Coiled Tubing PDF

Coiled Tubing
Basics & Applications
Presented By:
Nguyen Tan Khoa

Lead Well Operations Engineer
KNOC Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh City

Nov 14, 2015
Contents
Part 1: Coiled Tubing Basics
Why Coiled Tubing?

Fabrication
Coiled Tubing Equipment
BHA
String Characteristics & Selection
Safety Considerations & Failure Modes
Job Modeling
String Life Management
2
Contents
Part 2: Coiled Tubing Applications
Circulating, Cleanouts & N2 Moving & Setting

Lifting Tractors
Milling, Fishing Tapered OD Coil
Logging & Perforating E-Coil
Fluid / Chemical Placement Coiled Tubing Drilling
Down-hole Camera CT Boat Operations
Gravel Packs & Sand Control Capillary Coil
Hydra-Jet Technology
Fracturing
3
Part 1: CT Basics: Why Coiled Tubing?
Why Coiled Tubing?
4
What are the options, when ..

Fish (object) in the well
Hard scale deposits in the casing
You need fluid placed into 1 zone, but not all
Logging into a horizontal well
You will need something to reach in the well

To grab objects
To transport sensors
To pump & circulate fluids
5
Electric Line Wire Line

A metal wire, or electric cable, inserted into the wellbore.
Carries tools to perform work.
6
Electric Line Wire Line
Pro Con
Lightweight, fast, small. Cable is gravity fed into the
Can deploy sensors, set well
plugs, and move objects Steep deviations and
into the well. (Highly horizontal wells can be un-
reachable.
versatile)
Cannot set-down much
Light touch - can perform weight on bottom.
sensitive operations. Cable is weak (low pull
Can work under-balanced = strength)
the well is live and flowing. Cannot circulate fluids.
7
Drilling rig
8
Drilling Rig
Pro Con
The most powerful option. Well must be dead.
Can deploy heavy-duty tools Expensive (!)
into the furthest parts of Large (!)
any well. Slow
Can circulate fluids.
9
Hydraulic Work Over

Like a small drilling rig, uses joints of pipe.
Can work under pressure (well is live).
10
Hydraulic Work Over
Pro Con
Can pump fluid. Large footprint on the
Can set-down & pick-up platform. (A lot of
high weights. equipment)
Can deploy tools, sensors, More expensive than E-Line
plugs, etc into the well. and Coiled Tubing
Stiff, can reach deviated & Heavy weights on the
horizontal sections of the platform structure.
well. Uses joints of pipe, like a
Can work under-balanced = drilling rig = slow
the well is live and flowing. operations.
11
Coiled Tubing
A continuous metal tube,
inserted into the wellbore.
12
Coiled Tubing
Pro Con
Can pump fluid. Large footprint on the
Can set-down & pick-up high platform. (A lot of
weights.
Carries tools, sensors, plugs, equipment)
etc into the well. More expensive than E-Line
Stiff, can reach deviated &
horizontal sections of the well. Coiled tubing reel is heavy
Continuous tubing = fast to pick up.
Can work under-balanced =
the well is live and flowing.
IN SUMMARY . Coiled Tubing offers a good

balance between size, cost, weight, & efficiency.
13
Maybe thats why its so popular around the world
14
Part 1: CT Basics: Fabrication of Coiled Tubing
Fabrication of Coiled Tubing
Some images courtesy Quality Tubing 15

Raw material is supplied

in a roll of standard
mass.
16
Steel is
rolled
into
sheets.
17
Sheets are
pressed to
an exact
thickness
18
40,000 lb
rolls.
Each roll is a
specific
thickness of
steel plate.
19
Rolls are
cut down
into
slits.
20
The slits are

transported
to another
factory.
21
Slits are
prepared
for the
next
process.
22
23
Bias welds:
End of Strip A
Start of Strip B
- Distribute the
weight
- Distribute the
Fatigue
- Can only be made
before the metal
is rolled to a tube.
24
Factory Butt Weld

(aka Orbital Butt Weld)
Factory Bias Weld

- All factory welds
- Strongest
- Resist Fatigue
25
Fabrication of Coiled Tubing
26
Making
a Bias
Weld
27
Part 1: CT Basics: Strip welded at 45 deg
Computer
assisted welding.
Results
recorded.
Approved weld
procedure
Conventional Step- Tapered String Design
.134
.125
.118
.109 Wall
29
Continuous rolling can form a linear taper.

This design will reduce metal fatigue.
30
The spool
has become
larger after
many strips
are joined
together.
31
Coiled Tubing Milling Process
Take-up
Spool
O.D & I.D.
(FF)
Tube Air Water Sizing
Scarfing Air Cool
Forming Cool Bath Rolls
HFI Seam Full Body Water

ERW Anneal Stress Relief Bath
Accumulator
Eddy Current
NDE
32
33
34
Knife cuts off material that is extruded from the welding process
Any impurities on edge of strip are pushed out of the weld
35
36
Spool
rotates at
mill speed
Tubing laid
properly
on spool.
37
Part 1: CT Basics: QTI Product Size Range
3.500 in
2.875 in
2.625 in.
2.375 in
2.000 in
1.750 in
1.500 in
1.250 in
1.000 in
0.750 in
0.625 in Wall Thickness: .087 to .203
Hydrotest/ Drift
Test for 15 min

to 80% Int.Yield
for CT & CLP.
Gauge Ball run
to Drift ID
Alternative
pressures and
times available
Laboratory Testing
Each end of each string is tested

for physical properties.
Inside sections taken from prior
data
Full sections pulled
Microhardness in body,
in HAZ, & at seam.
Tensile Test - OD Measurement
True OD on tensile
samples
measured
Used to compute
metal cross-
sectional area
Microhardness Testing
Knoop hardness
testing conducted
axially in weld, HAZ
(heat affected zone)
and body.
Convert to HRB/C
(Hardness Rockwell
B/C).
Tensile Testing
Measures strength and elongation (ductility)

Flaring Tests
Flaring tests
expand
pipe wall
and weld.
Meet API
5LCP
Flash Free Tubing
INTERNAL WELD FLASH REMOVAL

Internal weld bead is cut from tube
wall during milling, and then pumped-
out of finished, spooled tubing.
1.50 OD and larger
Non-tapered strings only.
ADVANTAGES
Clearance for internal running tools
(swab cups, plungers)
Transfer to Customer Reel
From stock to
Coiled Tubing
Unit
Coiled Tubing Failures
Did you Know?
A CT String from the factory usually contains 6 or more sections (and 5

or more welds).
Purchasing a string requires 6 months for delivery, with a cost of

approx. $100,000 USD.
One String is good for about 30-40 Runs in the well. (Highly dependent
on the company, the fluids being pumped, the application being
applied).
The old coils can be sold as scrap metal. However, they are more
commonly purchased by oil companies for use as velocity strings, and
bough by locals who use the tubing for a variety of things such as
fence-posts, furniture making, etc.
48
Part 1: CT Basics: Coiled Tubing Equipment
49
50
51
52
Reel (or Drum)

Holds the CT
Hydraulically powered,
for spooling purposes
only.
Does NOT pull/push CT
in/out of the well.
53
Reels
Used to store tubing

Must provide back tension during all injection
operations
Equipped with rotating swivels for fluid injection
while turning (running pipe in or out of well)
Core diameters variable for specific tubing
diameters
Includes a level wind assembly to wrap tubing on
and off reel
Offshore and land based designs
New designs have a shaftless reel for higher
tubing capacities and lower CG on units
Reel Plumbing
Broken Reels !
Level-Wind (or,
Horses-Head)
Helps guide the CT
onto the reel
57
Gooseneck (or, Guide-Arch)

Sits on top of the Injector
Guides and bends CT, as the
CT moves between the Reel,
and the Injector
58
Guide Arch Wear Blocks
Injector
Grips the CT with metal
blocks, which are attached to
chains.
Pulls and pushes the CT
in/out of the well.
Most units pull between
35,000 lb 135,000 lb
Push (snubbing) is usually
of pull capacity.
Hydraulically powered.
60
Injector Chains
Move the coiled
tubing
Two sets of chains
Are rotated by the
injector, to move
the coil in/out of
the well.
61
Injector Blocks
Make contact
with the coil.
Two shapes
round or V
62
Linear Beam Cylinders

Chains are squeezed
together by hydraulic
cylinders.
These squeeze the coil until
there is enough friction to
prevent slipping on the
blocks.
63
Weight Indicators
Hydraulic weight indicator.

Used on 38K Injectors and smaller.
Weight Indicators (cont.)
Electronic Load Pins

(two used)
Used on all injectors
60K and above.
Tubing Guide
(95K)
Electronic Depth Head Below Chains
Stripper
The Key component to CT operations!
Located below the Injector
It wraps and holds a sealing material around the CT string
It allows CT to move in/out of the pressurized wellbore and,
prevents wellbore pressure from escaping.
68
Stripper
Common design: A door opens to expose the rubber
sealing material inside. This allows it to be changed
during the job.
69
Sidedoor Stripper Elastomer
Lubricator (or, Riser)

Sections of large, hollow pipe,
below the stripper.
Connect to the BOPs.
Function as a place to keep the
tool-string before and after the
job (since, the toolstring cannot
pass up through the injector and
around the goose-neck).
Thus, allows the tool-string to be
completely removed from the
well with the wellhead closed.
Needs to be as long as the tool-
string being used for the job.
71
Quad BOPs
Well control for emergency
situations. Function exactly Blind
the same as on a Drilling rig.
Typical configuration shown
(top to bottom). Shear
Slip
Pipe / Tubing
72
Dual-Combi BOPs
Save space vs Quad BOPs
Typical configuration
shown (top to bottom). Blind + Shear
Slip + Pipe
73
Control House
Cabin for personnel to operate all CT controls
Data storage, display, recording.
74
Part 1: CT - Data Acquisition System
Provide Real-time Operator Information

Measured parameters - weight, speed, depth pressure
Calculated parameters - stresses, collapse, tubing life
utilization
Determine Tubing Status
Tubing life management
Real time effects
Provide Job Records
Power Pack
Diesel engine supplies Hydraulic energy to operate
the BOPs, Injector, and Reel (connected through
hydraulic hoses).
76
Injector Stand / Lift Frame
Usually includes hydraulic

up/down movement to adjust
the injector height.
Supports the Injector, when a

crane is not available for the
duration of the job.
Most land jobs cannot use an

injector stand due to lack of
suitable foundation (the ground
is too soft and un-even).
77
Offshore Lift Frame

Can be used inside a drilling rig
derrick
Can be heave-compensated for
floating applications.
78
High Pressure Fluid Pump

Diesel engine, drives a Positive-Displacement
Pump
Capable of extremely high pressures (15k psi)
Fluid rates up to 10 BPM is common.
79
N2 Converter
Converts liquid N2 to gas form by applying heat.
Pumps gaseous N2 at specified pressure and rate
(up to 300,000 scf/hr and 15,000 psi is common)
80
N2 Tanks
2,000 gal liquid N2 is
common
Cannot store long time
they are well insulated but
heat does get in, N2
vaporizes every Part.
81
Batch Mixer
Large mixing tanks
(typically 50 - 100
BBL) with paddles
inside to mix
chemicals, fluids.
Acid Tank
Safely transport raw
HCl or other acids.
82
Fluid Holding Tanks

100-200 BBL is
common Generator
with Lights
Sand Trap
Prevent
returned sand
from entering
production
83
Submersible Pump
Bring seawater up for
job use Fluid Filtration
Unit (ensure
clean fluid is
pumped into
formation)
Transfer Pump
(moving fluids
between tanks,
storage drums,
etc)
84
Tool Box & Spare

Parts Container
Office / Job Planning

Container
Engineering, Job
planning, and
communications hub.
85
Air Compressor Treating Iron basket

(used to start the
diesel engines)
Also brought to location, but Not shown:

Chemical Totes
Downhole-tool basket
Hoses basket
In Summary, CT Jobs Require a Lot of Equipment and Preparation

86
Part 1: CT Basics: BHA
BHA (Bottom-Hole Assembly)
Some images courtesy Gaggie Tool Corporation 87

BHA (Bottom Hole Assembly)

The Coiled tubing is often just a means of conveyance,
to carry tools into the well.
The tool-string attached to the end of the coil is called
the BHA.
Nearly all BHAs have 1 thing in common: the MHA.

The Motor-Head Assembly (MHA), is the first part of the
tool-string. It joins the coiled tubing with the tool-string.
It also provides some basic safety functions.
88
Coil Connector
a. Attaches to the coiled
tubing with rolls/dimples,
or grapples.
b. Provides a threaded
connection for the
remaining tools.
89
MHA
1. Double Flapper Check Valve
a. Allows pressure and fluid to flow out of the
coil, but not in.
b. This is a critical safety tool in the event that
CT develops a leak or break on surface. In
that case, only the DFCV will be preventing
wellbore pressure escape.
c. Spring actuated flappers automatically close
when flow is stopped
d. Balls can be pumped through the flappers
90
MHA
2. Hydraulic Disconnect
a. Sometimes the tools being run in the
well can get stuck. By offering a
means to remove the BHA, it can be
left behind while the CT string is
recovered to surface.
b. Can be activated by dropping a ball
(which lands in the tool and shears
some connecting pins).
c. Lower body has internal fishing neck
d. Circulation above ball after
disconnect
e. Pressure-balanced to prevent
accidental release
91
MHA
3. Circulating Sub
a. If the tool being used gets blocked (and fluid
can no longer be circulated), its important to
regain the ability to circulate.
b. This tool has openings on the side of the
tool, allowing fluid to be circulated through
it, instead of the BHA below.
c. Can be activated by dropping a ball
d. Gives a circulation path above motors or
other tools
e. Saves excessive motor wear
f. Higher circulation rates than available with
drilling motors
92
Rupture Disc Sub
MHA
4. Rupture Disc Sub
a. Provides a method of establishing
circulation in a bull - plugged
situation or in emergencies
b. Available in a wide range of burst
pressures
c. Generally run as a component of
the BHA in CT drilling applications
Motorhead Assembly
Double Flapper
Check Valve
Can be constructed using the
previously mentioned tools,
Hydraulic
Disconnect
or
Can be purchased as a single, more
compact assembly
Below the MHA, more tools can be

added for increased functionality.
Ball Drop
Circulating
Valve
Rupture
Disc Sub
Part 1: CT Basics: String Characteristics & Selection
95
Length:
Long enough to reach the deepest zone +
contingency
Weight issues if its too long?
Diameter:
1.00 - 1.250 - 1.500 - 1.750 - 2.000 2.375
2.875 3.500
96
Smaller Coil Larger Coil

Higher fatigue life Higher fluid rates
(more runs) (better for cleanout)
Higher collapse resistance Higher pull strength

(for high pressure wells)
1 Smallest 3.5 Largest
97
98
Wall Thickness & Tapers

Wall thicknesses range from 0.087-0.203
Coils can be straight walled or tapered (changing ID).
Surface Wt: 10,000 lb Surface Wt: 10,000 lb
Advantages of Tapering:
1. Deeper reach.
12,000 ft
2. Delivers more working

10,000 ft
force at depth (pick up, set

down).
99
Grade of steel
70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125 (newly developed)
Higher numbers = harder, stronger.
Allows higher pull weights. OR same pull weights w/ smaller coil.
Quality Tubing company QT-700, QT-800..etc
Number translates into tensional strength:
80 grade steel has tensile strength of 80 k psi
90 grade steel has tensile strength of 90 k psi
etc
80,000 lb to yield ? lb to yield
Depends on:
-Diameter
QT-800
-Thickness
1
1
100
Part 1: CT Basics: Safety Considerations & Failure Modes
Safety Considerations
&
Failure Modes
101
Fatigue
failure
Including
beach marks
102
Axial failure,
too much tension.
Notice the necking.
103
Surface buckling,
too much compression
(RIH or Sit-Down weight).
104
Collapse,
too much external pressure.
105
Burst,
too much internal
pressure.
106
All of these can lead to damaged equipment, job failure, well

control issues, and loss of lives with injury.
These incidents occur when:

- The job is not modeled properly.
- The job recommendations / program are not taken
seriously (not followed).
- Job parameters change and modeling is not updated.
Job Modeling is the safety-net to prevent these failures.
107
Part 1: CT Basics: Job Modeling
Job Modeling
108
Coiled tubing has many failure mechanisms and many

forces are at play.
Tension, compression, internal & external pressure, torque,
bending, helical & sinusoidal buckling, fatigue, ovality
The forces interact with each other - synergy between

them.
Only the computer can account for all forces and

interpret their effects.
(no tables or handbooks should be used)
109
What is Fatigue?
Cumulative structural damage to a material, from repeated cyclic loading.
Its an invisible phenomenon (lab cannot test a sample and conclude the
degree of material fatigue).
Highly predictable (with the right model).
Its tracked only by computer.

Accurate record keeping is imperative.
Only occurs when the pipe is being bent, while moving in/out of the hole
(stationary pumping does not accumulate fatigue).
110
How many bends does each location in the

coil make, while making one complete trip in
and out of the well?
Ans: 6
1. (RIH) Unbending off the reel

2. (RIH) Bending onto the guide arch.
3. (RIH) Unbending off the guide arch.
4. (POOH) Bending onto the guide arch.
5. (POOH) Unbending off the guide arch.
6. (POOH) Bending onto the reel.
111
A Special Note on Fatigue:
Fatigue is a complex calculation affected by:

CT Diameter
CT Material
CT Wall Thickness
Pressure in the CT while it is being bent
Radius of bending at the reel, guide arch
Tension in the coil while bending
Fluid contacting the coil while bending (H2S, Acid, CO2)
Stress risers (cuts, step wall changes)
Previous fatigue history
112
113
Forces (and fatigue) are modeled real-time in the

Control Cab
Run (Default Run_1) - Fatigue
Calculated Fatigue Base Fatigue
90
80
70
Operators watch
fatigue progress
60
and get instant
feedback on
Fatigue (%)
50
40 fatigue tracking
30
20
10
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Length from Reel End (ft)
HALLIBURTON
Project Name: CTU simulation class INSITE for Well Intervention v4.1.0
18-May-10 21:34
114
1000 lb set-down on
surface
Mechanical Friction
100 lb 100 lb
100 lb
100 lb
100 lb
How much set-down
reaches TD?
500 lb set-down on
bottom 115
116
Run (Class Example) - Weight [Trip In/Out]

Lockup 1 Trip In 1
Trip Out 1 Yield 1
0
2500
Lockup 5000
Yield
Depth (ft)
7500
RIH Weight
POOH Weight
10000
12500
-20000 -10000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Surface Weight (lbf)
HALLIBURTON
18-May-10 23:41
117
When RIH with

Lockup 1 Trip In 1
Trip Out 1 Yield 1
coil at 7500
0
2500 deep, what is

the expected
surface
5000
Depth (ft)
7500
weight?
10000
12500
Ans: ~ 5,000 lb
-20000 -10000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000
HALLIBURTON
18-May-10 23:41
118
Notice, the
Lockup 1 Trip In 1
Trip Out 1 Yield 1
tapered
0
2500 section is
reflected in
the yield
5000
Depth (ft)
7500
limit.
10000
12500
-20000 -10000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000
HALLIBURTON
18-May-10 23:41
119
Why are the

Lockup 1 Trip In 1
Trip Out 1 Yield 1
RIH and POOH

0
2500
weights
5000 different from
each other?
Depth (ft)
7500
10000
Ans:
12500
-20000 -10000 0 10000
20000 30000 40000 Mechanical
Project Name: CTU simulation class
HALLIBURTON
INSITE for Well Intervention v4.1.0
18-May-10 23:41
Friction.
120
1000 lb set-down
on surface
Because there is no axial force

pushing the bottom tip of the string,
it stops. It cannot RIH further.
200 lb 200 lb
200 lb
200 lb
200 lb
0 lb set-down on
= LOCKUP
bottom
121
What is lockup?
Lockup occurs when the coil

Lockup 1 Trip In 1
Trip Out 1 Yield 1
0
stiffness is no longer
sufficient to overcome 2500
mechanical friction, and no 5000
axial force is being
Depth (ft)
transferred down hole. 7500
10000
It can only occur while RIH.

12500
-20000 -10000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Think of a wet noodle. Project Name: CTU simulation class

HALLIBURTON
18-May-10 23:41
122
When lockup is reached, pushing harder on surface will not

get the bottom tip of the coil any further in the hole.
Pushing more may sinusoidally or helically buckle the coil.
Sinusoidal Helical
123
Modeling also accounts for

Stretch
Weight on Bit
Fluid Densities and Loss
Expected pumping pressures
Fluid Velocities
124
Part 1: CT Basics: String Life Management
125
The Coiled tubing string is fragile

Service companies will need to interrupt the
job and manage their string life.
Fatigue
Corrosion
126
Fatigue, String Diagram - 100306/MAWC13/69POT21, Derated Zones
- This coil is only 30% used.
- A single fatigue spike from

milling caused this fatigue 100
spike to 80%. 90
- The coil cannot be used

80
anymore.
Fatigue (%) 70
60
- Welding not a positive 50
option. 40
- This is why fatigue

30
management on the job is 20
critical. 10
1
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
127
A Manual butt-weld requires approx 1

month of planning, 2 Parts in the yard,
and approx $20,000 USD to install.
The welder must be flown in from abroad, as

there are only 4 or 5 people in the world who
meet the standards for welding CT.
The manual butt-weld will only extend

the coil life by a maximum of 15%.
128
Part 2
129
Contents
Part 1: Coiled Tubing Basics
Why Coiled Tubing?

Fabrication
BHA
Safety Considerations & Failure Modes
Job Modeling
130
Contents
Part 2: Coiled Tubing Applications
Circulating, Cleanouts & N2 Moving & Setting

Lifting Tractors
Milling, Fishing E-Coil
Logging & Perforating Fluid Pulsing Communication
Fluid / Chemical Placement Acoustic Communication
Down-hole Camera Coiled Tubing Drilling
CT Boat Operations
Gravel Packs & Sand Control
CT + HWO Combination
Capillary Coil
Fracturing
131
Part 2: Applications: Circulating, Cleanouts & N2 Lifting
Circulating, Cleanouts & N2 Lifting
132
How can you solve these problems? You want

to:
Inject cement directly into the 3rd set of perfs from
the top of the well (but 10 sets of perfs are open
)
Wash acid onto an obstruction in the well.
Remove produced sand from the top of a bridge
plug, so that you may remove it.
Will bull-heading cement, acid, or water,
achieve these results?
133
Coiled Tubings specialty: to circulate fluid

down the coil, and up the annulus.
Fluid can be water, gel, acid, N2, solvent, (etc)
Fluids are not usually reverse-circulated (down
annulus & up CT) because of safety concerns.
Cleanouts (removing sand, debris, etc), and

N2 Lifting, are the most common jobs for
coiled tubing.
134
Fluid Types:
Brine water (to protect open formation from
water/clay damage)
Sea or Fresh water, (if clays are not present)
Gel (guar-based additive + water)
Acid (to remove scale from the wellbore)
Solvents (to remove waxes, parrafins, etc)
N2 gas (inert, easy to transport, inexpensive)
135
Wash Nozzles
Most cleanouts and circulating
treatments only require a simple
wash nozzle on the bottom of the
coiled tubing string.
136
The idea of a cleanout is simple, but requires detailed

pre-job engineering.
Confirm the maximum fluid rate possible

(pressure dependent).
All Cases - Pressures
Case (1.0 bpm, 1.50 inch coil, FR-48) - CTPressure Case (1.0 bpm, 1.50 inch coil, FR-48) - Annulus Pressure
Case (1.0 bpm, 1.25 inch coil, FR-48) - CTPressure Case (1.0 bpm, 1.25 inch coil, FR-48) - Annulus Pressure
-2500
0
1.50 1.25
2500
Depth (ft)
5000
7500
1.0 BPM
10000
12500
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Pressure (psi)
HALLIBURTON 137
26-May-10 15:40
Check fluid velocities in the coil & annulus regions.
All Cases - Velocities

Case (1 bpm - Sea Water) - CTVelocity
Case (1 bpm - Sea Water) - Annulus Velocity
Case (1 bpm - Sea Water - Large Casing_1) - CTVelocity
Case (1 bpm - Sea Water - Large Casing_1) - Annulus Velocity
-4000
-2000 Velocity in 1.50 CT

Range: 650-700 ft/min
0
Velocity in CT 2-
7/8 Annulus
2000
1.0 BPM
~ 300 ft/min
Depth (ft)
4000
2-7/8 Tubing 6000
7 Casing Velocity inside the CT -

8000
7 Casing Annulus
10000
~ 30 ft/min
12000
14000
-500 -250 0 250 500 750
Velocity (ft/min)
Project Name: CTU simulation class

HALLIBURTON
138
26-May-10 14:52
What velocity is needed to carry solids?

Depends on the solids, the fluids, and wellbore deviation.
For a Vertical Well:
Resulting
Upward
Motion of
Fluid Velocity UP particle
Settling Velocity DOWN

(Particle Density,
Shape, &
Fluid Viscosity) 139
How can you get a better cleanout in a

vertical well?
Answer:
Increase fluid velocity (up)
Decrease particle settling velocity (down)
More viscous fluid
Heavier fluid
140
How about in a Deviated well..

Does anything change?
141
For a Deviated or Horizontal Well:

In well deviations > 30 degrees, fluid velocity is more important
than settling velocity.
Maintaining Turbulence is critical.
LAMINAR FLOW
Just a few
inches
142
For a Deviated or Horizontal Well:

In well deviations > 30 degrees, fluid velocity is more important
than settling velocity.
Maintaining Turbulence is critical.
TURBULENT FLOW
Just a few
inches
143
If maintaining turbulence is critical in a deviated wellbore

cleanout, which fluid is best to remove solids from the well
straight water, or viscous gel?
Ans: Straight water will maintain turbulence (and cleanout

efficiency) in a deviated wellbore. Gel pills will remain in the
laminar regime, causing solids to settle, thus decreasing
cleaning efficiency.
144
Wiper Trips through the

deviated section may be
necessary.
145
While removing sand/etc from the wellbore, any suspended

solids act to increase the weight of the annular fluid.
This changes the hydrostatic weight of the fluid in the

annulus, and must be accounted for to prevent losses to the
formation.
ECD = Equivalent Circulating Density, ppg
ECD can be controlled by RIH slowly while cleaning solids with

coiled tubing.
146
Sea Water
8.6 ppg All cleanouts are under-balanced
(Otherwise the fluid + solids would go

into the formation!)
Confirmed by receiving returns at surface.
Hydrostatic
@ perfs Reservoir
3,500 psi 4,000 psi
147
Sea Water +
Too Much Sand
Over-Balanced Condition
ECD = 11.0 ppg No Returns at surface

(No solids being removed)
Surface pressure < Header Pressure
Chance of getting coil stuck

Hydrostatic @
perfs Reservoir
4,500 psi 4,000 psi
148
N2 Lifting Removing fluid from the wellbore

Only need to remove enough fluid to get under-balance.
Calculate the height of fluid you need to remove + 20%
If N2 is jetted below open perfs, it may go into formation.
Thats why N2 lifts require coil is above the top perf.
149
N2 Cleanouts Mixing N2 + Fluid to clean debris

N2 can be used to lighten the fluid (reduce hydrostatic)
Best cleanouts are using foam = 60-95% quality
Case (Default Case_1) - N2 Qualities
400 psi WHP

CT N2 Quality Annulus N2 Quality
-2500
400 scfm N2
0
0.40 bpm sea water
2500
85 Q on surface
Depth (ft)
5000
60 Q at bottom
7500
10000
This is an acceptable foam.
12500
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
N2 Quality (%)
HALLIBURTON 150
26-May-10 21:24
Let the model calculate the optimum cleanout

or N2 lift.
It will balance the competing forces of:
Particle size, density
Fluid viscosity
Formation pressure
Hydraulic Friction
Pump rates
RIH/POOH speeds
151
Part 2: Applications: Milling & Fishing
Milling & Fishing
Some images courtesy Gaggie Tool Corporation 152

Milling and Fishing are also amongst the most

common and useful applications of Coiled
Tubing.
Extremely wide variety of tools and functions

is available in the market. Only some of the
basics will be covered here.
153
Rotation is performed with a down-hole, Positive

Displacement Motor - similar to those used in Drilling.
POWER DRIVE SECTION

SECTION
FLEX BEARING BIT

ROTOR / STATOR
SHAFT SECTION SUB
Fluid rates through Coiled tubing can commonly provide 1-3

BPM (depending on the size of the CT), to power the down-
hole motor.
154
Common reasons to use CT milling:

Remove hardened scale and other deposits on the
tubulars.
Drill out plugs and debris from the well.
Reaming collapsed or deformed tubing.
PDMs can also be used for:

Rotating fishing tools (spears, grabs, fishing necks,
etc)
Jet nozzles (for cleanout, cutting, etc)
Cutting casing and tubing
155
Various styles of bits are available for each

application.
FLAT
BOTTOM
WATERMELON BLADED JUNK TAPERED PDC
MILL
MILL
156
Concerns during the job:
The greatest concern while milling or fishing with coiled

tubing is fatigue management.
Milling & fishing both usually require many small movements
of the coil, at the target depth. (Recovering from a stalled
motor, catching the fish, adjusting the milling rate, etc).
Each pick-up and set-down on bit will create fatigue in the CT
section at the gooseneck.
Excessive CT movements at the same depth, will build a
cumulative fatigue spike in the CT section at surface.
Fatigue spikes will cause the CT string to reach the end of its
life, and interrupt the job, usually with costly delays.
157
80
Fatigue (%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
1
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Torque:
Under high torque loads, PDMs will usually stall
before the torque limit of the CT string is reached (and
therefore, watching torque is not often a concern).
Instead, preventing a stall is important to prolong the
life of the PDM.
158
Brief overview of tools used in fishing & milling:

BI-DI INTENSIFIER BI-DI JAR
- The JAR provides instant

release of stored energy
to the Fish
JAR - The Weight Bar adds
mass
- The Intensifier protects
the CT string from this
energy, and also,
concentrates the energy
onto the fish.
WEIGHT
BAR 159
-Flow activated impact hammer

-Up to 800 impacts / minute
-Selection of impact bits available.
Impact Hammer
160
-Holds onto a fish with grapples, or a

fishing neck profile.
Overshot -Releases by pumping, cutting, or dis-
assembly (at surface).
-Some designs can pump into the fish.
GUIDE S-10 & S- HOOK

PACK- S-150 20 WALL
OFF KELO 161
SOCKET
WIRE
PUSHER
Spears -Grab onto cable

and wire.
2 OR 3
PRONG WIRE
CRANK SPEAR SPEAR
SPEAR
162
-Acts like a vacuum

cleaner on the end of
the coil.
-Pumping fluid down

Venturi Junk Basket the coil will create a
suction on the bottom
of this tool.
-Pick up debris (gun

debris, sand, small
objects) and store them
in the tool.
163
Part 2: Applications: Logging & Perforating
Logging & Perforating
Some images courtesy Halliburton & SLB 164

Wide variety of PL (production logging) tools

available similar to Eline/Wireline selection
165
Video V02 Cobra Perforating
166
Logging and Perforating with CT because:
CT can reach into deviated and horizontal sections

of the well better than Eline/Wireline
Ability to perform CT jobs on the same well

without rigging up/down between CT and Eline
167
Array logging tools

Useful in deviations &
horizontal
True fluid profile
168
Part 2: Applications: Fluid / Chemical Placement
Fluid / Chemical Placement
169
Examples of when you may want to selectively

place fluid into only 1 set of perfs (but many
sets of perfs are open):
Cementing (sealing off) a water producer.
Stimulating a producing zone with acid. (While
avoiding stimulation of thief zones).
Injecting a production enhancement chemical to
the target zone, without wasting money injecting
to all zones.
170
Benefits of Targeted Placement:
Precise placement, only where needed.
Avoid contamination of expensive treatment
fluids.
Reduce exposure of completion tubulars to
chemicals and pressures.
Smaller treatment volumes.
How to do it?
171
Video V03 Straddle Packer Injection
172
173
Perf Balls
Ball OD should be larger than perf OD
Bio-degradable balls available
Temperature dependent
174
Foam Diverter
65% -80% Foam quality
Vgas / ( Vgas + V liq)
Foam will Increase the apparent viscosity, provide

diversion of fluid to next section
Increasing gas saturation, can provide resistance

to liquid in terms of relative permeability
175
Special Injection Tools,

Example: Pulsonix
- Fluidic oscillation technology

- Creates alternating bursts of
fluid & pressure waves
- Breaks up NWB damage, and
also, aids placement of fluid
deeper into the formation
176
Pulsonix, Continued..
Fluid bursts generate
pulsating pressure waves
within the wellbore and
formation fluids, thus aiding
in placement of treatment
fluids through acoustic
streaming.
Pressure waves can break
up many types of near-
wellbore damage through
cyclic loading.
Pressure waves push the
fluid deeper into formation.
177
Part 2: Applications: Down-hole Camera
Down-hole Camera
Some images courtesy TecWell 178

Downhole cameras
Can be run on
communicating coil
Generates down and side-
views
Often, not very clear,
unless in dry gas or clear
fluid wells.
In the right circumstance,
better than LIB (or
guessing!)
179
180
Part 2: Applications: Gravel Packs & Sand Control
Gravel Packs & Sand Control
Some images courtesy Halliburton 181

Coiled tubing is commonly used for Sand Control treatments.

One method of sand control is to inject a chemical treatment to
the formation, which consolidates the sand (sticks it together).
Another method of sand

control, is to install
physical screens to block
the production of sand.
These usually also use
gravel (sized proppant)
to contain the flow of
sand.
182
These are the screens.
183
184
185
Part 2: Applications: Hydra-Jet Technology
Some images courtesy Schlumberger & Halliburton 186

Hydra-Jet Technology:
Strong jets of fluid, mixed with abrasive (sand),

pumped against the tubulars.
Creates holes in the tubulars, in about 5 minutes,
with 1,500-4,000 psi differential pressure.
Jet size ~
Perforation size ~ 1
Perforation depth 3-10 is common.
187
Hydra-Jet Perforating
188
Schematic of Jet Stream in a Hydra-jetted Perforation Tunnel
Jet Stream Divergence and Full Returns
10
189
Hydra-Jetting Perforations
Eroded Perf Tunnels

Reduced Near-Wellbore
Fracture Entry Issues
High Concentration of
Proppant at the
Perforations
Slots can be created
NWB Damage and Rock
Stress Greatly Reduced.
190
New technology - only common within the last few years.

Backsplash from the cutting process damages the tool.
Recent advances have been improving the life of the jetting tool.
Tungsten Carbide based inserts and bodies
191
Hydra-Jet Technology, for cutting Casing
Jetting Tool + Rotating tool + 100-mesh sand = cuts Casing.

Slices control lines/varying thicknesses/etc more effectively than
explosive & chemical cuts
192
Part 2: Applications: Fracturing
Fracturing
193
Fracturing treatments are generally bullheaded down the well.
194
Why use coiled tubing for fracturing?
Faster than a traditional bullhead frac.

Save time and money.
Isolate the zone, Perforate, Fracture, and Cleanup
all in a single run.
195
Video V06 - Hydra-jetting with coil

Video V07 Hydra-jetting, sand plugs,
cleanout.
Video V08 Hydra-jetting, sand plugs,
cleanout.
Video V09 - TIME SAVED with CT frac
196
Further benefits of using CT for fracturing..

Better control over the frac job.
Place many small zones.
Operators used to have to try and
cover many small zones with 1 frac.
Now, they can target each one Side
individually. View
Horizontal & Vertical wells. KOP Hydraulic Fracture
No Isolation Needed HM
HM
AX
AX
Un-cemented wells = ok D
Perforating is low cost.

L
Better quality perforations. Pzy f
HMI 197
N
Part 2: Applications: Moving & Setting
Moving & Setting
198
Because CT can usually reach to

all parts of the well, (and
push/pull once it gets there), its
also used to:
Shift sliding sleeves (open/close
zones). Hydraulic or manual
operation.
Set plugs, junk catchers, sensors,
and tools in the well.
199
Video V10 Stim-sleeve movement
200
Part 2: Applications: Tractors
Tractors
Some images courtesy Welltec 201

A Tractor is an electrical or fluid powered tool,

which can be put on the end of Coiled Tubing,
and helps Pull or Push the end of the coil.
202
Sometimes CT doesnt have the stiffness to

reach the furthest parts of a well.
Tractor can assist, generally pulling ~ 2-10,000

lb (varies widely with configuration and size)
Also helps CT move sliding sleeves and

operate other down-hole hardware.
203
An alternative design:
Video V11 crawler action
204
Part 2: Applications: E-Coil
E-Coil
205
One method to communicate with the bottom

of the CT string: E-coil
An electrical cable is injected into the CT string
E-line Cable Injector
Returned Fluid
to Storage Tank
Pumped
Fluid
Wireline Pressure
Control Head
Cable
Injector
Stuffing Box
Wireline
Coiled Tubing
Spool
Reel 206
207
208
Tubing Bed Wrap

Reel Termination
Assembly
Cable
Rotary Valve
Connector
Swivel
Joint
Valve
Output to
Logging Unit
Fluid In
Reel Core
209
E-Coil can:
Send activation signals to the tool (Perforation,

plug setting, etc)
Read data from the tool, live-data feed at surface

Formation data
Depth (gamma ray/CCL)
Fluid properties and velocity
Etc.. (same as Electrical-Line service)
210
Slack management needs to be watched
211
Part 2: Applications: Coiled Tubing Drilling
CTD (Coiled Tubing Drilling)
Some images courtesy X-Treme Coil Drilling,

NOV, Schlumberger, and Baker Hughes 212
Coiled Tubing Drilling and Finishing

CT cannot rotate, but a wide range of motors and mills exist for
milling and drilling
Underbalanced: CTs built-in pressure control system, reduces

formation damage (no losses to formation).
Faster trip times, shorter rig-up time, than drilling rig
Common application of CTD
Re-Entry drilling
Wellbore extensions
Sidetracks
Economically access new/bypassed payzones
Slim-hole exploration wells
213
Underbalanced finishing also gaining acceptance
Well is drilled using conventional methods, and casing is run.

Then CT is used to drill (underbalanced) through the reservoir
section.
CT is better suited to deal with the formation pressure and
produced hydrocarbons.
214
Water coning and cresting can be reduced by:

increasing the number of laterals, and therefore..
decreasing the production rate from each leg.
215
216
217
Part 2: Applications: CT Boat Operations
CT Boat Operations
Some images courtesy Schlumberger, Halliburton 218

CT Boat Operations
When the platform is too small
Or the crane capacity too light (20 MT crane =
minimum)
Faster operations for many platforms
No rig up/down on each platform
Injector and Reel usually on the platform
Pumps, power pack, fluids, etc, on the boat
Catenary Operations = reel is on the boat
219
220
Catenary Operations
Reel Control house
Main-Gooseneck
Deck-Gooseneck
Video Monitoring
221
Catenary Operations
222
Emergency CT Disconnect System
223
Part 2: Applications: CT and HWO Combination
CT and HWO (Jointed Pipe)

Combination
Some images courtesy Halliburton 224

Part 2: Applications: Micro-Coil
Micro-Coil / Capillary Coil
Some images courtesy BJ Services 225

Micro-Coil (Capillary Coil)

Miniature CT unit similar to wireline
5/8 CT is common
When size & weight are a priority, this unit
can save money vs full-sized CT
Useful for low-rate fluid injection, or
spotting small amounts of fluid
Scale inhibitors
Foaming agents
Parrafin solvents
226

227
Pro Con
Lightweight Very low pumping rates (2-4
Small and easy to transport gpm)
Low pickup / setdown
Fast rigup / rigdown capability
Low torq resistance (cannot
use a rotating motor)
Easy to get stuck (in waxes,
sludge, etc) and very little
over-pull available to get
free.
228
Conclusions
CT can be scaled up & down, but it remains an

extremely versatile Well Intervention technology
Work under pressure
High tech, low-tech, large and small
Overlaps abilities of HWO, Eline, Wireline, Drilling Rig
Many new technologies are being developed to
further increase the functionality of CT
229
Thank you for your time !
Future questions, comments, and more information:
Nguyen Tan Khoa , Lead Well Operations Engineer

ntkhoa@knoc.com.vn
+84.913.696.679
230

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Coiled Tubing

Basics & Applications

Nguyen Tan Khoa

Ho Chi Minh City

Part 1: Coiled Tubing Basics

Why Coiled Tubing?

Part 2: Coiled Tubing Applications

Circulating, Cleanouts & N2 Moving & Setting

Why Coiled Tubing?

What are the options, when ..

You will need something to reach in the well

Electric Line Wire Line

Electric Line Wire Line

Hydraulic Work Over

Hydraulic Work Over

IN SUMMARY . Coiled Tubing offers a good

Maybe thats why its so popular around the world

Fabrication of Coiled Tubing

Some images courtesy Quality Tubing 15

Raw material is supplied

The slits are

Factory Butt Weld

Factory Bias Weld

Conventional Step- Tapered String Design

Continuous rolling can form a linear taper.

Coiled Tubing Milling Process

HFI Seam Full Body Water

Test for 15 min

Each end of each string is tested

Measures strength and elongation (ductility)

INTERNAL WELD FLASH REMOVAL

Did you Know?

A CT String from the factory usually contains 6 or more sections (and 5

Purchasing a string requires 6 months for delivery, with a cost of

Coiled Tubing Equipment

Reel (or Drum)

Used to store tubing

Gooseneck (or, Guide-Arch)

Linear Beam Cylinders

Hydraulic weight indicator.

Electronic Load Pins

Lubricator (or, Riser)

Provide Real-time Operator Information

Injector Stand / Lift Frame

Usually includes hydraulic

Supports the Injector, when a

Most land jobs cannot use an

Offshore Lift Frame

High Pressure Fluid Pump

Fluid Holding Tanks

Tool Box & Spare

Office / Job Planning

Air Compressor Treating Iron basket

Also brought to location, but Not shown:

In Summary, CT Jobs Require a Lot of Equipment and Preparation

BHA (Bottom-Hole Assembly)

Some images courtesy Gaggie Tool Corporation 87

BHA (Bottom Hole Assembly)

Nearly all BHAs have 1 thing in common: the MHA.

Below the MHA, more tools can be

String Characteristics & Selection

Smaller Coil Larger Coil

Higher collapse resistance Higher pull strength