wna etonet ten Questions of Carbon ‘The commen austen grades of tanose stl, 304 and 916, reals avaiable wnh contd ow a high eatbon caters, known a Land paricuiaranpiations, varie, th Low catbon of grades are usad o prevant or delay sanetisation of sainlass telat eovatad temperatures andthe resulting lower corosin resistance, The problematic tormperature zone is 4S0-860°C, encountered during welding or epectic appicaionenvronments “grades are often avaiable ntckereeecon size, {rostr than about Sm lat prods. igh ctbon of "grades are used for high strength ‘Substuon bolwoonslandard,"L*and"H” grades is oftan possible allowing mary speciation tobe met rom exsting sock. What "L Graces are used and why are they used? The low carbon “L* grades are used where high teperature exposure wil occur, ieuding welding f medium ar heavy sections, The low carbon ane wy of eleyng or provening gain boundary arbi precstaon (oto referred as consitation) which can res in itergranulayoorosion toaresve saree frvenments. As shown inte ime-tomperalufe-censisaion curve (slow), thre fs an incubation te before tho precipitation of carbides al lomperalute nthe ‘ange of about 450-850°C. The tine fr precipitation to occur highly dependent upon the amour of carbon present in the sle!, o few carbon content creases fealstance eth problem. Because of thor applealon area te grades are most ead avaiable plate and pipe, but often also in oun ba. Inthe absence of heavy section welding, or of hgh empetstare expose, the conosion resistances ofthe stardard and" grades are usualy ideal, ‘pomwnanetaser auteink Merroteedetovase oeatcatonnaz etont ten Temp °c 900 po [No Sensitisation 700 0.06: 600 "ims 10min th 10100 1000 —to000n, What “H” Grades are used and why are they used? "grades aro higher carbon versions of standard grades and ave increased strongth, particulary at slevatod temperatures (generally above 500°C). Long tem cx strong alse ngher, HF grades are prmarlyavatable plate An pipe, Appeabse gras ae most commonly 30a ana 3TEN, but hgh carbon versons of 308, 510, 24, 347 ana 948 ato spootiog Im ASTM A2<0/A240W. Thoso gtados ao suscoptb to sonstsaton i hod the tomporlur range ot 450-850"C. Onco ancien, pated aqueous corrosion resistance and some redusion in amblettomporlure Guctily and toughness wl osu (usualy relevant n hgh tmperature applicatens. what the differences? 1. Composition tints for 304 and 304 aro iontcalexcopt or carbon content (804L doos port upto 12.0%N, compared to 10.5% max for 308 but von th cost of eka itis uaual fr both grades to havo clase fo the minimum ot 8.5%, 20 hore eno practical aftarence) Neher grade has minum carbon conta pected. A Catbon content f 0.02% for example comps wth both 308 and SOL specications. 2. S04 hes tho same composton speciation as 304 excapt fr tho carbon rango of 0.040.10% (nate the minimum li for carbon) and thatthe SAH doos net have fhe 0.10% niegen maximum imt wes apples o both standard and." grades, go ll austen +" gradae must have 8 grin ze ot ASTM Ne. 7 or coarser 4. The relationship bawoen 816, ST6L and 21GH she same as that between th 9C4 series of stainless stele. Ont the carbon contents frente 916, 916L and 16H grades (andthe nivogen and ran sie ts menoned above), Carbon contents ae listed in Table 1 (rom ASTM A280/A220N), Speccation for some oher produels, parla tube and pipe, have @ carbon lt ot 0.035% a 0.080% maximum tor 30a. and S16, Bu are otherase the same. 4. Mechanical propery specication ferences ars ilustrated in Table 2{fom ASTM A24QIAZH0M) In pacts, sta! mills generally ensurs that the" grat ‘ost ne strength oqurerents of standard grades. a 304L wil have yiltensleproperies above 205'61MPa, co will moot Both standard and" rade heats ‘pomwnanetaser auteink Merroteedetovase oeatcaton awns etre camer requirements 5, Dimensional and other roquirmonts aro the same for standard "Land *H" grades 6. Pressure Vso! codes (0.9. AS1210) and Prossuro Piping cots (og AS4041) give allowablo Working pressures fr each othe grads al nominated elevated ‘omporatures. These codes alow higha pressure ratings for standard grades than for" glad. The cals do ot por th use ot” grades abave 525°C. (ASHO41) or 25° (AS81210), Both codes clude clause stang that fr uve above SSOMC he standard grades must conan east 004% carbon, 804 or 418 ‘atrial wit: 0.02% carbon aro therefore ne permite fr these elevated torperaturs, whether caledL" or not Al emporairos fram abont upto hs high Tomporature cur“ grade heals wth he standard grado possure ratings would bo permitted, song ast matsrial was infu complace with the slandard grade ‘composition and mochania! properly specteaions, As dicissed above, tv normal pace lor this conan le be me, 7. Tho prssure vssol codes giv th samo allowable prossuro rating for"H" grads as for standard grads - this logical as tho" Giades wih thet carbon cantons convo othe tp halo! the range, ot shy above. [bie Carbon Contant ASTIN AEATATONT grades aro simply the standart [Grade [UNS Wombar [Spaciiod Carbon Content) [soe [sa0400 [308 mae [soa [sso [pasomar [5:6 ——[ssreo0 (908m [prec [ssi [o030 max [sen [sate ja900 [tie 2 Mechanical Property Specification Biers funs stenatn [EOS ies [etngstion Hard ‘| [e138 [tea min | ate |) min [Hardness (HB) max HRB)max _ [Rockwel fz [ssoaoa ots pos ao ba be paat_——[ss000 [eas frr0 ao Bor fa fre Issiano sis pos pir. Bs [rec ——[ssieos fas iro feo pr bs ‘Alternative Grade Usage Because of availabilty esues tis sometimes desirable to use a produc labelled as a standard grace when an“ ‘Sabston can be made under the folowing eondons: 41.°L grads can be used as standard grades so ong a the mocharial prope (lense and yet) confor tothe standard grado requromsnts and igh temperature strength isnot a requirement" grades usualy comply wih standard grade rquoment, but Mil Test corifcats noud to bo checked on & caso by faze basis tis common fr ste! miso Supply "heals when standard grades have been ordered. The practices lagiimate and should not present probes © ‘bncators or end users (or grade has boon specified, or ice versa 2. Standard grades cn be used as L” grades as long asthe carbon cortant mests the L* grade maximum its ‘pomwnanetaser auteink Merroteedetovase oeatcaton oans eto ten 3. i increasingly conmon for dual coi prodcl tobe slocked - pares in plato, pipe and bat. These mater aly comply wih both 304 and 30st oF 16(5161- Dual contted products deliberately nlende to ul requréments for oth slandaré ard.” grades, bu cannot be Used in sppleaton fot" grade. an fapplcaton requtes an "H” grade, this must be specfed atime cl order. Standard grades can cten be ised lace of "H" grades so long asthe carbon contants ‘eet ine "HW mts(ganeray 0.0%-0.10%.). Gram siz requirments may have tobe satisfied by exa testing, The product andi est cereale may dascebe t 26a Standard 304 or 316 unlos fas orignal manciacturad as an} ade, Details ofthe tet certicao wil confirm grade compliance, 4.°H" grade can be used as standard graces 80 long as the carbon contanis are 0.08% maximum, and nitogen 0.10% maximum, This hey, but would need fo be checked, References for Further Reading AS 1210; Pressure Verse [AS 4081: Standard Speciation for Pressure Piping [ASTM A24O(A240M: Heatesisting Chromium and Chromur-Nickel Stainless Stee! Pate, Shest and Sip for Pressure Vessels ‘pomwnanetaser auteink Merroteedetovase oeatcaton a