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A BRAIN MACHINE INTERFACE FOR AN PARALYSIS PATIENT

AJAY KUMAR C.S.


E&C Department,SVIT (affiliated to V.T.U, Belgaum), Bangalore, Karnataka, India

PAVAN KUMAR E.
Asst. Prof, SVIT-Bangalore, Karnataka, India

ABSTRACT: The movement or motoring action of limbs of certain people is lost because of
paralysis or due to accidents. The accentuate of this paper is to accomplish the brain signals in the
prcised manner, Electroencephalography(EEG)[3] is presently available technique to capture non
invasive behavior of brain, the adhoc amplifier design is carried out to increase the gain of
debilitate signal followed by appropriate filters which is necessary. Brain machine interface(BMI)
create a curiosity for human beings because its viable means of human machine interaction, BMI
serve the motoring action in the way of hands for the movement of pages in a book, a DC motor is
equipped with its rotor connected to round structured shaft. The Dc motor is controlled by
MSP430 microcontroller in high quality manner within built ADC. The flickering of eyes provides
permutate brain signals and this signals with high gain is selected for action.

KEYWORDS: Electroencephalography, IN amplifier, BMI, SSVEP.

INTRODUCTION

The nervous system provide intensive communication for the control of human parts, this sort of
communication is lost by any diseases or by any harm occurred in the external environment. As
the human being opts for special kind of technology which provides communication between brain
and external parts without making use of normal peripheral nerves. The brain machine interface[3]
that takes the signals from the brain to an external piece of hardware. The brain signals can be
captured by different ways like magnetic field of brain(MEG), Electroencephalography(EEG) but
EEG is a significant way to trap the brain signals and it is accommodated with low cost. Presently
available techniques involve capturing of brain waves by EEG but encounter a severe noise
accumulated due to external environment, this paper presents a raw EEG signal with very small
amount of noise as because the small noise triggers the next stage. The brain signals captured by
visual stimulus of retina(SSVEP) by external LED light flickered [5] at periodic intervals by timer
circuit and instrumentation amplifier designed is by LM324 IC, the application carried out by
monitoring brain activity is movement of fingers of Rob arm.The bio medical signal is captured by
the left and right movement of retina [8] is followed by brain computer interface (BCI) and
necessary amplification procedure is performed, a specific motoring operation is allotted for the
different frequency captured and a application of movement of external limb is successfully done.
The EEG signal captured is of very low magnitude of micro volt level and is easily influenced by
noise so an efficient amplifier design is carried out to improve the gain and remove the external
noise. The EEG signal acquisition involve voltage follower because the input impedance of the
opamp is high and output impedance of the op amp is low. Next stage involves pre amplifier
circuit to improve the gain of the received signals [4] from the EEG electrodes. The amplified
signals acquired from the preamplifier is subjected to remove out common mode signals and low
pass filter designed to allow only part of frequency is followed by microcontroller to carry out
application when the paralyzed person is awake.
DESIGN OF EEG SIGNAL ACQUISITION

Block diagram of EEG acquisition system


Figure 1 describes capture of EEG signals, amplification, filtering and driver circuitry. As EEG
signals are very debilitate so amplification performed by preliminary stages is low so two stage of
amplification is equipped. The brain signal capturing involves 3stages, pre amplifier stage, IN
amplifier stage, filters. The placement of button electrodes is on left side of fore head and second
on right side of forehead to capture the brain signals and other electrode is below the ear acting as
low resistive path. The pre amplifier involved in the design part increase the gain of the debilitate
signal captured from the brain, the pre amplifier made use is AD620 from the AD company, the
pre amplifier is having a low input offset voltage, low noise. The IN amplifier checks for the
common mode signals appearing as input and cutoff those signals, the remainder signal are
subjected for the amplification.

IN amplifier made use is INA128 from TI company, the IN amplifier is having high CMR, low
offset voltage and the next stage is used to filter the signals to concentrate on a particular range of
frequency because the application is carried out when person is awake. The MSP133 IC is used
active the dc motor for movement of page in a magazine when the gain of the brain signal reaches
peak level.

Figure 1: Block diagram of EEG acquisition system

The mechanical action required for movement of pages in magazine is by DC motor which rotates
in forward and reverse direction, the rotating part of the motor is connected thin shaped rods and is
provided with L shaped accessory to form rectangle mechanical structure. The motor placement is
near bottom of the magazine and motor non rotating parts are fixed with the clamps. The driver
circuit has capability to drive four motors by four independent op amps.

Figure 2 explains the pre amplification of brain signals as the captured signals is debilitated. The
biomedical signal extracted is highly impacted by interference signals and noise, the captured
signal is very low of ranging from 5mv-100mv with high input impedance, the debilitate signal is
exposed to even nos of preamplifier to improve the gain of the brain signal by placing an
individual external resistor for single no. of pre amplifier. The gain varies to maximum with the

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Pre amplifier design

Figure 2 : Schematic of pre amplifier design

minimum value of resistor, in this particular design a voltage of 2mv appears for 100k external
resistor. The frequency of the signal can be altered by varying the potentiometer for wide range of
frequency availability to next stage. The pre amplifier produces a low offset voltage of 50v and
0.28v peak-peak noise for frequency ranging from 0.1-10 Hz.
The gain of Pre amplifier is

(1)

Instrumentation amplifier design


Figure 3 clears out identical signals appearing as input, The IN amplifier design is necessary to cut
off the common mode signals [6] appearing, the gain of this amplifier is improved by individual
external resistor. The gain of this stage is 5v by using 1k resistor, the IN amp acts as current
feedback amplifier and in other stage acts as difference amplifier. The common mode rejection
ratio of this IN amp is 120db min.

The gain of IN amplifier is

(2)

Notch filter design


Notch filters are extensively used in processing communication of bio medical signals, it obstructs
or turn off a particular frequency component [2] of input power fed while leaving the other
frequency component. These filters give out huge attenuation factor in the stopband and results in
good signal to noise ratio. As the AC power supply contains DC component and this to be
attenuated for AC power subjected at a frequency of 50 Hz, the designed notch filter attenuates the
dc component at 50 Hz and produces a notch.The attenuate frequency of the filter designed to
reproduce a notch from 45 Hz to 55 Hz. The notch filter behaves as voltage follower by providing
a unity gain.

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Figure 3 : Schematic of instrumentation amplifier design

The frequency of notch filter is given by


(3)

Low pass filter design


The brain signal captured data is observed such that the brain wave drastically emerges to peak
value so an LPF[1] is designed to attenuate the frequencies above 15.91hz and to allow the
passband of 0-15.91hz, the other factor considered to opt for 15.91hz is the application carried out
for a paralysis patient will be in active mode, the higher value of gain is observed by the
movement of eyes and the research paper conveys the person in this particular frequency of
15.91hz will be able to outcome a beta wave. The low pass filter is designed by making the op amp
to work in non inverting configuration mode and the gain is generally greater than unity.
The frequency of low pass filter is given by
(4)

ARCHITECTURE OF EEG ACQUISITION SYSTEM

Figure 4 : Architecture of EEG acquisition system

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The signals with high impedance of electrode tissue interface are allowed to voltage follower
circuit built up by LM324 IC which comprises of 4 independent opamp. Two opamp are
incorporated because two signals are trapped from the brain via button electrodes, the gain of
circuit would be ranging from 2mv-100mv which is allowed to process for preamplifier stage gain
is allowed to instrumentation amplifier for rejecting the common mode signals. The obtained
impure analog signal is subjected to notch filter to remove power line interference of 50hz by
LM741, above signal is substituted for LPF to concentrate on 0-15hz frequency is applied to
MSP430159 board with proper interface along with in built ADC. The MSP430 microcontroller is
incorporated in the paper to perform a motoring action of movement or rotating of pages, the gain
of the signals obtained from LPF falls to minimum level when the eyes are closed and drastically
emerges to maximum gain level when the eyes are open is observed and a segmentation algorithm
approach decides the to turn on/off the driver circuit. The driver circuit turns on when the gain of
the LPF signal rapidly moves to maximum gain. An DC bias filter is designed to allow only
signals of gain up to 3v because of microcontroller operates with a low voltage of 3.3v.

Table 1: Comparison between amplifiers used in the project based on their electrical characteristics
IC NO Function I/P I/P offset Common Gain
offset current mode
voltage rejection
LM324 Pre
Amplifier 9mv 100na 70db 100 v/mv
& IN
Amplifier
AD620 Pre 50v 5na 120db 1+49.4k/Rg v/v
Amplifier
INA128 IN 50v 1na 100db 1+50k/Rg v/v
Amplifier

The above table shows AD620 and INA128 IC used for this paper have low offset voltage, low
offset current, high CMR. In SSVEP EEG Signal With Pattern Recognition Techniques To Control
Robo Arm [5] made use of LM324 IC for pre amplifier, In amplifier .

VALIDATION

Figure 5 : Measured brain signal from button electrode 1

The brain signals captured from the electrode tissue interface varies from 1mv to 100mv, the
captured signal from one electrode is 20mv.

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Figure 6: Measured brain signal from button electrode 2
The captured brain signal from second electrode is 18mv

Figure 7 : Measured IN amplifier output by using Figure 3


The instrumentation amplifier rejects the common mode signals and amplifies the remainder signal
to obtain a gain of 5v.

Figure 8 : Notch filter producing a notch from 45Hz to 55 Hz

CONCLUSION

The adhoc amplifier design for capture of brain signals methodology by EEG has reduced the
surrounding noise. The paper demonstrated a single application of movement of pages of
magazine and furthermore can enhance by providing other applications, the presented BMI is
carried out with low cost EEG device. This paper helps the disabled community especially for the
paralyzed people without any manual intervention.

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