23-Nov-16

Chapter 4: Transmission Line Parameters

The purpose of transmission network is to transfer electrical energy from

generating units to the subtransmission / distribution system

Resistance: Due to the heating of lines

Inductance: Due to the magnetic field around the conductor
Capacitance: Due to the electric field around the conductor
Conductance: Due to the leakage current flowing across insulators and ionized pathways in the air
Ref:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Electricity_grid_simple-_North_America.svg 2

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 23-Nov-16

Communication (optional)
Ground-wire(s)
Or
Shield wires

insulator

Phase conductor

Steel tower
Or
Wood, or
Reinforced concrete

Single three-phase circuit Double three-phase circuit

3

Single three-phase circuit (132 kV) Double three-phase circuit (154 kV)

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 23-Nov-16

Double three-phase circuit (380 kV)

Single three-phase circuit (500 kV)

Single three-phase circuit (765 kV)

Single three-phase circuit (1200 kV)
(9 bundling conductor in each phase)

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 23-Nov-16

HVDC transmission line (500 kV DC) HVDC transmission line (800 kV DC)

Comparison of different 5000 MW transmission types

8

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Comparison of different 6000 MW transmission types

Comparison of AC transmission vs DC transmission

10

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Bundling of Conductors:
Bundling is the using of more than one conductor per phase, usually voltages > 230 kV

Advantages of Bundling
Increase effective radius of line conductor to carry more amount of current
Reducing electric field strength
Reducing corona power losses and audio noise due to corona
Reducing radio interference
Reducing line reactance (making transmission system strong and increasing system stability)

Four conductor Four conductor

Three conductor
11
Double conductor

Spacer with Bundled Conductors

Spacers prevent clashing (collision) and keep bundled conductors together

12

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Damper with Bundled Conductors

Damper is used to suppress wind-induced vibrations and oscillations

13

Conductor Types

Copper Aluminum
Cons (disadvantages) Pros (advantages)
Cost Lower cost
Weight Lower weight
High mechanical strength
Less tendency to corona

14

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 23-Nov-16

In high voltage transmission, Aluminum is mainly used for the following reasons:
High availability of Aluminum when compared with Copper
Lower cost when compared with Copper
High strength-to-weight ratio when compared with Copper

Some examples to Aluminum conductors

AAC: all-aluminum conductors
AAAC: all-aluminum-alloy-conductor
ACSR: aluminum conductor steel reinforced
ACAR
ACAR: aluminum conductor alloy reinforced

ACSR
AAAC
AAC
15

ACSR

Aluminum Steel

24/7 ACSR conductor

Cross-sectional of a steel reinforced conductor with

7 steel strands and 24 Al. strands

16

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Cross-sectional of a steel reinforced conductor with

7 steel strands and 4-layers of Al

Photo: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium-conductor_steel-reinforced_cable17

DEFINITION OF CROSS-SECTION UNIT of MCM

The cross-sectional area of conductors are defined in mm2 in Europe
The cross-sectional area of conductors are defined in circular mils (cmil) in Canada and United States

1000 mil = 1 inch = 2.54 cm

1000 mil = 1 kcm = 1 MCM

One circular mil is a unit of area, equal to the area of a circle with a diameter of one mil. It corresponds
to 5.067104 mm

1 mil 1 cmil = 5.067x10-4 mm2

For example 250 kcmil or 250 MCM size conductor has a cross-sectional area of
250x1000x5.067x10-4 = 126.6750 mm2
18

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Some Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR) Data 19

Bird names

20

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Types and capacities of the conductors used in 154 kV transmission in Turkey

21

Types and capacities of the conductors used in 380 kV transmission in Turkey

22

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Types and capacities of the underground power cables used in 154 kV and 380 kV underground transmission in Turkey

23

LINE RESISTANCE
Line resistance is the most important cause of power loss in transmission lines
DC resistance of a conductor is given with the following equation:

l l
R0 = =
A A
Where
R0 is the DC resistance of the conductor () circular cross-section
l is the length of the conductor (m)
A is the cross-sectional area of the conductor (m2)
is the resistivity of the conductor (m)
is the conductivity of the conductor (m)-1

= 1.77 x 10-8 m for Cu at 20 C

= 2.83 x 10-8 m for Al at 20 C

rectangular cross-section
24

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 23-Nov-16

EFFECT of STRANDING ON RESISTANCE

Because of spiraling in conductors, effective length is greater than the actual length of the conductor
This results in increased resistance due to increased length in conductors

RStranded > RSolid

Solid conductor

Stranded conductor (spiraling)

25

EFFECT of FREQUENCY ON RESISTANCE Skin Effect

RAC = RDC x (1 + Ys)

RAC is the alternating current resistance () of the conductor
RDC is the direct current resistance () of the conductor
Ys is the skin effect factor
AC current tends to flow with higher density
It is clear that through the surface of the conductors

RAC > RDC

The AC resistance is about 2 % greater than the DC The distribution of DC current over the entire cross
resistance at 60 Hz section of the conductor is quite uniform
AC and DC resistances of the conductors are best
determined from the manufacturers data

26

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EFFECT of TEMPERATURE ON RESISTANCE

Resistance of the conductors increases with the increase in temperature
Practically resistance temperature characteristics is linear
Conductor resistance as a function of temperature is formulated as

M + t2
Rt 2 = Rt1 temperature
M + t1
t2
Where
Rt2 is the resistance at temperature t2 given in C t1
Rt1 is the resistance at temperature t1 given in C
M is the temperature coefficient for conductor type AC resistance

M Rt1 Rt2
M = 228 for hard-drawn Al of 61% conductivity
M = 241 for hard-drawn Cu of 97.3 conductivity
M = 234.5 for annealed Cu of 100% conductivity

27

Example 4.1: Find the radius of a solid Aluminum conductor with a cross-sectional area of 21.14 mm2. Find also its DC
resistance at 20 C if its length is 14m. (Resistivity of Aluminum is = 2.83 x 10-8 m at 20 C)

2r
21.14 mm2

Solution:

21.14 = r 2

21.14
r= = 2.594mm

l (2.83 x10-8 m)(14m)

R0 = = = 0.01874
A 21.14 x10-6 m 2
28

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 23-Nov-16

Example 4.2: We have a custom-cut busbar made of solid Aluminum, 4 cm wide and 3 cm tall by 125 cm long. Find the
DC resistance of the busbar. (Resistivity of Aluminum is = 2.83 x 10-8 m at 20 C)

Solution:

cross _ sec tional _ area = A = 4 x3 = 12cm 2

l (2.83 x10-8 m)(1.25m)

R0 = = = 29.479
A 12 x10-4 m 2

29

Example 4.3: Using the conductor table in slide 20, the AC resistance of Waxwing aluminum conductor at
temperature, t = 20C is 0.3488 /mi, and 0.3831 /mi at t = 50C. Find the temperature coefficient M of this
conductor.

Waxwing Al conductor

Solution:

M + t2 R1t 2 - R2t1
Rt 2 = Rt1 M =
M + t1 R2 - R1

R1t 2 - R2t1 0.3488 x50 - 0.3831x 20

M= = = 285.072
R2 - R1 0.3831 - 0.3488

30

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 23-Nov-16

Example 4.4: Using the result in previous example, estimate the AC resistance of Waxwing conductor at a
temperature of t = 80 C.

M = 285.072

Rt1 = 0.3488 for t1 = 20 C

Waxwing Al conductor

Solution:

M + t2 285.072 + 80
Rt 2 = Rt1 Rt 2 = 0.3488 = 0.4165
M + t1 285.072 + 20

31

Example 4.5: The photo shows a ACSR Hawk conductor. Using the table in slide 20, estimate the skin effect of this
conductor? How much percent does the skin effect increase its resistance ?

Solution:

(Using ACSR conductor table)

At t1 = 20C, the DC resistance (f=0 Hz) of Hawk is 0.0357 /1000 ft
At t1 = 20C, the AC resistance (f=60 Hz) of Hawk is 0.1931 /mi

Since
1000 feet = 0.189393939 miles (mi)
At t1 = 20C, the DC resistance (f=0 Hz) of Hawk is 0.1885 /mi
ACSR Hawk conductor
So
At t1 = 20C, the DC resistance (f=0 Hz) of Hawk is 0.1885 /mi
At t1 = 20C, the AC resistance (f=60 Hz) of Hawk is 0.1931 /mi

The AC resistance of Hawk is 2.44% greater than its DC resistance

Hence
The skin effect causes a 2.44 % increase in resistance
32

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 23-Nov-16

INDUCTANCE of a SINGLE CONDUCTOR

Amperes Law: A current-carrying conductor produces a magnetic field around itself

B = 0 H

r is the radius of the conductor

x is the distance from center
I is the conductor current

2 x
Ix
H x .dl = I x
0
Hx =
2x
H is the magnetic field intensity (A/m)

33

INTERNAL INDUCTANCE

If we assume a uniform current density (skin effect is ignored)

Ix I x2

2 = Ix = 2 I
x r 2 r

Ix I
Hx = Hx = x
2x 2r 2

For non-magnetic conductor with constant permeability

0 = 410-7 H / m (Permeability of free-space or air)

B x = 0 H x (magnetic flux density)

0 I
Bx = x Wb/m2 or Tesla (T)
2r 2 34

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 23-Nov-16

MAGNETIC FLUX

d = B.dA
Where
d is the differential flux (Wb)
B is the magnetic flux density normal to the surface (Wb/m2)
dA is the differential surface (m2)

35

INTERNAL INDUCTANCE

For a given small surface (dA) in the conductor with 1 m long and dx m width, the differential flux can be obtained as
0 I
dx = Bx .dA = Bx .dx.1 = x.dx dA=dx.1
2r 2
For a uniform current density, the differential flux linkage is
dA
x2
0 I 3
dx = ( 2 ) dx = x dx
r 2r 4
dx x
1m
The total flux linkage is found by integrating from 0 to r

r
I I
int = 0 4 x 3 dx = 0
2r 0 8
The inductance due to internal flux linkage is
int 0 1
Lint = = = x10-7 H/m It is constant and independent of the conductor radius
I 8 2 36

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 23-Nov-16

INDUCTANCE DUE TO EXTERNAL FLUX LINKAGE

For x>r (outside the conductor)

Ix
Hx =
2 x
r
Ix = I

0 I
B x = 0 H x =
2x
(Flux density at radius x)

37

INTDUCTANCE DUE TO EXTERNAL FLUX LINKAGE

Since the entire current I is linked by the flux outside the conductor

dx = dx
r

0 I
dx = dx = Bx .dA = Bx .dx.1 = .dx
2x

The external flux linkage between two points D1 and D2 is found by integrating

D2 D2
I 1
ext = dx = 0 x dx
D1
2 D1

D2 ext D
ext = 2 x10-7.I . ln Lext = = 2 x10-7. ln 2 H/m
D1 I D1
The inductance between two points external to a conductor 38

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INDUCTANCE of SINGLE-PHASE LINES

Consider,
1 meter length single-phase line consisting of two solid round conductors
r1 and r2 are the radius of each conductor, respectively
The centers are separated by a distance D I1
I1 is flowing into the page
I2 is flowing out of the page
I1 = - I2

I2

Cross-sectional view of a single-phase line

39

Inductance of conductor 1 due to internal flux Rearranging equation for L1

1
L1int = x10-7 H/m
2
Inductance of conductor 1 due to net external flux linkage

D
I 1 I D D
L1ext = 1ext = 0 dx = 0 ln = 2 x10-7 ln
I 2I r1 x 2I r1 r1

The total inductance of conductor 1

L1 = L1int + L1ext
1 D
L1 = x10-7 + 2 x10-7 ln H/m
2 r1

40

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41

For solid conductors it is easy to calculate DS

For stranded conductors DS is obtained from manufacturers data

Solid conductor

Stranded conductor (spiraling)

42

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 23-Nov-16

Example 4.6: Find the total inductance (17.8m) per conductor with radius r = 0.33 cm of the following single-phase
power circuit. The centers of the wires are displaced 1.2 m away.

Solution:
1 1
- -
r ' = re 4 = 0.33 x10-2 xe 4 = 0.00257m

DS = r ' D = 1.2m

D
L = 2 x10-7 ln
DS

1.2
L = 2 x10-7 ln = 1.2292e - 06H/m
0.00257
L(17.8 m ) = 17.8 x1.2292e - 06 = 2.1880e - 05H

43

FLUX LINKAGE IN TERMS OF SELF- AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCES

1 = L11 I1 + L12 I 2 Flux linkage of conductor 1

2 = L21 I1 + L22 I 2 Flux linkage of conductor 2

Since I1= - I2

1 = L11 I1 + L12 (- I1 ) = ( L11 - L12 ) I1

1 meter 2 = L21 (- I 2 ) + L22 I 2 = ( L22 - L21 ) I 2
1
L11 Self-inductance of conductor 1 L11 = 2 x10-7 ln H/m
r1 '

L22 Self-inductance of conductor 2 1
L12 = 2 x10-7 ln H/m
Mutual-inductance between conductor 1 and 2
D
L12
1
L21 = 2 x10-7 ln H/m
D
1
L22 = 2 x10-7 ln H/m 44
r2 '

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 23-Nov-16

INDUCTANCE of THREE-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES

Symmetrical Spacing
1 1 1
a = 2 x10-7 ( I a ln + I b ln + I c ln )
r' D D
I b + I c = -I a

1 1 D
a 2 x10-7 ( I a ln - I a ln ) 2 x10-7 I a ln
r' D r'
1 meter length

Assuming
Three-phase transmission line with 1 meter of length
Symmetrically spaced in a triangular configuration 1
Each conductor has a radius of r
L= -
4
r ' = re = DS
I
Balanced three-phase currents
D D
I a+ I b + I c = 0 L = 2 x10-7 ln L = 2 x10-7 ln H/m
r' DS
Inductance per phase for a three-phase circuit with equilateral (symmetrical) spacing 45

INDUCTANCE of THREE-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES

Asymmetrical Spacing
1 1 1
a 2 x10-7 ( I a ln I b ln I c ln )
r' D12 D 13
1 1 1
b 2 x10-7 ( I a ln I b ln I c ln )
D12 r' D 23
1 meter length 1 1 1
c 2 x10-7 ( I a ln I b ln I c ln )
D13 D23 r'
Assuming
Three-phase transmission line with 1 meter of length
Asymmetrically spaced in a triangular configuration (D12 D13 D23)
Each conductor has a radius of r
Balanced three-phase currents

I a+ I b + I c = 0

46

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INDUCTANCE of THREE-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES

Asymmetrical Spacing

1 1 1
a 2 x10-7 ( I a ln I b ln I c ln )
r' D12 D 13
1 1 1
b 2 x10-7 ( I a ln I b ln I c ln )
D12 r' D 23
1 1 1
c 2 x10-7 ( I a ln I b ln I c ln ) -
D13 D23 r'
a = 1120
I b= I a 240 = a 2 I a
I c= I a120 = aI a

47

INDUCTANCE of THREE-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES

Asymmetrical Spacing

L=
I

a 1 1 1
La = = 2 x10-7 (ln + a 2 ln + a ln )
Ia r' D12 D 13
The unit is H/m
1 1 1 Each phase has a different inductance
Lb = b = 2 x10-7 (a ln + ln + a 2 ln )
Ib D12 r' D 23 An imaginary term exists due to mutual inductance

c 1 1 1
Lc = = 2 x10-7 (a 2 ln + a ln + ln )
Ic D13 D23 r'

48

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TRANSPOSED LINE

Three-phase transmission lines are usually long to transmit generated electrical power to consumer side
Due to this long distance, symmetry of three-phase conductors will be normally distorted
Transposing is interchanging the phase configuration every one-third the length
With transposing, the unbalance of currents and voltages are reduced
However, this effect is very small and transmission lines are not usually transposed
Interchange in the positions of the conductors may be made at switching stations in order to balance the inductances
of the phases more closely
With this way, each conductor will occupy the same physical position in a regular sequence all over the length

49

Transposition on 400 kV double circuit transmission line

50

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If three-phase transmission lines are transposed

L = La = Lb = Lc

If three-phase transmission lines are not transposed, the average inductance of the line can be calculated as

La + Lb + Lc
L=
3

After simplification and rearranging the equation

1 1
L = 2 x10-7 (ln - ln )
r' ( D12 D23 D13 )1/ 3

( D12 D23 D13 )1/ 3 GMD

L = 2 x10 ln -7 GMD = ( D12 D23 D13 )1/ 3 L = 2 x10-7 ln H/m
r' r'
Geometric Mean Distance
51

INDUCTANCE of BUNDLED (or STRANDED) CONDUCTORS

Identical strands (subconductor) each has current of I/n

Conductor
Conductor

group
group

Current I Current -I Identical strands (subconductor) each has current of I/m

.
Current directed into page Current directed out of page

Single-phase line with bundled conductors

52

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The flux linkage of conductor i in a single-phase system The flux linkage of strand a is

1 n 1 I 1 1 1 1
a = 2 x10-7
i = 2 x10-7 ( I i ln + I ln ) (ji) n
(ln + ln
rx ' Dab
+ ln
Dac
+ ... + ln
Dan
)
ri ' j =1 j Dij
I 1 1 1 1
-2 x10-7 (ln + ln + ln + ... + ln )
m Daa ' Dab ' Dac ' Dam

m Daa ' Dab ' Dac ' ...Dam

a = 2 x10-7 I ln
n rx ' Dab Dac ...Dan

The inductance of strand a is

a m D D D ...D
aa ' ab ' ac ' am
La = = 2nx10-7 ln
I /n n r ' D D ...D
x ab ac an

In general for conductor group x

n m D D D ...D
na ' nb ' nc ' nm
Ln = = 2nx10-7 ln
I /n n r ' D D ...D
x nb nc nn
53

where

GMD = mn ( Daa ' Dab ' ...Dam )...( Dna ' Dnb ' ...Dnm )

GMD is the mnth root of the product of the mnth

distances between n strands of conductor x and
(ji) m strands of conductor y

The average inductance of any one subconductor in group x is 2

GMRx = n ( Daa Dab ...Dan )...( Dna Dnb ...Dnn )
La + Lb + Lc + ... + Ln
Lav = GMRx is the n2 root of the product of n2 terms
n
consisting of r of every strand times the distance
Since all the subconductors of conductor x are from each strand to all other strands within group x
electrically parallel
Daa = Dbb = ... = Dnn = rx '
L L + Lb + Lc + ... + Ln
Lx = av = a
n n2 The inductance of conductor y can also be obtained
Rearranging the last equation using the same sort of derivation, but however

GMD GMD
Lx = 2 x10-7 ln H/m Ly = 2 x10-7 ln GMRy GMRx
GMRx GMRy
54

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 23-Nov-16

Example 4.7: Calculate the GMR of the following bundle arrangements in terms of d and r

For a two-strand bundle with each one of radius r

1
-
4
2
GMR = 2 ( D11 D12 )( D21 D22 ) = 4 (r '.d )(d .r ' ) = r '.d r ' = re
1 2

For a three-strand bundle with each one of radius r

1

GMR = 3 ( D11 D12 D13 )( D21 D22 D23 )( D31 D32 D33 ) = 9 (r '.d .d )(d .r '.d )(d .d .r ' ) = 3 r '.d 2
2

2 3

For a four-strand bundle with each one of radius r

1 2 GMR = 42 ( D11 D12 D13 D14 )( D21 D22 D23 D24 )( D31 D32 D33 D34 )( D41 D42 D43 D44 )
2
GMR = 4 (r ' d .d . 2 .d )(d .r '. 2 .d .d )(d . 2 .d .r '.d )( 2 .d .d .d .r ' ) = 16 4.r '4 .d 12 = 1.094 r '.d 3
3 4
55

Example 4.8: A stranded conductor consists of seven identical strands each having a radius r as shown in the
figure. Determine the GMR of the conductor in terms of r
The distance from strand 1 to all other strands is
D11 = D22 = D33 = D44 = D55 = D66 = D77 = r '
D12 = D16 = D17 = 2r
D14 = 4r
D13 = D15 = D14 2 - D45 2 = (4r ) 2 - (2r ) 2 = 2 3r
2
GMRx = n ( Daa Dab ...Dan )...( Dna Dnb ...Dnn )
GMR of the stranded conductor
2
GMR = 7 ( D11.D12 .D13 .D14 .D15 .D16 .D17 )
...( D21.D22 .D23 .D24 .D25 .D26 .D27 )
...( D31.D32 .D33 .D34 .D35 .D36 .D37 )
...( D41.D42 .D43 .D44 .D45 .D46 .D47 )
...( D51.D52 .D53 .D54 .D55 .D56 .D57 )
...( D61.D62 .D63 .D64 .D65 .D66 .D67 )
...( D71.D72 .D73 .D74 .D75 .D76 .D77 )
GMR = 2.1767r
Usually GMR is provided by manufacturers data
56

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Capacitance of Transmission Lines

Transmission line conductors exhibit capacitance wrt each other due to the potential difference
between them
The amount of capacitance between conductors is a function of conductor size, spacing, and height
above the ground
For transmission lines with length < 80 km, capacitance can be neglected

C is the capacitance (F)

q
C q is the charge (Coulomb)
V V is the voltage (V)

57

Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/gaulaw.html#c4

58

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Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/gaulaw.html#c4

59

Electric field (intensity)

D
E where
0 D is the electric flux density
0 is the permittivity of free space (8.854x10-12 F/m)

Combining Gauss Law with the above equation:

q q Electric flux density at a cylinder of radius x

D
A 2x(1) for 1 meter length

A is the surface
2x area of the cylinder
Electric field around a long round conductor
carrying a charge of q coulombs per meter length
1 meter

D q
E
0 2 0 x

60

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The potential difference between cylinders from position D1 to D2 is

defined as the work done in moving a unit charge of 1 coulomb from D2
to D1 through the electric field produced by the charge on the
conductor

D2 D2
q q D2
V12 E.dx .dx ln
D1 D1
2 0 x 2 0 D1

61

Capacitance of a Single-Phase Two-Wire Line

Conductor 1 Conductor 2 1 m length of the single-phase line
Two solid round conductors with radius r
The center of each conductor is displaced by distance D
Conductor 1 carries a charge of q1 Coulomb/m
Conductor 2 carries a charge of q2 Coulomb/m
Assuming the charge is uniformly distributed on the surface of the conductors
Assuming h>>D>>r
h

Ground

q1 D
V12 ( q1) ln The voltage between conductor 1 and 2 due to only conductor 1 has a charge of q 1
2 0 r
q2 D
V21( q 2 ) ln The voltage between conductor 2 and 1 due to only conductor 2 has a charge of q 2
2 0 r 62

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 23-Nov-16

q q 0
C12 F/m
V12 ( q 2 ) V21( q 2 ) V12 q D D
ln ln
0 r r
q2 r The capacitance between conductors
V12 ( q 2 ) ln
2 0 D

From the principle of superposition, the potential difference due to presence of both charges

q1 D q r
V12 V12 ( q1) V12 ( q 2 ) ln 2 ln
2 0 r 2 0 D

For a single-phase line q1 q2 q

q D q r
V12 ln ln
2 0 r 2 0 D

q D q D 2q D q D
V12 ln ln ln ln
2 0 r 2 0 r 2 0 r 0 r
63

Conductor 1 Conductor 2
q q 0
C12
V12 q D D F/m
ln ln
0 r r
The capacitance between conductors

Ground (line-to-line capacitance)

64

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 23-Nov-16

(line-to-line capacitance)

(Line-to-neutral capacitance)

1 1 1 C
C12 (Series connection of capacitors)
C12 C C 2

2 0
C 2C12 F/m
D
ln
r
The capacitance between each conductor and the neutral at the middle
65

Potential Difference in a Multiconductor Configuration

q D2
V12 ln
2 0 D1

Using superposition and the above equation, the

potential difference between conductors i and j due
to presence of all charges is

n-parallel long conductors with charges q1, q2,...,qn C/m

1 n Dkj
Assuming the charge is uniformly distributed
Vij
2 0
q
k 1
k ln
Dki
around the conductor
Assuming the following constraint:
When k=i, Dii is the distance between the surface of
the conductor and its center, namely its radius r
q1 q2 ... qn 0

66

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Capacitance of Three-Phase Lines

1 n Dkj
Vij
2 0
q
k 1
k ln
Dki

Using the above equation, the potential difference

between a and b for each section of transpose is
For region I Three-phase transposed transmission line
1 D r D
Vab ( I ) qa ln 12 qb ln qc ln 23
Because of balanced three-phase line 2 0 r D12 D13
qa qb qc 0 1 D r D
Vab ( II ) qa ln 23 qb ln qc ln 13
Assuming that the transmission line is transposed
2 0 r D23 D12
The effect of ground and the shield wires are neglected
1 D r D
Vab ( III ) qa ln 13 qb ln qc ln 12
2 0 r D13 D23
67

The average value of Vab is

1 D D D13 r3 D D D
Vab qa ln 12 23 q ln qc ln 12 23 13
(3)2 0 3 b
r D12 D23 D13 D12 D23 D13
or

1 ( D D D )1/ 3 r
Vab qa ln 12 23 13 qb ln
1/ 3
2 0 r ( D12 D23 D13 )

Since

GMD = ( D12 D23 D13 )1/ 3

Geometric Mean Distance

1 GMD r
Vab qa ln qb ln
2 0 r GMD

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Then
Similarly Vac is
qa GMD
Van ln
1 GMD r 2 0 r
Vac qa ln qc ln
2 0 r GMD qa 2 0
C The capacitance per phase to ground
Van ln GMD
Since F/m
r
qb qc qa
1 GMD r 3qa GMD
Vab Vac 2qa ln qa ln ln
2 0 r GMD 2 0 r

For balanced three-phase voltages,

Vab Van 0 Van 120

Vac Van 0 Van 240

Therefore,

Vab Vac 3Van

69

Effect of Bundling on Capacitance Two-conductor bundle

2 0 The capacitance per phase to ground r b r.d

C
GMD F/m d is the bundle distance
ln b
r

Three-conductor bundle
rb is called equivalent radius

Equivalent radius is similar to Geometric Mean Radius (GMR) r b 3 r.d 2

But not exactly the same Because,
d is the bundle distance
Radius r of each conductor is used instead of DS

Four-conductor bundle

r b 1.094 r.d 3
d is the bundle distance

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Example 4.9: A 500-kV three-phase transposed line is composed of one ACSR 1272000 cmil, 45/7 Bittern
conductor per phase with horizontal conductor configuration as shown in the figure. The conductors have a
diameter of 1.345 in and a GMR of 0.5328 in. Find the inductance and capacitance per phase per meter of the line.

2 0 2 0
C C 8.3509x10-12 F/m
GMD 44.0972
ln ln
r 0.0564
Distances are in feet (ft)
Solution:

Conductor radius r =1.354/2 = 0.6770 in

1 feet (ft) = 12 inch (in)
r = 0.6770 / 12 = 0.0564 ft
GMR = 0.5328 / 12 = 0.0444 ft

GMD 3 35.35.70 44.0972 ft

GMD 44.0972
L 2 x10-7 ln 7
L 2 x10 ln 1.3802 x10 6 H / m
GMR 0.0444 71

Example 4.10: The line in previous example is replaced by two ACSR 636000 cmil, 24/7 Rook conductors which
have the same total cross-sectional area of the aluminum as one Bittern conductor. The line spacing as measured
from the center of the bundle is the same as before and is shown in the following figure. The conductors have a
diameter of 0.977 in. Bundle spacing is 18 in. Find the inductance and capacitance per phase per meter of the line
and compare it the previous example.
GMD 44.0972
L 2 x10-7 ln 2 x10-7 ln 1.0618x10-6 H/m
GMRL 0.2181

r b r.d (0.0407)(1.5) 0.2471ft (equivalent radius)

Solution: 2 0 2 0
C 1.0731x10-11 F/m
1 feet (ft) = 12 inch (in) GMD 44.0972
ln b ln
Conductor radius r = 0.977 /2 = 0.4885 in = 0.0407 ft r 0.2471

DS r ' re 1/ 4 0.0407e 1/ 4 0.0317 ft

When comparing the results, it is seen that the bundling
Bundle spacing = d = 18 in = 1.5 ft decreases the inductance and increases the capacitance
GMRL r ' xd (0.0317).(1.5) 0.2181 ft
GMD 3 35.35.70 44.0972 ft 72

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Example 4.11: A 735-kV three-phase transposed line is composed of four ACSR, 954000 cmil, 45/7 Rail conductors
per phase with horizontal conductor configuration as shown in the figure. Bundle spacing is 18 in. The distance
between neighboring phases is 44.5 ft. Find the inductance and capacitance per phase per kilometer of the line.

GMD 3 (44.5)(44.5)(89) 56.0665ft

1 ft = 304.8 mm
GMD = 1.7089e+04 mm or 17089 mm

GMRL 1.094 r '.d 3 1.094 (9.6571)(457.2^3) 189.98mm

Solution:
1 inch (in) = 2.54 cm = 0.0254 m GMD 17089
L 2 x10-7 ln 2 x10-7 ln 8.9985x10-7 H/m
Bundle spacing = d = 18 in = 0.4572 m GMRL 189.98
1 cmil = 5.067x10-4 mm2
2 0 2 0
Cross-sectional area = 954000 cmil = 483.39 mm2 C 1.2539x10-11 F/m
GMD 17089
ln b ln
Radius = r = sqrt(483.39 /) = 12.4 mm r 202.23
DS r ' re 1/ 4 12.4e 1/ 4 9.6571mm

r b 1.094 r.d 3 1.094 (12.4)(457.2^3) 202.23mm 73

Magnetic Field Induction

Transmission lines produce magnetic fields due to current flow

Magnetic fields affect objects near the lines
These objects have a considerable length parallel to the line such as fences, pipelines, and telephone wires
Magnetic fields affect (under research)
Blood composition
Growth
Behavior
Immune system
Neural functions

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Example 4.12: (magnetic field induction): A three-phase untransposed transmission line and a telephone line are
supported on the same towers as shown in the figure. The power line carrries 60 Hz balanced current of 200 A per
phase. The telephone line is located directly below phase b. Assuming balanced three-phase currents in the power line,
find the voltage per kilometer induced in the telephone line.

75

Electrostatic Induction

Transmission lines produce electric fields

The electric field induces current in objects which are in the area of the electric fields
Electric field affect human body

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Corona
The dielectric strength of air (at t=25C and 760 mm Hg) is about 30 kV/cm
When the electric field of a conductor exceeds 30 kV/cm, ionization occurs in the area close to the conductor surface
This partial ionization is known as Corona
Corona produces
Power loss due to heating
Light (both visible and invisible)
Sound
Ozone gas
Radio (AM band) and television interference
Corona losses increase in rainy and snowy weather conditions
The followings affect corona formation
Conductor diameter
Line configuration
Type of conductor
Condition of conductor surface such as irregularity
Atmospheric conditions
o Humidity
o Air density
o wind
Corona formation can be reduced by
Increasing conductor size
Using bundle conductors
Corona losses can be modelled by shunt conductance
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Corona Examples

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End of Chapter 4

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