.
A double vampire number is a vampire number which has fangs that
are also vampire numbers, an example of such a number is
1047527295416280 = 25198740 * 41570622 = (2940 * 8571) * (5601 *
7422) which is the lowest double vampire number.
A roman numeral vampire number is roman numerals with the same
character, an example of this number is II * IV = VIII.

References
Pickover, Clifford A. (1995). Keys to Infinity. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-
19334-8
Pickover's original post describing vampire numbers

Andersen, Jens K. Vampire Numbers

Rivera, Carlos. The Prime-Vampire numbers

External links
Weisstein, Eric W. "Vampire Numbers". MathWorld.

Sweigart, Al. Vampire Numbers Visualized

Grime, James; Copeland, Ed. "Vampire

numbers". Numberphile. Brady Haran.