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CONTENTS:
3.1 Overview
3.2 Front Panel Description
6. Basic Exercises
6.1 Lab Exercise 1 : Entering user EXEC prompt on a Router and Exit
6.2 Lab Exercise 2 : Introduction to Basic User Interface
6.3 Lab Exercise 3 : Basic Show commands
6.4 Short Form Commands
6.5 Objective Test 2
26. Appendix
1.2.1 Processor
The CPU used here is typically Motorola 68030 CISC. The following are the
important characteristics of the CPU.
32 bit bus, 20 MHz clock (25 MHz on some platforms).
256 Bytes internal Data Cache, 256 Bytes internal Instruction Cache, both direct
mapped.
System Control Logic is used to help the main processor with device control,
interrupt handling, counting and timing, data transfer, minimal First In, First Out
(FIFO) buffering, and communication with network interfaces and Dynamic RAM
(DRAM).
1.2.3 Buses
CPU use Buses to access various components of the system. In addition, Buses are
used to transfer instructions and data to or from specified memory addresses.
CPU Bus: It is used for high speed operations with direct Processor access.
1.3.1 DRAM
This memory is analogous to the memory in PCs. DRAM is a fast memory and loses
its contents when the system is restarted (power cycled).
The DRAM has Main Processor Memory and Shared Input/Output (I/O) memory.
Main Processor Memory is used to hold routing tables, fast switching cache,
running configurations, and so on. It can take unused shared I/O memory, if needed.
Shared I/O memory is used for temporary storage of packets in system buffers.
1.3.2 Flash
1.3.3 NVRAM
NVRAM is a Non-Volatile RAM used as permanent storage and this memory is re-
writeable. NVRAM is used to store the startup configuration. This is the
configuration file that IOS reads after the router OS is loaded and running. It is a fast
non volatile memory and does not lose contents when the router is switched off.
A 2501 Cisco router is considered for the purpose of understanding typical Cisco router
interfaces. Please note that this is an entry level router, and the interfaces may be quite complex
for high end routers.
Console port: This is used for connecting a console to the router. The console terminal will have
direct connection to the router, and you will be able to access all router interfaces and configure
the same. When you receive a new router, you need to use the console port to configure it.
Auxiliary port: Auxiliary port is used to access the router remotely using a modem. For this
purpose, you need to have the auxiliary port configured before hand.
Synchronous ports: 2501 has two synchronous ports as shown in the figure. These ports can be
used to connect to any serial line.
Ethernet AUI port: This port is used for connecting to the LAN.
The console and auxiliary ports on Cisco IOS routers are asynchronous serial ports. The
console port and the auxiliary port are configured as data terminal equipment (DTE). 2500, 2600,
This table shows the console port configuration for the RJ-45 connector:
RTS 1 5 CTS
TxD 3 3 RxD
GND 4 7 GND
RxD 6 2 TxD
DSR 7 20 DTR
CTS 8 4 RTS
3.1 Overview:
Unlike Cisco 2500 routers, the 2600 series routers are modular access routers with LAN and
WAN connections that can be configured by means of interchangeable modules and WAN
interface cards. The available configuration options for 2610/2620 router are given below:
Cisco 2610 1 -- 1 2 1
Cisco 2620 -- 1 1 2 1
Note that the Advanced Integration Module Slots (AIM Slot) is located on the system board and
you need to open the cover to access this slot. AIMs are installed by plugging into internal
connectors in the router, and they require no additional external interfaces or connections. The
Network Module slot can be used with any of the suitable cards, like Cisco Interface Module 8-
port ISDN-BRI Modem to suit specific requirements.
The front panel of a Cisco 2600 router consists of three LEDs as described below:
LED Description
The difference between the 2610 and 2620 is the type of Ethernet port. 2620 has a fast Ethernet
port whereas 2610 has 10baseT Ethernet port.
1 WIC Slot 1 (Serial 0/1) 6 Ethernet 0/1 (Optionally: Token Ring 0/0)
Like a personal computer, a router is based on a CPU that matches the required performance and
capabilities of the router. For example, the router 2501 uses Motorola 68030 processor on a
system motherboard.
The Cisco IOS software is network system software that runs on Cisco routers and switches. It is
used to configure, monitor, and troubleshoot the devices that are connected to the system.
When a router is switched ON, the bootstrap software (stored in Boot ROM) executes and
searches for a valid Cisco IOS software image. The source of the Cisco IOS software image can
be read from: Flash memory or a Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) server.
The choice among the two is determined by the configuration register setting. The factory-
default setting for the configuration register is 0x2102, which indicates that the router should
attempt to load a Cisco IOS software image from Flash memory.
In all our exercises, it is assumed that the router boots from the Flash memory.
Once you are connected to the router, you will be prompted with Enable prompt.
1. Where does the bootable IOS image (bootstrap code) is stored on a Cisco router?
a) RAM
b) ROM
c) Flash Memory
d) NVRAM
2. Where does the fully functional IOS image is stored in a Cisco router?
a) RAM
b) ROM
c) Flash Memory
d) NVRAM
3. Which of the following are internal configuration components of a Cisco Router? [Select all
that apply]
a) RAM/DRAM
b) ROM
c) NVRAM
d) Flash Memory
4. Which command will load the Cisco router configuration into RAM? [Select 2]
Cisco IOS has three command modes, each with access to different command sets.
5.1 User mode: This is the mode a user has access to after logging into the router. The user
mode is identified by the > prompt following the host name. The user has access to some basic
commands in this mode. The system cannot be configured or restarted from this mode.
5.2 Privileged mode: This is the mode where users can view the system configuration, and enter
configuration mode from this mode. All the commands that are available in user mode are also
available in privileged mode. Privileged mode is identified by the # prompt following the host
5.3 Configuration mode: This mode allows users to configure the router. To enter into the
configuration mode, the user should enter the command configure terminal from privileged
mode. Global configuration mode is identified by the (config)# prompt following the host name.
After entering global configuration mode, you can enter any sub-mode depending on the
configuration task. For example, if you want to configure an IP address on routers serial
interface, you need to enter (config-if)# sub mode. To exit configuration mode, the user can enter
end or press Ctrl-Z.
By entering the command ? at any point shows the available commands at that level. The ? can
also be used in the middle of a command to show possible completion options.
6. BASIC EXERCISES
6.1 : Lab Exercise 1 : Entering User EXEC prompt on a Router, and exit
Description: A basic exercise, that shows how to enter into privileged EXEC prompt from user
mode prompt, and exit from the same.
Instructions:
R1>
R1>enable
R1#disable
R1>
Back
Description: This exercise helps to get familiar with the user mode, privileged mode, CLI and
basic commands.
Instructions:
R1>
R1>?
R1>enable
R1#
R1#?
R1#show ?
R1#show running-config
R1#exit
Or
R1#disable
Back
Description: A basic exercise to get familiar and understand the various show commands
available in the privileged mode.
Instructions:
R1>
R1>enable
R1#show running-config
R1#show flash
R1#show history
R1#show protocols
R1#show version
R1#show clock
R1#show hosts
R1#show interfaces
Back
1. copy running-config startup-config command can be interpreted and used in short form as
copy run start command.
2. show running-config command can be interpreted and used in short form as show run
command.
3. show startup-config command can be interpreted and used in short form as show start
command.
4. copy running-config tftp command can be interpreted and used in short form as "copy run
tftp" command.
5. copy tftp startup-config command can be interpreted and used in short form as "copy tftp
start" command.
Note: We can also use UP ARROW and DOWN ARROW keys to get the previously typed
command in the simulator.
1. You want to find the IOS version your router is running. Which command shows this
information?
a) show protocol
b) show interface
c) show processes
d) show version
a) Connect PCs COM port to the routers console port using a patch cable.
b) Connect PCs COM port to the routers console port using a straight through
cable
c) Connect PCs COM port to the routers console port using a rollover cable
d) Connect PCs Ethernet port to the Routers Ethernet port using a straight
through cable.
3. Which of the following can be used to view the previous command you entered into a Cisco
router? [Select 2]
a) CTRL+F1
b) The Down Arrow
c) The Up Arrow
d) CTRL + P
4. You are working in privileged mode (at # prompt). You want to get back to user mode. Which
command would you type at the privileged mode
prompt?
a) quit
b) exit
c) disable
d) end
5. What is the command used for copying the configuration from NVRAM to a running RAM?
6. Which of the following Cisco router components is used for storing a single startup
configuration file?
a) RAM
b) ROM
c) Flash Memory
d) NVRAM
7. The output of show interface s0/0 is given below. The output points to some problem with
the interface. What is the likely problem?
Serial0/0 is down, line protocol is down Hardware is QUICC Serial Internet address is
213.5.3.7/16 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255
irrelevant output omitted
8. Which cable do you use for connecting a Cisco router console port to a workstation?
a) A straight-through cable
b) A cross-over cable
c) Patch cable
d) Rolled cable
Description: This exercise helps in understanding the procedure of setting message of the day
and the show banner command . Note that the banner is set in a single command line here. You
can also use multi-line banner motd command.
Instructions:
R1>enable
R1#configure terminal
R1(config)#banner motd Z Welcome to local host Z
R1(config)#exit
R1#show banner
Back
Description: This basic exercise illustrates the steps required to set a hostname to a router.
Instructions:
R1>enable
R1#configure terminal
R1(config)#hostname cisco
Back
Description: In this lab, you will learn to enable interfaces on a router i.e, configure Serial 0 and
Ethernet 0 interfaces on a router with specified IP Address and Subnet Mask.
Instructions:
R1>enable
R1#configure terminal
R1(config)#interface serial 0
R1(config-if)#ip address 196.20.32.15 255.255.255.5
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#interface ethernet 0
R1(config-if)#ip address 195.20.32.10 255.255.255.10
Back
Description: Bandwidth refers to the rate at which data is transferred over the communication
link. You setup the bandwidth on a given interface (interface serial 0) to a specified value (64
kbps). You also set the clockrate to 64000. Note that bandwidth is represented in kbps whereas
clock rate is entered in bps.
The command bandwidth <kilobits> will set and communicate the bandwidth value for an
interface to higher-level protocols.
Instructions:
R1>enable
R1#configure terminal
R1(config)#interface serial 0
R1(config-if)#bandwidth 64
R1(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Back
Description: This lab exercise is to learn assigning IP address to routers and pinging between
them to test connectivity
Instructions:
1. Connect to router R1, configure its terminal and set its hostname to Router1
2. Enter interface configuration mode for Ethernet 0 interface and serial 0 interface and set its IP
addresses to 10.1.10.2/24, 172.16.20.1/24 and enable the interfaces
3. Connect to router R2, configure its terminal and set its hostname to Router2
4. Enter interface configuration mode for Ethernet 0 interface and set its IP address to
10.1.10.1/24 and enable the interface
5. Connect to router R3, configure its terminal and set its hostname to Router3
6. Enter interface configuration mode for serial 0 interface and set its ip address to
172.16.20.2/24 and enable the interface
7. Ping Router2s Ethernet interface and Router3s serial 0 interface from Router1
8. Use the command show ip interface brief to verify that the lines and protocols are up for all
Router1s interfaces
9. Display Router1s running configuration to verify that the IP addresses appear
10. Display detailed IP information about each interface on Router1
R1>enable
R1#configure terminal
R1(config)#hostname Router1
Router1(config)#
Router1(config)#interface ethernet 0
Router1(config-if)#
Router1(config-if)#ip address 10.1.10.2 255.255.255.0
Router1(config-if)#no shutdown
R2>enable
R2#configure terminal
R2(config)#hostname Router2
Router2(config)#
Router2(config)#interface Ethernet 0
Router2(config-if)#ip address 10.1.10.1 255.255.255.0
Router2(config-if)#no shutdown
R3>enable
R3#configure terminal
R3(config)#hostname Router3
Router3(config)#interface serial 0
Router3(config-if)#ip address 172.16.20.2 255.255.255.0
Router3(config-if)#no shutdown
Router1#ping 10.1.10.1
Router1#ping 172.16.20.2
Router1#show ip interface brief
Router1#show running-config
Router1#show ip interface
Back
Description: Configure static route 172.16.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 with next hop address of
172.16.2.1.
prefix mask: It is the ip route prefix and mask for the destination.
address|interface: Use either the next hop router ip or the local router outbound interface used
to reach the destination.
Instructions:
R1>enable
R1#configure terminal
R1(config)#no ip routing
R1(config)#ip routing
R1(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1
Note: no ip routing command used in the above exercise is used to remove any
previously configured routing information.
Back
Description: The purpose of this exercise is to configure RIP on all the devices and test for ping
and trace commands.
The network command assigns a major network number that the router is directly
connected to. The RIP routing process associates interface addresses with the advertised network
number and begins RIP packet processing on the specified interfaces.
Instructions:
R1 S0 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
S1 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
R2 S0 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
S1 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
R3 S0 192.168.3.2 255.255.255.0
S1 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0
On R1:
R1>enable
R1#configure terminal
R1(config)#interface serial 0
R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)# no shutdown
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#interface serial 1
R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)# no shutdown
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#router rip
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0
On R2:
R2>enable
R2#configure terminal
R2(config)#interface serial 0
R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)# no shutdown
R2(config-if)#exit
R2(config)#interface serial 1
R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no shutdown
R2(config-if)#exit
On R3:
R3>enable
R3#configure terminal
R3(config)#interface serial 0
R3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.3.2 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)# no shutdown
R3(config-if)#exit
R3(config)#interface serial 1
On R1:
R1#ping 192.168.2.2
R1#ping 192.168.2.1
R1#trace 192.168.2.2
R1#trace 192.168.2.1
Back
Description: In OSPF single area, you configure OSPF network with an area ID. The
configuration example uses four routers working in area 200.
1. Based on the given network configuration, use appropriate commands to configure OSPF in
networks 192.168.1.0, 192.168.2.0, 192.168.3.0 within area 200
2. Ping R3 and R4 from R1 and verify connectivity
3. Ping R1 and R3 from R4 and verify connectivity
Note : You need to assign the IP addresses and make the interfaces up (by issuing no shutdown
commands at appropriate interfaces) for all the devices before proceeding with the following
commands.
On R1:
R1(config)#router ospf 1
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 200
R1(config-router)#exit
R1(config)#exit
R1#
On R2:
R2(config)#router ospf 1
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 200
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 200
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255 area 200
R2(config-router)#exit
R2(config)#exit
R2#
On R3:
R3(config)#router ospf 1
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 200
R3(config-router)#exit
R3(config)#exit
R3#
On R4:
R4(config)#router ospf 1
R4(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255 area 200
R4(config-router)#exit
R4(config)#exit
R4#
On R1:
R1#ping R3
On R4:
R4#ping R1
R4#ping R3
Back
Description: In OSPF single area, you configure OSPF network with an area ID.
Instructions:
1. Assign IP Addresses on all the devices as per the above table and bring all the interfaces to up
state
2. On R1 enable OSPF routing with process 1 and area as 200 for the network 192.168.1.0
3. On R2 enable OSPF routing with process 1 and area as 200 for the network 192.168.2.0 and
192.168.3.0
4. On R3 enable OSPF routing with process 1 and area as 200 for the network 192.168.2.0
5. On R4 enable OSPF routing with process 1 and area as 200 for the network 192.168.3.0
6. Ping R1 from R4, you will see ping failure
7. Ping R2 from R4, you will see ping success (This implies connectivity failure from R2 to R1)
8. Issue command on R2 to see OSPF database
9. You will see that there is no link state entry for network 192.168.1.0, so enable OSPF routing
on R2 for this network
10. Ping R1 from R4, you will see ping success
Note : You need to assign the IP addresses and make the interfaces up (by issuing no shutdown
commands at appropriate interfaces) for all the devices before proceeding with the following
commands
On R1:
R1(config)#router ospf 1
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 200
R1(config-router)#exit
R1(config)#exit
R1#
On R2:
R2(config)#router ospf 1
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 200
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255 area 200
R2(config-router)#exit
R2(config)#exit
R2#
On R3:
R3(config)#router ospf 1
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 200
On R4:
R4(config)#router ospf 1
R4(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255 area 200
R4(config-router)#exit
R4(config)#exit
R4#
R4#ping R1
R4#ping R2
On R2:
On R4:
R4#ping R1
Back
Description:Create an access-list and configure the same according to a given set of rules.
Instructions:
R1>enable
R1#configure terminal
R1(config)#access-list 1 permit 192.168.10.5
R1(config)#access-list 2 deny 196.145.25.5
R1(config)#access-list 2 permit any
Back
Description: Apply access-list 1 to interface Ethernet 0 on R1. Apply the access-list on both
incoming and outgoing interfaces.
Instructions:
R1>enable
R1#configure terminal
R1(config)#interface ethernet 0
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config-if)#ip access-group 1 in
R1(config-if)#ip access-group 1 out
Back
R1>enable
R1#configure terminal
R1(config)#access-list 1 permit 192.168.10.5
R1(config)#exit
R1#show access-list
Back
NAT stands for Network Address Translation is used to perform address translation between two
networks, which are identified as the inside network and the outside network in NAT
terminology i.e, there are primarily two ways a NAT can be defined in a network.
One is NAT inside, where we define the inside local, and inside global ip addresses; and the
other is NAT outside, where we define the outside local, and outside global IP addresses.
Note: Please refer the below Network Diagram and IP Address Assignment Table for all the
exercises in this section.
R1 S0 200.200.200. 255.255.255.
1 0
E0
192.168.1.13 255.255.0.0
Description: The purpose of this exercise is to configure NAT on the source router (NAT inside
source) and test for connectivity by pinging a remote router.
192.168.1.10 200.200.200.3
192.168.1.11 200.200.200.4
Instructions:
Note: You need to do the following before proceeding with the following commands
1. Assign the IP addresses and make the interfaces up (by issuing no shutdown commands at
appropriate interfaces) for all the devices
R1>enable
R1#conf term
R1(config)#ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.10 200.200.200.3
R1(config)#ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.11 200.200.200.4
R1(config)#interface serial 0
R1(config-if)#ip nat outside
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#interface ethernet 0
R1(config-if)#ip nat inside
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#exit
R1#
PC1:ping R2
Back
Description: The purpose of this lab is to configure NAT on the destination router (NAT outside
source) and test for connectivity by pinging a remote router.
10.1.1.1 200.200.200.3
10.1.1.2 200.200.200.4
Instructions:
1. Assign IP addresses on all the devices as per the table given above
2. Create IP NAT Mapping (Hint: use outside source static command) on R2
3. Define IP NAT Inside and IP NAT Outside interfaces on R2
4. Test for Connectivity from PC1 to R2 by issuing ping command
Note: You need to assign the IP addresses and make the interfaces up (by issuing no shutdown
commands at appropriate interfaces) for all the devices before proceeding with the following
commands
R2>enable
R2#conf term
R2(config)#ip nat outside source static 10.1.1.1 200.200.200.3
PC1:ping R2
PC1:ping 200.200.200.3
PC1:ping 200.200.200.4
Back
Description : This lab exercise demonstrates the required commands for DHCP Server
configuration on a cisco router.
Instructions :
1. Issue service dhcp command on router R1 that enables and disables the DHCP server
feature on router. By default, this is enabled.
2. Create an addressing pool for dhcp.
3. Issue network command that specifies the range of IP addresses to be assigned to
clients.
4. Assign the domain-name to the client.
5. In order to resolve Host names to IP addresses, client computers require the IP addresses
of DNS (Domain Name Service) servers. Use dns-server command that allows assigning
upto 8 DNS server addresses to the client, but however in simulator only 1 address is
allowed.
6. Specify the default-router address using default-router command that allows assigning
upto 8 default-gateway addresses to the client for this range of addresses.
7. Specify the duration of the lease, which if omitted results to default 1 day.
R1(config)#service dhcp
R1(config)#ip dhcp pool newpool
R1(config-dhcp)#network 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0
R1(config-dhcp)#domain-name xyz.com
R1(config-dhcp)#dns-server 192.168.2.2
R1(config-dhcp)#default-router 192.168.2.1
R1(config-dhcp)#lease 2
R1(config-dhcp)#exit
R1(config)#
Back
Description: This exercise helps to understand how Point to Point Protocol encapsulation
works .Configure PPP across a point-to-point network as shown in the network diagram below.
Instructions:
R1>enable
R1#configure terminal
R1(config)#interface serial 0
R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
R1(config-if)#compress stac
R2>enable
Back
Description: The purpose of this lab exercise is to configure ISDN BRI 0 interfaces on Routers
NY01 and LA01. The interface IP Addresses, Subnet Mask, and Switch-type are given in the
network diagram.
Instructions:
NY01:
1. Enter global configuration mode and assign hostname NY01. Specify isdn switch-type Basic-
5ess
2. Enter bri 0 interface configuration mode, and assign IP address as specified
LA01:
The procedure to configure LA01 is similar to that of NY01, except for the hostname, and IP
address assignment.
1. Enter global configuration mode and assign hostname LA01. Specify isdn switch-type Basic-
5ess
2. Enter bri 0 interface configuration mode, and assign IP address as specified
3. Enable PPP encapsulation, and exit bri 0 interface configuration mode
4. Configure dialer string to call phone number 2224444. Specify dialer idle timeout as 10
minutes
5. Enter E0 interface configuration mode and assign IP address as specified
6. Exit interface configuration mode, and specify protocol IP to be the only interesting traffic on
isdn access line
7. Apply the dialer list to interface isdn bri 0
On NY01:
R1>enable
R1#configure terminal
R1(config)#hostname NY01
NY01(config)#isdn switch-type basic-5ess
NY01(config)#interface bri 0
NY01(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
NY01(config-if)#no shutdown
NY01(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
NY01(config-if)#exit
NY01(config)#dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
NY01(config)#interface bri 0
NY01(config-if)#dial string 55554444
NY01(config-if)#dialer idle-timeout 600
NY01(config-if)#dialer-group 1
NY01(config-if)#exit
NY01(config)#interface e 0
NY01(config-if)#ip address 10.1.0.1 255.255.0.0
NY01(config-if)#end
NY01
On LA01:
R2>enable
R2#configure terminal
Back
Instructions:
Device-Interface IP Address/Mask
Venus-S0 192.160.1.1/24
Jupiter-S0 192.160.1.2/24
R1>enable
R1#configure terminal
R1(config)#hostname Venus
Venus(config)#interface serial 0
Venus(config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay
Venus(config-if)#ip address 192.160.1.1 255.255.255.0
Venus(config-if)#^z
Venus#
R2>enable
R2#configure terminal
R2(config)#hostname Jupiter
Jupiter(config)#interface serial 0
Jupiter(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
Jupiter(config-if)#ip address 192.160.1.2 255.255.255.0
Jupiter(config-if)#^z
R3>enable
R3#configure terminal
R3(config)#hostname Saturn
Saturn(config)#interface serial 0
Saturn(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
Saturn(config-if)#ip address 192.160.1.3 255.255.255.0
Saturn(config-if)#^z
Saturn#
Back
Instructions:
NY-S0.1 192.160.1.1/24
NY-S0.2 192.160.2.1/24
NY-S0.3 192.160.3.1/24
ND-S0.1 192.160.1.2/24
London-S0.1 192.160.2.2/24
Router NY:
1. Specify hostname
2. Enter sub-interface configuration mode for s0.1
3. Specify ip address
4. Specify interface-dlci number 62
5. Exit
6. Specify hostname
7. Enter sub-interface configuration mode for s0.2.
8. Specify ip address
9. Specify interface-dlci number 63
10. Exit
11. Specify hostname
12. Enter sub-interface configuration mode for s0.3
13. Specify ip address
14. Specify interface-dlci number 64
15. Exit
Router ND:
1. Specify hostname
2. Specify frame-relay encapsulation
3. Enter sub-interface configuration mode for s0.1
4. Specify ip address
5. Specify interface-dlci number 62
6. Exit
Router London:
1. Specify hostname
2. Specify frame-relay encapsulation
3. Enter sub-interface configuration mode for s0.1
4. Specify ip address
5. Specify interface-dlci number 63
6. Exit
Router LA:
1. Specify hostname
2. Specify frame-relay encapsulation
3. Enter sub-interface configuration mode for s0.1
4. Specify ip address
5. Specify interface-dlci number 64
6. Exit
R2>enable
R2#configure terminal
R2(config)#hostname ND
ND(config)#interface serial 0
ND(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
ND(config-if)#exit
ND(config)#interface serial 0.1 point-to-point
ND(config-subif)#ip address 192.160.1.2 255.255.255.0
ND(config-subif)#frame-relay interface-dlci 62
ND(config-subif)#^z
ND#copy running-config startup-config
R3>enable
R3#configure terminal
R3(config)#hostname London
London(config)#interface serial 0
London(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
London(config-if)#exit
London(config)#interface serial 0.1 point-to-point
London(config-subif)#ip address 192.160.2.2 255.255.255.0
London(config-subif)#frame-relay interface-dlci 63
London(config-subif)#^z
London#copy running-config startup-config
R4>enable
R4#configure terminal
R4(config)#hostname LA
LA(config)#interface serial 0
LA(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
Back
Description : This lab demonstrates the steps required to enable ipv6 on a cisco router.
Instructions
R1>enable
R1#configure terminal
R1(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
R1(config)#exit
R1#exit
R1>
Note: The first step of enabling IPv6 on a Cisco router is the activation of IPv6 traffic
forwarding to forward unicast IPv6 packets between network interfaces. By default, IPv6 traffic
forwarding is disabled on Cisco routers.
The ipv6 unicast-routing command is used to enable the forwarding of IPv6 packets between
interfaces on the router.
Back
Description : This lab demonstrates the steps required to enable ipv6 on a cisco router interface.
Instructions
R1>enable
R1#configure terminal
R1(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
R1(config)#interface serial 0
R1(config-if)#ipv6 enable
R1(config-if)#exit
Note: To configure a router so that it uses only link local addresses, you only have to give
ipv6 enable command. Issuing an ipv6 address command automatically configure link
local addresses.
Back
16.3 : Lab Exercise 3 : Configuring IPv6 on a cisco router interface with IPv6
address in EUI-format
16.4 : Lab Exercise 4 : Configuring IPv6 on a cisco router interface with IPv6
address in general form
Description: This lab exercise demonstrates enabling RIPng for IPv6 (next-generation RIP
protocol) on a router interface.
Instructions:
R1>enable
R1#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
R1(config)#interface serial 0
R1(config-if)#ipv6 rip pname1 enable
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#exit
R1#show ipv6 rip
R1#show ipv6 protocols
Note: ipv6 rip <name> enable command enables the specified IPv6 RIP routing process on
an interface.
The process name is only significant within the router, and allows you to run more than
one RIP process if you want to. Because it is only locally significant, every router can have
a different RIP process name without conflict, although we generally don't recommend
this, as it can become confusing to manage.
Back
17.2 : Lab Exercise 2 : Enabling RIPng on two routers and pinging between
them
Description: This lab exercise demonstrates testing the connectivity using ping between two
routers configured with RIP routing processes.
LD>enable
LD#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
LD(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
LD(config)#interface serial 0
LD(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:3abc:d00:4ab:2::1/64
LD(config-if)#ipv6 rip process1 enable
LD(config-if)#no shutdown
LD(config-if)#exit
LD(config)#exit
LD#copy running-config startup-config
LD#
NY>enable
NY#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
NY(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
NY(config)#interface serial 0
NY(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:3abc:d00:4ab:2::2/64
NY(config-if)#ipv6 rip process1 enable
Back
17.3 : Lab Exercise 3 : Entering RIPng router configuration mode and setting
global parameters on a cisco router
17.6 : Lab Exercise 6 : Enabling OSPF for IPv6 on a cisco router interface
17.8 : Lab Exercise 8 : General IPv6 configuration on 2610 series cisco router
Description: Describes the commands for forming BGP neighbor relationships and
advertising networks.
Instructions:
On R1:
R1>enable
R1#conf term
R1(config)# int s 0
R1(config-if)#ip address 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#int s 1
R1(config-if)#ip address 20.20.20.1 255.255.255.0
On R2:
R2>enable
R2#conf term
R2(config)# int s 0
R2(config-if)#ip address 10.10.10.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no shutdown
R2(config-if)#exit
R2(config)#router bgp 100
R2(config-router)#network 10.10.10.0
R2(config-router)#exit
R2(config)#exit
R2#
On R3:
R3>enable
R3#conf term
R3(config)# int s 0
R3(config-if)#ip address 20.20.20.2 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#no shutdown
R3(config-if)#exit
R3(config)#router bgp 200
R3(config-router)#network 20.20.20.0
R3(config-router)#exit
R3(config)#exit
R3#
On R1:
R1>enable
R1#conf term
R1(config)#router bgp 300
R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.10.10.2 remote-as 100
R1(config-router)#neighbor 20.20.20.2 remote-as 200
R1(config-router)#exit
R1(config)#exit
Back
Description: This lab exercise demonstrates the command for redistributing EIGRP, OSPF, and
Static routes into RIP.
Instructions:
On R1:
R1>enable
R1#conf term
R1(config)#router rip
R1(config-router)#redistribute eigrp 100 metric 1
R1(config-router)#redistribute ospf 1 metric 1
R1(config-router)#redistribute static metric 1
R1(config-router)#exit
R1(config)#
NOTE: Metric command can also be given in following way (Using the default-metric
command saves work because it eliminates the need for defining the metric separately for each
redistribution.)
R1(config)#router rip
R1(config-router)#redistribute eigrp 100
R1(config-router)#redistribute ospf 1
R1(config-router)#redistribute static
R1(config-router)#default-metric 1
Back
Note: Please refer to the below network for the exercises 20.1, 20.2,20.3 given in this section.
20.1 Lab Exercise 1: Configuring a Router for MPLS Forwarding and verifying the
configuration of MPLS forwarding.
Description: MPLS forwarding on Cisco routers requires that Cisco Express Forwarding
be enabled. This lab exercise demonstrates the necessary commands to enable the Cisco
Express Forwarding.
Instructions:
R1>enable
R1#conf term
R1(config)#ip cef
R1(config)#exit
Back
Description: The following example shows how to configure MPLS hop-by-hop forwarding on
the interface.
Instructions:
R1>enable
R1#conf term
R1(config)#ip cef
R1(config)#interface s 0/0
R1(config-if)#mpls ip
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#exit
Note: Router(config)#mpls ip
Back
Description: This lab exercise explains how to configure MPLS LDP sessions between two
directly connected routers. That is to establish LDP as the label distribution protocol on all the
interfaces.
Instructions:
R1>enable
R1#conf term
R1(config)#ip cef
R1(config)#mpls label protocol LDP
R1(config)#interface s 0/0
Note : To specify the MPLS Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) on all the interfaces, use the
mpls label protocol ldp command in global configuration mode.
LDP enables peer label switch routers (LSR) in a MPLS network to exchange label binding
information for supporting hop-by-hop forwarding in a MPLS
network. To establish LDP as the Label Distribution Protocol for an interface. The following
command is used in interface mode.
The show mpls interfaces command ensures that MPLS is globally enabled. This command also
verifies that a Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) runs on the
requested interfaces:
Back
21.1 Cisco 2950 switch (CISCO CATALYST 2950 24 PORT SWITCH WS-C2950-24
10/100)
Front Panel: The switch front panel consists of 24 RJ-45 port connectors that support 10/100
Mbps speed and LED indicators as shown in the figures below. Please note that the 2950 series
switches come in different flavors and vary greatly in the number and type of ports available.
The switch front panel contains Ports, LEDs and the Mode button.
Ports:
1. 10/100 Ports
These use RJ-45 Connectors and twisted-pair cabling and they can be connected to 10BASE-T-
compatible devices, such as workstations and hubs, or 100BASE-TX-compatible devices, such
as high-speed workstations, servers, hubs, routers, and other switches. The 10/100 ports can be
explicitly set to operate in any combination of half duplex, full duplex, 10 Mbps, or 100 Mbps.
2. 100BASE-FX Ports
The 100BASE-FX Ports use 50/125- or 62.5/125-micron multimode fiber-optic cabling. These
ports only operate at 100 Mbps in full-duplex mode.
You can connect a 100BASE-FX port to an SC or ST port on a target device by using one of the
MT-RJ fiber-optic patch cables
3. 10/100/1000 Ports
The 10/100/1000 ports on Catalyst 2950T-24 switches use RJ-45 connectors and twisted-pair
cabling. The ports can connect to10BASE-T-compatible devices, such as workstations and hubs
or 100BASE-TX-compatible devices, such as high-speed workstations, servers, hubs, routers,
and other switches or 1000BASE-T-compatible devices, such as high-speed workstations,
servers, hubs, routers, and other switches.
LEDs:
You can use the LEDs to monitor switch activity and performance. Changing the port mode
changes the information provided by each port status LED.
CMS is made up of three web-based applications that you use to manage switches. You can use
Cluster Builder, which includes Cluster View, and Cluster Manager to create, configure, and
monitor switch clusters. You can also use Device Manager to manage individual and standalone
switches.
You can manage switches by using command-line entries. To access the CLI, connect a PC or
terminal directly to the console port on the switch rear panel. If the switch is attached to your
network, you can use a Telnet connection to manage the switch from a remote location.
CiscoView application
You can use the CiscoView device-management application to set configuration parameters and
to view switch status and performance information. This application, which you purchase
separately, can be a standalone application or part of an Simple Network Management Protocol
(SNMP) network-management platform.
You can manage switches by using an SNMP-compatible management station running platforms
such as HP OpenView and SunNet Manager. The switch supports a comprehensive set of MIB
extensions and MIB II, the IEEE 802.1D bridge MIB, and four RMON groups. For more
information, refer to the documentation that came with your SNMP application.
The Cisco Catalyst 1900 series of switches offer an economical option for Ethernet networks.
There are two Catalyst 1900 switches, the 1912, with 12 10BaseT switched ports and two Fast
Ethernet switched ports, and the 1924 with 24 10BaseT switched ports and two Fast Ethernet
switched ports. The Cisco Catalyst 1900 switch is useful for small workgroups needing switched
10-Mbps ports. Cisco has created a Command-Line Interface (CLI) for the 1900 series of
switches.
10BaseT ports
The 10BaseT network ports use standard RJ-45 connectors. These ports can connect to 10BaseT-
compatible devices, such as individual workstations and hubs, with Category 3, 4, or 5 cabling.
Using this type of cabling, the distance between the switch and the attached device can be up to
100 meters.
The switches can have any of the following high-speed ports (depends on model):
Rear-Panel Description
1. AC power connector
2. Console port
When Catalyst switches are configured from the CLI that runs on the console or a remote
terminal, the Cisco IOS Software provides a CLI called the EXEC. The EXEC interprets the
commands that are entered and carries out the corresponding operations.
For security purposes, the EXEC has the following two levels of access to commands:
1. User mode: Typical tasks include those that check the status of the switch, such as some basic
show commands.
2. Privileged mode: Typical tasks include those that change the configuration of the switch. This
mode is also known as enable mode. If you have the password that gets you to this privileged
enable mode, you basically will have access to all possible device configuration commands.
To change from user EXEC mode to privileged EXEC mode, enter the enable command.
The switch then prompts for the enable password if one is configured. Enter the correct enable
password. By default, the enable password is not configured.
Note: Please refer to the below network diagram for all the exercises in this section.
Description: A basic exercise to get familiar with the different commands related to switch .
Choose 2950 switch from the N/W diagram, and use the following commands.
The switch initial startup status can be verified using the below status commands:
Show version: Displays the configuration of the system hardware and the currently loaded IOS
software version information
Show running-config: Displays the current active running configuration of the switch.This
command requires privileged EXEC mode access.
Show interfaces: Displays statistics and status information of all the interfaces on the switch.
Instructions:
1. Connect to switch and you should see the user mode prompt
2. Show version command displays the IOS version of the switch
3. Show interfaces command displays the interfaces of the switch
4. Show running-config displays the running configuration
2950>enable
2950#show version
Back
Description: Select 2950 switch using the N/W Diagram button in the router simulator. Assign
password "consolepass" to line console 0.
Use the line console 0 command, followed by the password and login subcommands, to
require login and establish a login password on the console terminal or on a VTY port. By
default, login is not enabled on the console or on VTY ports.
Instructions:
2950>enable
2950#configure terminal
2950(config)#line console 0
2950(config-line)#password consolepass
2950(config-line)#exit
Back
Note : Please refer to the below network for the exercises in this section. Also note that the spanning-tree
commands are made available only on 2950 switch in the simulator.
Description : This lab exercise demonstrates the necessary commands to enable and disable
spanning tree protocol on a switch.
Instructions:
SW1>enable
SW1#configure terminal
SW1(config)#spanning-tree vlan 1
SW1(config)#no spanning-tree vlan 1
SW1(config)#exit
SW1#
Back
Description : This lab exercise demonstrates the necessary commands to configure the root
switch.
Instructions:
SW1>enable
SW1#configure terminal
SW1(config)#spanning-tree vlan 1 root
SW1(config)#exit
SW1#show spanning-tree
Back
Description: Configure hostname as 2950, and set the switch ip address to 172.16.1.10, subnet
mask 255.255.255.0. Also, set the default-gateway to 172.16.1.2
Instructions:
SW1>enable
SW1#configure terminal
SW1(config)#hostname 2950
2950(config)#interface vlan 1
2950(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.10 255.255.255.0
2950(config-if)#exit
2950(config)#ip default-gateway 172.16.1.2
2950(config)#end
Back
Description: Configure vlan1 on 2950 switch, and set the ip address to 192.16.2.3 mask
255.255.255.0. Set ip default-gateway to 172.16.2.2. copy running configuration to startup
configuration.
Instructions:
2950>enable
2950#configure terminal
2950(config)#interface vlan 1
2950(config-if)#ip address 172.16.2.3 255.255.255.0
Back
Description : This exercise concentrates on establishing a trunk-line between the switches. The
command used to configure trunking is switchport mode trunk.
Instructions :
1. Connect to SW1 and configure fast ethernet interface fa 0/11 on the switch
2. Configure trunking on the switch by issuing command switchport mode trunk
3. Connect to SW2 and configure fast ethernet interface fa 0/11 on the switch
4. Configure trunk line on the switch by issuing switchport mode trunk command
5. Configure WS1 with IP Address 192.168.100.1/24 and WS2 with IP Address
192.168.100.2/24
SW1>enable
SW1#configure terminal
SW1(config)#interface fa 0/11
SW1(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
SW1(config-if)#exit
SW1(config)#exit
SW1#
SW2>enable
SW2#configure terminal
SW2(config)#interface fa 0/11
SW2(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
SW2(config-if)#exit
SW2(config)#exit
SW2#
26. Appendix
1. b
1. RAM (or DRAM): This type of memory is used for working storage. This
is where part of IOS image, routing tables, packets, and others are stored
during normal working of a router. RAM is erased when the router is powered
off.
2. ROM (Read Only Memory): ROM stores bootstrap code for booting Cisco
IOS. It points to the functional IOS image so that the router can complete its
start-up configuration successfully. It is somewhat analogous to the BIOS in
PC. ROM also contains a small portion of IOS.
3. Flash memory: Flash memory contains the fully functional IOS images. It
is the default location for getting IOS image at boot time. You can loosely
compare the IOS image with operating system (say DOS).
4. NVRAM: NVRAM stands for Non Volatile RAM. NVRAM stores the
initial or startup configuration file.
2. c
2. ROM (Read Only Memory): ROM stores bootstrap code for booting Cisco
IOS. It points to the functional IOS image so that the router can complete its
start-up configuration successfully. It is somewhat analogous the BIOS in PC.
ROM also contains a small portion of IOS.
3. Flash memory: Flash memory contains the fully functional IOS images. It
is the default location for getting IOS image at boot time. You can loosely
compare the IOS image with operating system (say DOS).
4. NVRAM: NVRAM stands for Non Volatile RAM. NVRAM stores the
initial or startup configuration file.
3. a b c d (all of them)
NVRAM (Non-Volatile Ram): Memory that does not lose information when
power is lost. Stores the systems configuration file and the configuration
register. NVRAM uses a battery to maintain the data when power is turned off.
Flash Memory: Stores the compressed IOS (IOS stands for Cisco
Internetwork Operating System) image. Flash memory is either EEPROM or
PCMCIA card. Flash memory enables you to copy multiple versions of IOS
software. This allows you to load a new lever of the operating system in every
router in your network and then, to upgrade the whole network to that version
at a convenient time.
4. b and d
Explanation : Both "copy star run" and "reload" will load Cisco router
configuration into RAM.
1. d
- How long the router has been up (length of time since boot-up).
- From where the system was loaded from ( booted via flash , or tftp etc.)
2. c
Also, you cant connect the Ethernet port on PC to another Ethernet port on a
router using a straight through cable. You need crossover cable for this
purpose. Also, the PC need to have a network card, and appropriate networking
protocol stack properly installed and configured.
3. c and d
Explanation : The following are some important commands that can be used
to edit and review command history buffer. It will be useful to practice these
commands.
<ctrl>R : Creates new command prompt, followed by all the characters typed
at the last one.
4. c
1. User EXEC mode:- This is the LOWEST level of access. This allows
examination of router status, see routing tables, and do some diagnostics.
However, you cannot change the router configuration, view the configuration
files, or control the router in any way. The prompt in this mode is "Router>".
2. Privileged (enable) EXEC mode:- This mode allows you to have all the
privileges of EXEC (user) mode plus commands that enable you to view
configuration files, change the router configuration, perform troubleshooting
that could potentially disrupt traffic. The default prompt for this mode is
"Router#".
When you are working in the privileged mode (at # prompt), you can get back
to user mode by typing "disable" at the "#" prompt.
5. b
COPY FLASH TFTP - Copies current IOS from router flash memory to
TFTP server.
COPY TFTP FLASH - Copies image file from TFTP server to flash. This is
used to upgrade the IOS image file to a newer version, or if your IOS image
becomes corrupt.
1. RAM (or DRAM): This type of memory is used for working storage. This
is where part of IOS image, routing tables, packets, and others are stored
during normal working of a router. RAM is erased when the router is powered
off.
2. ROM (Read Only Memory): ROM stores bootstrap code for booting Cisco
IOS. It points to the functional IOS image so that the router can complete its
start-up configuration successfully. It is somewhat analogous the BIOS in PC.
ROM also contains a small portion of IOS.
3. Flash memory: Flash memory contains the fully functional IOS images. It
is the default location for getting IOS image at boot time. You can loosely
compare the IOS image with operating system (say DOS).
4. NVRAM: NVRAM stands for Non Volatile RAM. NVRAM stores the
initial or startup configuration file.
7. b
Explanation : The first line Serial0/0 is down, line protocol is down says
that the Serial 0/0 is down. It usually means a hardware failure on the router
interface. Therefore, it is recommended to check Layer 1 (Physical layer)
parameters. If the Physical layer is okay, and if there is any problem with
protocol matching, you usually get the error Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is
down.
8. d
3. A rolled cable isnt actually an Ethernet cable, but looks like one. It is used
to connect a PC to a switchs console port, for management. This cable is
normally used when configuring a Cisco switch or a router for the first time.
1. Router-Layer 3 Device
3. PC/Workstation
5. Circuit-Switched Serial
7. Network Cloud
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