Magnetizing

and
Quality Control

of Permanent Magnets
 Magnetization of Permanent Magnets

Why magnetize at all?

In most cases magnets are not magnetic after production

In case of customized magnetization is required

Advantages concerning production
 Goals of Magnetization

Get max. energy from the magnet

Get required accuracy of pole pattern
(multipole magnets)


Set magnet flux to certain value
 Magnetization Problems

Magnet is too week

The magnetization is not sufficiently stable

Incorrect magnetization direction

Incorrect position of pole transitions

Operation personnel can be endangered

 Process of Magnetization

J[T]
Remanence Br
Load Line

Op. Point Saturation

Virgin
Curve

H1 H2 H3 HS
magn. Field Strength
H [kA/m]
Coercive Force and Remanence as
function of Magnetizing Field
 Methods of Magnetization

1500: "Mechanical Magnetization" (impact)

1950: Power Line half Cycle Magnetizer

1980: Capacitive Discharge Magnetizer

 Capacity Discharge Magnetizer

Magnetizer Fixture

High current
switch

Charging unit Capacitor

(energy storage)

Charging voltage: 500V ... 5000V

Peak current: 500 ... 50000A
 Magnetizing Fixtures

Standard fixtures Customized Fixtures

Solenoids Multipolar fixtures

(universal, Radial magnetization
parallel field)
Magnetization of a rotor with diametrical anisotropy
 Multipole Magnetisation

Penetration depth 0,2 .. 0,5 of pole widths

Magnet must be as close to the fixture as possible
Required magnetization field strengthes

Material Field strength [KA/m] Power requirement

AlNiCo 300 0.2

Ferrite 800 1

SmFeN 1600 4

NdFeB 2000-3000 6 - 15

SmCo 2000-4000 6 - 25
Magnet embedded in eddy current material
Magnet embedded in eddy current material
 Calibration / Stabilization

Remanence Br
J[T]

Operating point 1 Saturation

Operating point 2

Virgin curve

Hstab magn. field strength

H [KA/m]

Demagnetization curve

Process "Magnetization"

Process "Stabilization"
 When to magnetize?

After magnets Before After

production assembly assembly

+ no magnetizing rig + magnets did not + magnets did not

needed at attract chips attract chips
customers plant + magnets could
+ magnets could not
- magnets will collect loose flux under not loose flux
dirt until assembled packing under packing
- large magnetized - magnetizing rig + convenient
RE-magnets are required handling even of
inconvenient in large RE magnets
- large magnetized
handling RE-magnets are - magnetizing rig
- improperly inconvenient in required
handled/packed, handling - magnetization not
magnetization can always possible
be spoiled (AlNiCo)

Restrictions of magnetization

Accessibility (multipolar pattern)

Pole pitch of multipolar patterns, depending on material

Accuracy of multipolar patterns

Shielding effects due to eddy current materials near by

Size of the magnet

Destruction of other components due to induced voltage

 or magnetic / electromagnetic forces during pulse

Clarify magnetization process of your magnetic device in time!

 Potential hazards for operators
of magnetizing equipment
Magnetic forces High voltage
Small magnetic parts can Magnetizer voltage up to
be attracted by the 5000V
fixture, thus becoming
bullets Carefully check for
insulation damages
Tools held in hands can
be heavily attracted, eddy Stop working
current material be immediately in case of
repelled any moisture
Magnetic field
Pace makers might be
influenced
Induced currents in body
tissue (BGV B11)
Credit cards can be
erased
Watches can be damaged
Quality Control of Permanent Magnets

Material properties Product properties

Remanence B r
Total flux
Coercive force jHc Surface flux values
BHmax Accuracy of pole pattern
Temp. - coefficient of Br Induction voltage level
Long term stability Attraction forces
 Gaussmeter

I contr.

B B

U Hall Ampl.

Gaussmeter
Advantage Disadvantage
cheap testers available measurement only outside material
universal use spot measurement only
 Tester for multipolar ring

Hall probe
Magnet ring
under test

Incremental
encoder
Precision Evaluation
Gaussmeter (PC)

Motor
Evaluation of multipolar ring measurement
 Coil measurement

B
Loop, area A

Ui

I
Ui = A * dB/dt

B(t) = 1/A * Uidt [Vs] + C

No absolute measurement possible, only changes in flux

Area A must be determined precisely

Only B component perpendicular to coil is evaluated

 Fluxmeter

Coil, Integrator Amplifier

Area ACoil

Coil: Ui = d/dt
Integrator: = Ui dt
Calculation: B = / Acoil

Fluxmeter
Advantage Disadvantage
Measurement inside Drift
Magnet possible
For evaluation of all coil signals evaluation more difficult
Helmholtz-Coil:
high price
robust against positioning errors of
the sample
 Helmholtz-Coil

Coil 1

area of const. result

Dist=R

Coil 2

Result independant from sample shape

Result proportional to volume and mag. polarisation of sample
Fully saturate before test
Orientation of polarisation parallel to coils axis
 Tolerancing of magnetic moment

Ring of injection
moulded NdFeB

0.8 +0.03
-.0.03
+0.05
5-.0.05
9+0.05
-.0.05

Tolerance in Volume: 3%
Tolerance in Remanence: 3%
Tolerance of mag. moment: 5%

by volume by remanence by volume

magnetically accepted
-5% -3% 0% 3% Tolerance
-6% 5% 6%

Candidate for calibration!

 Quality Control of Permanent Magnets
Material properties

clearly defined task

standard testers available

accuracy 1..3% possible
Product properties

Helmholtz Coil test is
useful in many apps

customized testers
frequently needed

check what is really
important not what is easy
to check

take your time for making
resonable specifications