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A
comparison
of
water
treatment
methods
on
plant
growth
Gerry
Collins
&
Sal
Collins
Toronto
New
South
Wales
Australia
email
:
harbord711@hotmail.com
Aim
:
to
compare
the
effects
of
four
different
water
treatment
methods
on
plant
yield
in
terms
of
germination
success
rate
and
mass
upon
harvesting.
Materials
and
Methods
:
Collection
and
storage
of
water
samples
derived
by
four
water
treatment
methods
Four
different
water
treatment
methods
of
municipal
mains
water
were
selected
for
comparison
in
Toronto,
New
South
Wales,
Australia.
Municipal
mains
water
is
supplied
by
Hunter
Water
Corporation,
36
Honeysuckle
Drive,
Newcastle,
New
South
Wales
2300
Australia.
The
municipal
mains
water
pressure
for
the
duration
of
the
experiment
varied
between
70
pounds
per
square
inch
(psi)
and
110
psi.
On
the
property,
municipal
mains
water
is
first
passed
through
a
pressure
limiting
valve
(Photograph
1)
which
reduces
the
mains
water
pressure
to
350
kilopascals
(approximately
51
psi)
and
subsequently
through
two
5-micron
filters
placed
in
series
(Photograph
2).
For
this
study,
water
samples
collected
directly
after
the
second
5-micron
filter
(without
further
treatment)
were
termed
"Town
Water"
(Photograph
3).
Containers
which
received
Town
Water
are
labelled
""
in
photographs.
Further
water
treatment
of
Town
Water
by
three
different
methods
produced
three
more
types
of
water
samples
for
comparison
(Table
1).
The
Super
Imploder
is
from
www.TheImploder.com
.
One
Super
Imploder
was
connected
in
series
directly
after
the
second
5-micron
filter.
Water
samples
collected
after
the
Super
Imploder
were
termed
"Super
Imploded
Water"
(Photograph
4).
Containers
which
received
Super
Imploded
Water
are
labelled
""
in
photographs.
Two
Super
Imploders
were
connected
in
series
directly
after
the
second
5-micron
filter.
Water
samples
collected
after
the
two
Super
Imploders
were
termed
"Twice
Super
Imploded
Water"
(Photographs
5).
Containers
which
received
Twice
Super
Imploded
Water
are
labelled
""
in
photographs.
The
Grander
domestic
mains
water
in-line
water
revitaliser
is
manufactured
by
Innutec
GmbH,
Jochberg
in
Tyrol,
Austria.
The
Grander
domestic
mains
water
in-line
water
revitaliser
was
connected
in
series
directly
after
the
second
5-micron
filter.
Water
samples
collected
after
the
Grander
domestic
mains
water
in-line
water
revitaliser
were
termed
"Grander
Water"
(Photograph
6).
Containers
which
received
Grander
Water
are
labelled
""
in
photographs.
Water
treatment
method
Description
of
treated
water
Label
of
treated
water
(as
seen
in
photographs)
Super
Imploder
Super
Imploded
Water
two
Super
Imploders
set
in
series
Twice
Super
Imploded
Water
Grander
domestic
mains
water
Grander
Water
in-line
water
revitaliser
Table
1.
Further
water
treatment
of
Town
Water
by
three
different
methods
The
study
commenced
on
21
July
2014
(Day
1)
and
completed
on
26
October
2014
(Day
98).
On
Day
1,
a
20
litre
water
sample
of
each
of
the
four
water
treatment
methods
was
collected
in
a
respectively
labelled
20
litre
plastic
storage
water
bottle
(Photographs
3,
4,
5
and
6).
The
four
20
litre
plastic
storage
water
bottles
were
stored
3
metres
apart
from
each
other
for
the
duration
of
the
experiment.
Once
collected
all
water
samples
used
in
this
experiment
were
kept
free
of
direct
contact
with
any
metal.
All
white
hose
and
all
light
blue
hose
seen
in
the
photographs
are
drinking
quality
water
hose.
Photograph1.
Municipal
mains
water
Photograph
2.
Top
oblique
view
of
two
5-
pressure
limiting
valve
micron
filters
in
series
before
Super
Imploder
Photograph
3.
Collection
of
Town
Water
Photograph
4.
Collection
of
Super
Imploded
Water
Photograph
5.
Collection
of
Twice
Photograph
6.
Collection
of
Grander
Water
Super
Imploded
Water
Selection
of
seed
type
Pak
choi
seeds
were
selected
for
this
study
(Table
2).
Pak
choi
seeds
Botanical
name
Brassica
rapa
var.
chinensis
Brand
Mr.
Fothergill's
Producer
Mr.
Fothergill's
Seeds
Pty
Ltd.,
15B
Walker
Street,
South
Windsor,
New
South
Wales
2756
Australia
Sow
Before
Date
August
2015
Table
2.
Pak
choi
seeds
were
chosen
for
this
study
Pak
choi
is
also
sometimes
known
as
pak
choy,
buk
choi,
buk
choy,
bok
choi,
bok
choy,
Chinese
cabbage,
spoon
cabbage,
Chinese
chard,
Chinese
mustard,
celery
mustard
and
field
mustard.
Preparation
of
the
growing
medium
in
pots
Eight
like
plastic
pot
and
saucer
sets
were
used
in
this
study.
Each
pot
was
filled
with
a
2
cm
surface
layer
of
seed
raising
mix
on
top
of
a
premium
potting
mix.
The
two
layers
in
each
pot
were
then
lightly
condensed.
The
products
chosen
were
Yates
Seed
Raising
Mix
and
Yates
Premium
Potting
Mix
(Yates
Australia,
1
Gow
Street,
Padstow,
New
South
Wales
2211,
Australia).
Labelling
of
pots
Two
pots
received
only
Town
Water
for
the
duration
of
the
experiment
and
were
labelled
"
1"
and
"
2".
Two
pots
received
only
Super
Imploded
Water
for
the
duration
of
the
experiment
and
were
labelled
"
1"
and
"
2".
Two
pots
received
only
Twice
Super
Imploded
Water
for
the
duration
of
the
experiment
and
were
labelled
"
1"
and
"
2".
Two
pots
received
only
Grander
Water
for
the
duration
of
the
experiment
and
were
labelled
"
1"
and
"
2".
Sowing
of
seeds
On
Day
1,
two
Pak
choi
seeds
were
sown
into
each
pot's
layer
of
seed
raising
mix.
The
eight
pots
(Photograph
7)
were
kept
in
a
greenhouse
with
minimal
exposure
to
insects
and
without
exposure
to
rain
for
the
duration
of
the
experiment.
Photograph
7.
Eight
pots
on
Day
1
Delivery
of
water
samples
to
the
pots
Four
jugs
were
individually
labelled,
one
for
each
of
the
four
water
treatment
methods
(Photograph
8).
The
dedicated
jugs
were
used
to
transfer
water
periodically
from
the
four
20
litre
plastic
storage
water
bottles
to
the
pots
and
saucers.
Photograph
8.
Four
jugs
individually
labelled,
one
for
each
of
the
four
water
treatment
methods
Watering
schedule
On
Day
1
each
pot
was
saturated
with
its
designated
water
type
until
water
overflowed
its
saucer.
The
soil
in
each
pot
was
kept
moist
throughout
the
duration
of
the
experiment
by
over-filling
the
saucers
of
all
eight
pots
just
prior
to
any
saucer
becoming
completely
dry.
Photographs
Photographs
were
taken
on
Day
21
(Photographs
9,
10
and
11).
Photograph
9.
Eight
pots
on
Day
21
Photograph
10.
Close
up
view
of
pots
Photograph
11.
Close
up
view
of
pots
1,
2,
1
and
2
on
day
21
1,
2,
1
and
2
on
day
21
Two
seedlings
have
emerged
in
each
of
pots
2,
1,
2,
1,
2
and
1.
Photographs
were
taken
on
Day
35
(Photographs
12,
13
and
14).
Photograph
12.
Eight
pots
on
Day
35
Photograph
13.
Close
up
view
of
pots
Photograph
14.
Close
up
view
of
pots
1,
2,
1
and
2
on
day
35
1,
2,
1
and
2
on
day
35
Photographs
were
taken
on
Day
49
(Photographs
15,
16
and
17).
Photograph
15.
Eight
pots
on
Day
49
Photograph
16.
Close
up
view
of
pots
Photograph
17.
Close
up
view
of
pots
1,
2,
1
and
2
on
Day
49
1,
2,
1
and
2
on
Day
49
Photographs
were
taken
on
Day
63
(Photographs
18,
19
and
20).
Photograph
18.
Eight
pots
on
Day
63
Photograph
19.
Close
up
view
of
pots
Photograph
20.
Close
up
view
of
pots
1,
2,
1
and
2
on
Day
63
1,
2,
1
and
2
on
Day
63
Photographs
were
taken
on
Day
98
(Photographs
21,
22
and
23).
Photograph
21.
Eight
pots
on
Day
98
Photograph
22.
Close
up
view
of
pots
Photograph
23.
Close
up
view
of
pots
1,
2,
1
and
2
on
Day
98
1,
2,
1
and
2
on
Day
98
By
Day
98
two
plants
had
appeared
in
each
of
pots
2,
1,
2,
1,
2
and
1
and
one
plant
had
appeared
in
each
of
pots
1
and
2.
Results
:
1.
Of
the
16
seeds
sown
on
Day
1
of
this
study,
14
seeds
had
germinated
by
Day
98.
The
seed
germination
rates
associated
with
the
use
of
Town
Water,
Super
Imploded
Water,
Twice
Super
Imploded
Water
and
Grander
Water
were
respectively,
75%,
100%,
100%
and
75%.
Seed
germination
rates
for
each
of
the
four
different
water
treatment
methods
are
shown
in
Table
3.
Description
of
Number
of
Number
of
Percentage
of
treated
water
seeds
which
seeds
which
seeds
which
were
sown
on
germinated
by
germinated
by
Day
1
Day
98
Day
98
Town
Water
4
3
75
Super
Imploded
Water
4
4
100
Twice
Super
Imploded
4
4
100
Water
Grander
Water
4
3
75
Table
3.
Seed
germination
rates
at
Day
98
for
the
different
water
treatment
methods
2.
On
Day
98,
each
of
the
14
mature
plants
was
harvested
and
its
above-ground
mass
immediately
recorded.
The
mass
of
each
plant
immediately
after
harvesting
is
given
in
Table
4
and
does
not
include
its
root
mass.
Label
of
pot
Number
of
Mass
of
first
plant
Mass
of
second
plants
(grams)
plant
(grams)
1 1 99 not applicable
2 2 118 112
1 2 148 147
2 2 151 149
1 2 158 154
2 2 154 152
1 2 126 122
Super
Imploded
4
595
148.8
35.6
Water
Twice
Super
4
618
154.5
40.8
Imploded
Water
Table
5.
Average
mass
of
plants
and
additional
plant
yield
on
Day
98
for
the
different
water
treatment
methods
Conclusions
:
In
this
study,
higher
seed
germination
rates
were
associated
with
the
use
of
both
Super
Imploded
Water
and
Twice
Super
Imploded
Water
than
with
Town
Water
and
Grander
Water.
Further,
average
plant
mass
at
harvesting
was
highest
for
plants
grown
using
Twice
Super
Imploded
Water,
followed
by
plants
grown
using
Super
Imploded
Water,
followed
by
plants
grown
using
Grander
Water,
followed
by
plants
grown
using
Town
Water.