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TOPIC 2 : FORCE AND MOTION
FORCE AND MOTION
Linear Motion Inertia Force in Work

equilibrium
Distance Newtons first W=Fs

law of motion Newtons Third
law of motion
Displacement
Relationship
Resultant force Energy
between mass
Speed and inertia
Kinetic energy
Impulse and
2
Velocity K.E = mv
Impulsive Force
Momentum
Potential energy
Acceleration
Relationship P.E = mgh
P=mv between
impulsive force Principle of
Equations of motion Principle of and impact time conservation of
conservation of energy
momentum Negative effect
v u at reduce by
Safety features
Collision and Power
v2 = u2 + 2 as in a vehicles
explosion
P=E/t
s = ut + at2
Gravity
Force
s = (u+v) t
Elasticity
Gravitational
Newtons Second acceleration
Notes law of motion Hookes law
Motion Graph Free fall
F=ma
Relationship Factors affect
s-t graph between force, elasticity
Comparison
mass and between weight
acceleration and mass Arrangement of
v-t graph the spring
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Physical Quantity Definition
Distance , d Total path traveled from one location to another. SI unit metre, m
Displacement, s Distance between two location measured along the shortest path connecting
them in a specific direction. SI unit metre, m
Speed, v Speed, v = distance, d
Time taken, t SI unit ms -1
Velocity, v Velocity, v = displacement, s
Acceleration, a Acceleration, a = velocity, v
Ticker tape
1 tick = time interval between two dots
Time taken to make 50 ticks = 1 s - Constant velocity
Hence 1 tick = 0.02s - zero acceleration
- increasing velocity - decreasing velocity

- acceleration - deceleration
Displacement time graph

s
Q PQ - constant velocity
R QR - zero velocity, object at rest
RS - opposite direction with constant velocity
S
P Gradient = velocity
t
Velocity time graph

v
B AB increasing velocity, acceleration
C BC constant velocity, zero acceleration
CD decreasing velocity, deceleration
A D Gradient = acceleration
t Area under graph = displacement
Inertia tendency of the object to remain at rest or, if moving, to continue its
uniform motion in a straight line
Newtons first law of Object remain at rest or in uniform motion unless its acted upon by
motion external force
Relationship between The larger the mass, the larger its inertia
mass and inertia
Situation related to
inertia
Momentum Momentum, p = mass, m x velocity, v SI unit= kg m s-1
Principle of conservation In the absence of an external force, the total momentum of a system
of momentum remains unchanged.
Elastic collision
U1 U2 V1 V2
Before collision After collision
Inelastic collision
U1 U2 V
Before collision After collision
Explosion
Before collision V1 V2
After collision
Force Force, F = mass, m X acceleration, a SI unit= Newton, N

Newtons Second law of The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the applied
motion force an acts in the direction of the force
Relationship between acceleration is directly proportional to force
a and F
Relationship between acceleration is inversely proportional to mass
a and m
Impulse The change of momentum, Ft = mv mu SI unit= kg m s-1
Impulsive force F = mv mu , SI unit= Newton, N

t
Relationship between Longer impact time impulsive force decrease
impulsive force and Shorter impact time impulsive force increase
impact time
Situation related to
impulsive force
Safety features in - Air bags

vehicles - Crumple zones
- Shatter-proof windscreen
- Safety seat belt
- Padded dashboard
Gravitational force Pulled by the force of gravity tends to pull everything towards the
earths centre
Free fall Object is fall freely when its falling under the gravitational force only
with acceleration due to gravitational force, g = 10.0 N kg-1
Weight Gravitational force acting on the object.
W=mg SI unit= Newton, N
Forces in equilibrium When an object is in equilibrium, the resultant force is zero.
The object will either be at rest or move with constant velocity
Newtons Third law of For every action there is an equal an opposite reaction
motion
Work Work, W = Force, F X Displacement, s SI unit= Joule, J
Kinetic energy K.E = mv 2 SI unit= Joule, J
Potential energy P.E = mgh SI unit= Joule, J
Principle of conservation Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form
of energy to another form.
Power workdone W
Power, P = = SI unit= Watt, W
timetaken t
Hookes law the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force
provided that the elastic limit is not exceeded
F = kx, k = Force constant of the spring
Force constant k = F SI unit N m-1, N cm-1 or N mm-1
x
Elastic limit maximum force that can be applied to spring such that the spring will
return to its original length when the force released
Graph
Elastic limit
F/N
Spring obey
Spring not obey
Hookes Law
Hookes Law
x/cm
0
Elastic potential energy E=kx2

=Fx
Factors that effect -Type of material
elasticity -Diameter of spring wire
-Diameter of spring
-Length of spring
Exercises
1. Diagram show two watermelons fall off the table and drop on to the surface A and
surface B respectively
Diagram 1 (a) Diagram 1 (b)
a) What is mean by impulse ?

.
(1 mark)
b) With reference to Diagram 1(a) and 1(b)
i) Compare the force on the watermelons that strikes on surface A and surface B
.
(1 mark)
ii) Compare the time of impact of the watermelons on surface A and surface B
.
(1 mark)
iii) State the relationship between the force produced in a collision and the time of
impact
.
(1 mark)
c) Suggest a suitable material for surface B
.
(1 mark)
d) Explain how the driver is able to avoid serious injuries when the car stopped
suddenly
.
.
(2 mark)
2.
a) When a load is attached to the spring

i) What happen to the length of the spring ?
..
(1 mark)
ii) What is the energy stored in the spring ?
..
(1 mark)
iii) If the number of load is increased, what will happen to the energy in 2(a)(ii) ?
..
(1 mark)
b) The initial length of a spring is 15 cm. When a load with mass 300 g is attached
to the spring, the length of the spring is 21 cm. What is the length of the spring
if a load with mass 500 g is attached to the spring?
(3 mark)
3. Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2 show a student throwing a javelin using different throwing
techniques. The forces used by the student are the same. The angles of projection are
different.
Javeli
n
A B
Diagram 3.1
A B
Diagram 3.2
(a) Observe Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2.
(i) Compare the distance traveled by the javelin from A to B.

..
(1 mark)
(ii) What happens to the distance of the javelin when the angle of projection is less
than the angle of projection shown in Diagram 3.2?
..
(1 mark)
(b) State the shape of the javelin so that it moves with minimum resistance through
air
..
(1 mark)
(c) The force acting on the javelin is 10 N and the throwing distance 70 m.
Calculate the work done by the student in Diagram 3.2.
[2 marks]
(d) (i) State the changes of energy experienced by the javelin from A to B for
techniques.
..
(1 mark)
(ii) State the energy produced when the javelin touches the ground.
..
(1 mark)
Answer scheme
Question no. Suggested answer Mark

1. a) Change of momentum / product of force with time of 1
impact
b) (i) Force of watermelon in diagram 1(a) is larger than force 1
of watermelon in diagram 1 (b)
(ii) Time impact on surface A is shorter than time impact on 1
surface B
(iii) The shorter the time impact, the larger the force 1
c) Sponge / carpet / towel / cloth 1
d) Body will be hold back by the seat belt when car stopped 1
suddenly
The seat belt will lengthen slightly, the impulsive force 1
inflicted on the body will be less
TOTAL 7
2. a) (i) Length increase / longer 1
(ii) Elastic potential energy 1
(iii) increase 1
b) Extension (21-15) cm = 6 cm 1
300 g 6 cm
100 g 2 cm
500 g 2 x 5 = 10 cm 1
Length of spring = 15 + 10 = 25 cm 1
TOTAL 6
3 (a) (i) Further in Diagram 3.2 compare to Diagram 3.1 1
(ii) Decreases 1
(b) streamline 1
(c) W = 10 x 70 1
= 700 J 1
(d) (i) Kinetic energy to potential energy to kinetic energy 1
(ii) Sound / heat 1
TOTAL 7
TOPIC 3 : FORCE AND PRESSURE
PRESSURE
Relationship
between
Air Pressure
Principles
related
Force Area Atmospheric
Pressure
P=F
A
Pascals Bernoullis
SI unit Principle Principle
Nm-2 / Pascal applications applications
- Hydraulic Brake - Bunsen Burner

- Hydraulic Lift - Aerofoil
Pressure in Liquid
Relationship
between
Archimedess
Principle
Depth Density
applications
Buoyant
Force - Submarine
P = gh - Hot Air Balloon
Notes
Definition of Pressure is force per unit area
Pressure
Formula P= F
A
Where P = Pressure
F = Force
A = Area
SI Unit Nm-2 / Pascal (Pa)
Relationship involving - The higher the force, the higher the pressure (where area is constant)
pressure, force and - The smaller the area, the higher the pressure (where force is constant)
area
Situations involving
the higher pressure
the lower pressure
Pressure in liquid pressure in a liquid is the product of depth, density and gravitational acceleration
Formula Pressure in liquid = gh
where = density of the liquid
g = gravitational force
h = depth
Characteristics of - acts equally in all directions
pressure in liquid - not depends on surface area and shape of the container
Relationship between - The deeper the depth, the higher the pressure in liquid
pressure in liquid, - The higher the density of the liquid, the higher the pressure in liquid
depth and density of
liquid
Applications of
pressure in liquid
Gas Pressure Force exerted on a surface by air molecules per unit area of the surface
Instruments for - Manometer
Measuring - Bourdon Gauge
Atmospheric
Pressure
Atmospheric caused by the downward force exerted by the air, which is the weight of the
pressure atmosphere on the Earths surface
Instruments for - Aneroid Barometer
Measuring - Fortin Barometer
Atmospheric
Pressure
Relationship between The greater the altitude from the sea level, the smaller the atmospheric pressure
altitude and
atmospheric
pressure
Situations and
applications involving
Gas & Atmospheric
Pressure
Pascals Principle Pressure applied to an enclosed liquid is transmitted equally to every part of the liquid
Formula P1 = P 2 where P1 = input pressure
P2 = output pressure
F1 = F2 F1 = input force
A1 A2 F2 = output force
A1 = input piston area
A2 = output piston area
Applications involving
the Pascals Principle
Archimedess when an object is wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, it experiences a buoyant force
Principle equal to the weight of the fluid displaced
Buoyant Force Upward force resulting from an object being wholly or partially immersed in a fluid
Formula - Buoyant Force = Actual weight Apparent weight
- Buoyant Force = Weight of fluid displaced
= vg
Where = density of fluid
V = volume of fluid displaced
g = gravitational acceleration
Relationship between - Buoyant force = weight object float and stationary
floatation - Buoyant force > weight object moves upward
- Buoyant force < weight object moves downward
the Archimedess
Principle
Bernoullis Principle When the speed of a fluid increases, the pressure of the fluid decreases and vise
versa
Bernoulis Principle
Stationary Moving
the Bernoullis
Principle
Exercises
1. Diagram 1 shows a man standing still on reflexology therapy stones. He exerts a pressure
on the reflexology therapy stones.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan seorang lelaki berdiri pegun di atas batu terapi refleksologi. Dia
mengenakan tekanan pada batu terapi refleksologi
Diagram 1 / Rajah 1
a) What is meant by pressure?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan tekanan?
...........................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
b) The mass of the man is 50 kg and the area of contact of the man with the reflexology
therapy stone is 40 cm2 . Calculate the pressure exerted by the man on the reflexology
therapy stones.
Jisim lelaki adalah 50 kg dan luas sentuhan yang yang dikenakan pada batu terapi
refleksologi adalah 40cm2 . Hitungkan tekanan yang dikenakan oleh lelaki pada batu
terapi refleksologi.
(2 marks)
c) Explain why a bulldozer uses broad tyres

Terangkan mengapa sebuah jentolak mempunyai tayar yang lebih lebar.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
2. Diagram 2 shows a model of a hydraulic jack. The force F1 applied on the small piston R is
able to support two loads which placed on piston S and T.
Rajah 21 menunjukkan sebuah jek hidraulik. Daya F1 bertindak pada omboh kecil R untuk
menyokong dua beban yang diletakkan pada omboh S dan T.
F1 F2 F3
R AR = 2 cm2
S AS = 5 cm2
T AT = 15 cm2
S
Diagram 2 / Rajah 2
(a) Name the principle used in the hydraulic jack.

Namakan prinsip yang digunakan dalam jek hidraulik.
...
[1 mark]
(b) (i) If F1 = 4.0 N, calculate the pressure exerted on piston R.
Jika F1 = 4.0 N, hitungkan tekanan yang dikenakan pada omboh R.
[2 mark]
(ii) Compare the fluid pressure at S and T to the pressure at R
Bandingkan tekanan bendalir pada S dan T dengan tekanan bendalir pada R.
..
[1 mark]
(iii) Determine the magnitude of the force F2.
Tentukan magnitude daya F2.
[2 marks]
(c) Give one reason why it is more suitable to use a liquid instead of air as the hydraulic fluid.
Berikan satu sebab mengapa cecair lebih sesuai digunakan sebagai bendalir hidraulik
berbanding udara.
..
[1 mark]
3. Diagram 3 shows a cross-section of a Bunsen burner
Z
Diagram 3 / Rajah 3
a) i) Name the Physicss principle related to the working principle of Bunsen burner
Namakan prinsip fizik yang terlibat dalam prinsip kerja penunu Bunsen

(1 mark)
ii) Which region X, Y or Z, experiences low pressure

Kawasan manakah X, Y atau Z yang mengalami tekanan rendah
.
(1 mark)
b) State one reason for your answer in 2 (a)(ii)
Nyatakan satu sebab bagi jawapan anda di 2 (a)(ii)
...........................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
c) Explain how a Bunsen burner can produced blue flame

Terangkan bagaimana penunu Bunsen boleh menghasilkan nyalaan api yang bewarna
biru

(2 mark)
d) State another application that is related to the Physicss principle in (a)(i)

Nyatakan aplikasi lain yang berkaitan dengan prinsip fizik dalam (a)(i)

(1 mark)
4. Diagram 4 shows a submarine floats on the sea surface. The weight of the submarine is
equal to the buoyant force acting on the submarine
Rajah 3 menunjukkan sebuah kapal selam terapung di atas permukaan laut. Berat kapal
selam adalah sama dengan daya julangan yang bertindak ke atas kapal selam itu
Diagram 4 / Rajah 4
a) What is mean by buoyant force ?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan daya julangan ?
(1 mark)
b) The submarine is able to submerge in the sea. Explain how a submarine on the sea
surface submerge and float on the sea surface.
Kapal selam boleh masuk ke dalam laut. Terangkan bagaimana kapal selam di atas
permukaan laut itu boleh bergerak di bawah permukaan laut dan kemudiannya boleh
berada semula di permukaan laut
(4 marks)
c) Table 1 show four hot air balloons, P, Q, R and S, with different specifications.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan empat belon udara panas, P, Q, R dan S, dengan spesifikasi yang
berbeza
Material of Material of
envelope basket
Size of the envolope and number of burners used.
Bahan untuk Bahan untuk
Saiz karung dan bilangan pemanas yang digunakan.
karung bakul
Envelope
Karung
P Canvas Iron
Kanvas Besi
Skirt
Burner
Pemanas
Propane tanks Basket

Tangki propane Bakul
Envelope
Karung
Q
Nylon Rattan
Nilon Rotan
Skirt
Burner
Pemanas
Basket
Propane tanks Bakul
Tangki propane
Material of Material of
envelope basket
Size of the envolope and number of burners used.
Bahan untuk Bahan untuk
Saiz karung dan bilangan pemanas yang digunakan.
karung bakul
Envelope
R Karung
Canvas Iron
Kanvas Besi
Skirt
Burner
Pemanas
Propane tanks Basket
Tangki propane Bakul
Envelope
Karung
S Nylon Rattan
Nilon Rotan
Skirt
Burner
Pemanas
Basket
Propane tanks Bakul
Tangki propane
You are required to determine the most suitable balloon which can be used for safe
recreation. Study the specifications of all the four balloons from the following aspects:
Anda dikehendaki untuk menentukan belon yang paling sesuai untuk digunakan secara
selamat untuk rekreasi. Kaji spesifikasi keempat-empat belon berdasarkan aspek-aspek
berikut:
- the balloon envelope
Karung belon
- the size of the balloon
saiz belon
- the number of burner used

bilangan pemanas yang digunakan
- the type of basket used to carry the passenger.

jenis bakul yang digunakan untuk mengangkut penumpang.
Explain the suitability of the aspects. Justify your choice.

Terangkan kesesuian aspek-aspek itu. Beri sebab bagi pilihan anda.
[ 10 marks ]
3
d) A hot air balloon is adhered to the ground. The balloon contains 1200 m of hot air of
density 0.8 kg m-3. The mass of the balloon (not including the hot air) is 400 kg . The
density of the surrounding air is 1.3 kg m-3.
Sebuah belon udara panas diikat ke tanah. Belon tersebut mengandungi 1200 m3 udara
panas dengan ketumpatan 0.8 kg m-3. Jisim belon (tidak termasuk udara panas) ialah 400
kg. Ketumpatan udara di sekitarnya ialah 1.3 kg m-3.
Calculate
Hitung
(i) the total weight of the balloon and the hot air.
jumlah berat belon dan udara panas.
[ 3 marks ]
(ii) the buoyant force exerted on the balloon.
daya apungan yang bertindak ke atas belon itu.
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) the net force exerted on the ballon when it is released?
daya paduan yang bertindak ke atas belon apabila ia dilepaskan?
[ 1 marks ]
5. Diagram 5 shows the cross-section of a water dam. The wall has to be thicker at the
bottom of the dam.
Rajah 5 menunjukkan keratan rentas empangan. Dinding bahagian bawah empangan
mestilah lebih tebal berbanding dengan bahagian atas empangan
Diagram 5 / Rajah 5
Based on the above information and observation:

Berdasarkan maklumat dan pemerhatian di atas:
(a) State one suitable inference.

Nyatakan satu inferens yang sesuai . [1 mark]
(b) State one suitable hypothesis .

Nyatakan satu hipotesis yang sesuai . [1 mark]
(c) With the use apparatus such as a measuring cylinder, manometer, rubber tube
and other apparatus, describe an experiment framework to investigate your
hypothesis stated in 3(b).
Dengan menggunakan radas seperti silinder penyukat, manometer, tiub getah,
dan lain-lain radas,terangkan satu rangka kerja eksperimen untuk menyiasat
hipotesis yang dinyatakan di (b).
In your description, state clearly the following :

Dalam penerangan anda jelaskan perkara berikut:
i. Aim of the experiment .

Tujuan eksperimen
ii. Variables in the experiment.

Pembolehubah dalam eksperimen.
iii. List of apparatus and materials.

Senarai radas dan bahan.
iv. Arrangement of apparatus.
Susunan radas.
v. The procedures of the experiment which include the method of controlling the
manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable.
Prosedur eksperimen termasuk kaedah mengawal pembolehubah
dimanipulasi dan kaedah mengukur pembolehubah bergerak balas)
vi. The way you would tabulate the data.

Cara anda menjadualkan data
vii. The way you would analyse the data.

Cara anda menganalisis data.
[10 marks]
MARKING SCHEME
No. Answer Mark

1 a Force per unit area 1
b (50 X 10) (40/1000) 1
12 5000 N m-2 // 1.25 X 105 N m-2 1
c - Wider tyre, less pressure 1
- To avoid the bulldozer sink into the soil 1
5
2 a Pascals principle 1
b i P= 4N 1
2 cm2
= 2.0 N cm-2 // 2.0 x 104 N m-2 1
ii same pressure 1
-2
iii 2.0 N cm = F2 1
2
5 cm
F2 = 10.0 N 1
c Liquid cannot be compressed easily 1
7
3 a i Bernoullis principle 1
ii X 1
b Gas flow out the nozzle at highest speed 1
c - Air from outside is pushed into the hole 1
- complete combustion occur there 1
d - insecticide sprayer 1
6
4 a Upward force resulting from an object being wholly or partially
immersed in a fluid
b - when the ballast tank is filled with water 1
- the buoyant force is smaller than the weight of the submarine. It will 1
sink / submerges
- when the ballast tank is filled with air / when the water pumps out 1
- the buoyant force is larger than the weight of the submarine and it 1
will float
c
envelopes - Lightweight material
construct from nylon - Reduce the total weight of the balloon.
- Strong, can withstand the strong winds
which could easily wreck the balloon.
balloon should be - Displace more volume of air
large size - Weight of air displaced is greater
- To create sufficient buoyant force. Lift up
the balloon higher.
use two burners - To warm up the air in the balloon quickly
- To keep the balloon rising
the basket must be - Light and flexible/safe material
made of rattan - Prolong the collision time between basket
and ground / reduce impulsive force
S because the material of envelope is nylon, large size of the envelope,

use two burners and the basket is made of rattan
d i Weight of air = 0.8 X 1200 X 10 = 9600 N 2

Total weight = 9600 + 4000 = 13 600 N 1
ii Buoyant force = 1.3 X 1200 X 10 = 15 600 N 1
iii Net force = 15 600 N - 13 600 N = 2000 N 1
20
5 a The wall of the dam is thicker at the bottom of the dam 1
b Water pressure increases with depth 1
c i to investigate the relationship between the pressure in a liquid and the 1
depth
ii Manipulated Variable : Depth of liquid, y 1
Responding Variable : Pressure in liquid, h 1
Fixed Variable : Density, p
iii Measuring cylinder, thistle funnel, rubber tube, manometer, and retort 1
stand
iv 1
v i) The measuring cylinder is completely filled with water.

ii) The thistle funnel is connected to the manometer with a rubber tube.
iii) The thistle funnel is lowered with the water to a depth y = 10.0m 1
iv) The manometer reading, h is measured by using the ruler 1
v) Step 3 is repeated with values of depth y = 20.0m, 30.0 cm, 40.0 1
cm and 50.0 cm.
vi
Depth, y (cm) h (cm)
10 1
20
30
40
50
vii h (cm) 1
0 y (cm)
12
TOPIC 4 : HEAT
HEAT
Heat capacity Specific latent Gas laws and

Heat Temperature and heat the Kelvin scale
Specific heat of temperature
capacity
Change of
Thermal state
equilibrium Change of
temperature
Q = mL
Thermometer
Q = mc
Heating and cooling curves
Notes:
Heat is a form of energy. In matter, heat is stored in the form of random kinetic energy and
potential energy of the molecules (also called internal energy).
Temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness.
Thermal equilibrium between two bodies means that there is no net heat flow between them.
At thermal equilibrium, both bodies have the same temperature.
Thermometric property is the physical property of a substance which varies linearly with
temperature.
Celsius scale of temperature: The temperature, is defined as
thermometr ic property at - thermometr ic property at ice point

100 oC
thermometr ic property at steam point - thermomet ric property at ice point
1
Example: What is the temperature reading of the thermometer shown below?
L = 20 cm
L L0
Temperatur e, 100
0oC 100oC L100 L0
L0 = 5 cm 20 5
100
L100 = 25 cm 25 5
= 75oC
Heat capacity of a body is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of the body by
1oC.
heat
heat capacity
change of temperature
Q
C The S.I. units of heat capacity are J oC-1 or J K-1

Specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1
kg of the substance by 1oC.
heat
specific heat capacity
mass change of temperature
Q
c The S.I. units of heat capacity are J kg-1 oC-1 or J kg-1 K-1
m
Latent heat is the heat absorbed or released at constant temperature during a change of phase of
a substance.
Specific latent heat of fusion is the quantity of heat required to change 1 kg of a substance from
solid state to liquid state without change of temperature.
heat to change substance from solid to liquid

specific latent heat
mass of the substance
Q
L The S.I. units of specific latent heat of fusion is J kg-1
m
2
Specific latent heat of vaporisation is the quantity of heat required to change 1 kg of a
substance from liquid state to gaseous state without change of temperature.
heat to change substance from liquid to gas

specific latent heat
mass of the substance
Q
L The S.I. units of specific latent heat of vaporisation is J kg-1
m
A temperature-time graph representing heating process. At A, the substance heated is in the

solid state.
Temperature, /oC Important notes:

F
D Part of graph Phase of Formula for
2 material calculation
E
of heat.
AB solid Q = mc
BC solid + liquid Q = mL
(melting)
CD liquid Q = mc
B DE liquid + gas Q = mL
1 (boiling)
C
EF gas Q = mc
0 A 1 is the melting point of the substance
0 time, t / s
2 is the boiling point of the substance
3
Gas Laws:
a) Boyles law: PV = constant provided mass and temperature is kept constant.
Graphs of gases obeying Boyles law.
P P PV
0 V
0 1 0 V
V
V
b) Charleslaw: constant provided mass and pressure is kept constant.
T
Graphs of gases obeying Charles law.
V
0
/oC Note:
Absolute zero (-273oC)
a) Zero Kelvin, 0 K = -273oC
b) Relationship between
V absolute temp. and Celsius
temperature is given by
T 273
T /K
273 K
Absolute zero (0 K)
4
P
c) Pressure law: constant provided mass and volume is kept constant.
T
Graphs of gases obeying Pressure law.
P
0
/oC Note:
Absolute zero (-273oC)
a) Zero Kelvin, 0 K = -273oC
b) Relationship between
P
absolute temp. and Celsius
temperature is given by
T 273
T /K
273 K
Absolute zero (0 K)
EXERCISE 1:
PART I
State whether the following statements are true or false.
a) Heat is a form of energy. (true / false)

b) A body at 0oC does not contain heat. (true / false)
c) Heat is stored in a body as internal energy. (true / false)
d) Heat flows both from a hot body to a cold body as well as from a cold body to a hot body.
(true / false)
e) When thermal equilibrium between two bodies is achieved, the flow of heat stops. (true /
false)
f) Two bodies in thermal equilibrium must have the same temperature. (true / false)
g) The Celsius scale of temperature consists of 100 fixed points. (true / false)
h) The upper fixed point and the lower fixed point must be calibrated at atmospheric pressure.
(true / false)
i) To calibrate the lower fixed point of a thermometer, it is placed in melting ice. (true / false)
j) To calibrate the upper fixed point of a thermometer, it is place in boiling water. (true / false)
5
PART II
a) The amount of heat stored in a body is directly proportional to is mass. (true / false)
b) The amount of heat stored in a body is independent of the type of material its made of. (true
/ false)
c) When the temperature of a body decreases, heat is released. (true / false)
d) If the specific heat capacity of a substance is high, it means it is easily cooled. (true / false)
e) When a solid is melting, its temperature remains the same even though heating continues.
(true / false)
f) During the melting process, heat absorbed is used to increase the separation between
molecules. (true / false)
g) When steam condenses to water at a fixed temperature of 100oC, no heat is absorbed or
released because there is no change of temperature. (true / false)
h) Sea and land breezes are caused by the differences between the specific latent heat of sea
water and the specific latent heat of land material. (true / false)
i) To be scalded by steam is worse than to be scalded by boiling water even though their
temperatures are the same. (true / false)
j) An accurate thermometer must have a large heat capacity. (true / false)
k) The thermometric property used in the mercury in glass thermometer is length. (true / false)
l) A frying pan should be made of material with high specific heat capacity. (true / false)
m) A thermometer must be made from materials which are poor heat conductors. (true / false)
PART III
a) Boyles law is always correct even if the temperature of the gas varies. (true / false)
b) According to Boyles law, when pressure is doubled, the volume of gas is halved. (true /
false)
c) Gas pressure exerted on the walls of a container is caused by the bombardments of the gas
molecules on the walls. (true / false)
d) When temperature increases, the kinetic energy of gas molecules increases. (true / false)
e) According to Charles law, the pressure of a gas increases when temperature increases. (true
/ false)
f) According to Pressure law, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature
measured in degree Celsius. (true / false)
g) The pressure of air in a car tyre will increase after the car has traveled a long distance. (true /
false)
6
EXERCISE 2:
PART 1:
1) The S.I. unit of heat energy is

A. Watt B. Joule C. Ampere D. Coulomb
2) Heat is stored in a body as

A. potential energy only B. kinetic energy only C. potential and kinetic
energy
3) Two bodies P and Q are in thermal contact. The temperature of P is higher.

A. Heat flows only from P to Q
B. Heat flows only from Q to P
C. Rate of heat flow from P to Q is greater than that from Q to P
4) Thermal equilibrium between two bodies is reached when

A. both bodies have the same amount of internal energy
B. the flow of heat between the two bodies stops
C. both bodies looses heat to the surrounding at the same rate
D. the rate of transfer of heat from each body to the other is the same
5) The sensitivity of a mercury in glass thermometer can be increased by

A. using thicker glass to make the thermometer
B. using a larger bulb for the thermometer
C. using a larger bore for the capillary tube
6) What is the thermometer reading in the diagram?
40o
C
30o
C
mercur
y
A. 36oC B. 37oC C. 38oC
7
7)
L = 20 cm
0oC 100oC
L0 = 5 cm
L100 = 30 cm
Based on the values shown in the diagram above, what is the temperature reading of the
thermometer?
A. 30oC B. 40oC C. 50oC D. 60oC
8) Based on the values shown in the diagram above,

L = 8 cm
0oC 100oC
L100 = 20 cm
what is the temperature reading of the thermometer?

A. 30oC B. 40oC C. 50oC D. 60oC
9) When calibrating the lower fixed point for a mercury thermometer, the thermometer must be
placed in
A. solid ice at atmospheric pressure

B. solid ice at any pressure
C. melting ice at atmospheric pressure
D. melting ice at any pressure
10) Which of the following is not the reason why mercury is suitable for making a laboratory
thermometer?
A. high density
B. low freezing point
C. high boiling point
D. good conductor of heat
E. does not stick to glass
8
11) A substance with low specific heat capacity means
A. it melts easily when heated

B. it boils easily when heated
C. it expands quickly when heated
D. its temperature increases quickly when heated
12) When 2000 J of heat is absorbed by 0.2 kg of substance X, its temperature increases from
20oC to 30oC. The specific heat capacity of substance X is
A. 1000 J kg-1 oC-1 B. 1500 J kg-1 oC-1 C. 2000 J kg-1 oC-1 D. 2500 J kg-1 oC-1
13) It takes 3000 J of heat to melt 0.2 kg of substance Y at constant temperature. What is the
specific latent heat of substance Y?
A. 6000 J kg-1 B. 9000 J kg-1 C. 12000 J kg-1 D. 15000 J kg-1
14) The specific latent heat of vaporization of substance Z is 5000 J kg-1. What is the amount of
heat required to vaporize 0.4 kg of substance Z at its boiling point?
A. 5500 J kg-1 B. 10500 J kg-1 C. 12500 J kg-1 D. 15500 J kg-1
Questions 15 18 refers to the temperature-time graph given.
15)
temperature, /oC
D
120
B
80
C
0 A time, t / s
0 30 90
0.01 kg of substance Q (solid) is heated at a constant rate. Its temperature rises as shown in
the graph. If the specific latent heat of substance Q is 1200 J kg-1 oC-1, how much heat is
required to raise its temperature from 0oC to its melting point?
A. 120 J B. 960 J C. 8000 J D. 12000 J
9
16) What is rate of heat supplied to substance Q in question 15?
A. 32 W B. 64 W 96 W 120 W
17) What is the amount of heat required to completely melt substance Q at constant
temperature?
A. 1200 J B. 1920 J C. 3200 D. 6400 J E. 9600 J
18) The specific latent heat of fusion of the substance Q is
A. 19.2 x 104 J kg-1 B. 26.4 x 104 J kg-1 C. 32.0 x 104 J kg-1 D. 64.0 x 104 J kg-1
19) Which of the following graphs is true of a gas which obeys Boyles law?
A. B. C.
P P PV
1 1 1
0 0 0 V
V V
20) Which of the following graphs is true of a gas which obeys Charles law?
A. B. C.
PV V V
1
0 T 0 T 0 T
21) Heat is supplied at the same rate to 100g of paraffin and to 100g of water in similar
containers. Why does the temperature of paraffin rises more quickly?
A. The paraffin has a larger specific heat capacity than water

B. The paraffin has a smaller specific heat capacity than water
C. Paraffin is less dense than water
D. Paraffin is more dense than water
10
22) A new liquid is tested to decide whether it is suitable to be used in a liquid-in-glass
thermometer. It is found that the liquid does not expand uniformly with change of
temperature.
What will be the effect of this on the scale of the thermometer?
A. It has a short range

B. It is not linear
C. The markings are too close together
D. The markings are too far apart
23) Four mercury-in-glass thermometers are made with different dimensions.
Length
Bore
Which will have the greatest sensitivity?
A. 10 cm long and bore 0.75 mm wide

B. 15 cm long and bore 0.50 mm wide
C. 25 cm long and bore 0.10 mm wide
D. 30 cm long and bore 0.25 mm wide
24. The electric fan in an enclosed room is switched on.
If the walls of the room are made of good

insulating materials, which is true about the
temperature in the room after several hours? Fan rotating
A. increased
B. unchanged air
C. decreased
Room
11
25. A copper weight is dropped into a polystyrene container which contains water.
Copper
Mass = 200 g
Specific heat capacity = 400 J kg-1 oC-1
Temperature =100oC
Polystyrene container
(poor conductor)
Water
Mass = 500 g
Specific heat capacity = 4000 J kg-1 oC-1
Temperature = 30oC
Initial condition (before copper is dropped into water_
Water
Equilibrium temperature = oC
Final condition (after copper is dropped into water)
Based on the information given, what is the equilibrium temperature, ?

(Assume no loss of heat to the surroundings).
A. 32.7 oC B. 36.2 oC C. 40.5 oC D. 65.4 oC
12
EXERCISE 2:
PART II:
1. A non-insulated alluminium block is heated at a constant rate using a low power immersion
heater.
The result is shown by the temperature against time graph.
Electric
thermometer
current
Temperature, / oC
Low power Heater

B
60
45 A
30
Non insulated
alluminium block
00
Time, t / minute
a) What is the room temperature?
..
[1 mark]
o
b) Explain why the temperature becomes constant at 60 C even though heat is still supplied to
the block?

[2 marks]
c) What does the gradient of the graph represent?

[1 mark]
13
d) Compare the rate of heat loss to the surroundings at point A and point B.

[1 mark]
e) The specific heat capacity of alluminium is 900 J kg-1 oC-1 and the mass of the alluminium
block is 1 kg. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of the block from 30oC to
60oC if there is no heat loss?
[2 marks]
2. Solid naphthalene is placed in a test tube and then heated as shown in the diagram.
The graph shows how the temperature of the naphthalene changes with time.
thermometer
Temperature / oC
stirrer Test tube
beaker 90
80
water
Naphthalene
30
0 time / s
0 200 600
Bunsen
burner
a. What is the use of the stirrer?

[1 mark]
b. State the melting point of naphthalene.

[1 mark]
14
c. (i) What is happening to the state of the naphthalene between time 200 s and 600 s?

[1 mark]
c. (ii) Explain why the temperature of the naphthalene is constant even though heat is still
supplied

[2 marks]
d. Why does the temperature rise again after 600 s?

[2 marks]
e. If the rate of heat supplied to the naphthalene is constant at 100 W, and the mass of the
naphthalene is 200 g, calculate the specific latent heat of fusion of naphthalene.
[3 marks]
15
3. Diagram 1 shows two weights P and Q, of the same mass but of different materials, placed in
a steam bath. On the right are two polystyrene cups containing the same amount of water.
Diagram 2 shows the situation after the two weights are transferred into separate cups and
thermal equilibrium is reached.
thermometer A thermometer B
steam bath
steam out water

P Q
steam in polystyrene cup
Diagram 1
thermometer A thermometer B
steam bath
steam out water
polystyrene cup
steam in P Q
Diagram 2
a) What is meant by thermal equilibrium?
[1 mark]
b) Bases on Diagram 1 and Diagram 2, compare the temperature of the weights P and Q when
they are in the temperature bath and when they are in the polystyrene cups. Relate the change
of water temperature in each cup to the amount heat given out by P and Q. Hence determine
which weight contains more heat and name the physics concept relating to the amount of heat
stored in an object.
[5 marks]
c) i) When a cannon ball is dropped to the ground from a tall building, its temperature is found
to be higher after hitting the ground. Explain why.
[1 mark]
ii) State the transformations of energy of the cannon ball.
[1 mark]
16
iii) What happens to temperature of the cannon ball after some time? Explain.
[2 marks]
d. Diagram 3 shows an electric oven being used to roast a chicken. It is found that the chicken
is not evenly cooked and the oven consumes too much electricity.
Suggest modifications that can be made to the oven so that the problem stated can be solved.
Explain each medication suggested.
[10 marks]
Heating
element
food to electric
power supply
Glass door
(single sheet)
Thin metal
wall
Diagram 3
17
4. Diagram 4 shows the experimental setup to investigate the Pressure Law for gas.
Thermometer
stirrer
ice
Gas
Bourdon beaker
container
gauge gas
air
water
Heat
Several types of gas containers are available for the above experiment as shown in the table.
Study and explain the suitability of each property of the containers. Choose the most suitable
container and give a reason for your choice.
Gas Properties of the material of the container

container Conduction of Specific heat Expansion Thickness of wall
-1 o -
heat capacity / J kg C when heated
1
P good 390 large thick

Q poor 900 large thin
R good 450 little thin
S poor 1200 little thick
[10 marks]
18
ANSWERS
HEAT
EXERCISE 1:
PART I
a) true b) false c) true d) true e) false f) true g) false h) true i) true j) false
PART II
a) true b) false c) true d) false e) true f) true g) false h) false i) true j) false
k) true l) false m) false
PART III
a) false b) true c) true d) true e) false f) false g) true
EXERCISE 2:
PART I:
1) B 2) C 3) C 4) D 5) B 6) C 7) D 8) B 9) C 10) A
11) D 12) A 13) D 14) C 15) B 16) A 17) B 18) A 19) B 20) B
21) B 22) B 23) C 24) A 25) A
PART II:
1.
a. 30oC
b. Rate of heat loss increases with temperature difference over the room temperature. At 60oC, the
rate of heat loss = rate of heat supplied by the heater.
c. rate of change of temperature
d. the rate of loss of heat at B is greater than the rate of heat loss at A
e. Heat = mc
= 1 x 900 x (60 30)
= 27000 J
2.
a. to keep the temperature uniform throughout the water
b. 80oC
1
c. i) changing from solid to liquid (melting)
ii) During melting, heat supplied is used only to separate/increase distance between the
molecules to form liquid. Heat supplied is not used to increase the random kinetic energy of the
molecules.
d. All the naphthalene has melted and energy supplied increases the kinetic energy of the
molecules.
e. Heat supplied = 100 x 400 J = 40000 J
Heat supplied = mL
40000 = 0.2 L
L = 200000 J kg-1.
3.
a. No nett heat flow between 2 bodies
b. -In the steam bath both P and Q have the same temperature
-The temperature of P is lower than Q when they are in the cups
-The bigger the change of temperature, the larger the amount of heat given out by the weight
-Q contains more heat
-The concept of heat capacity- the larger the heat capacity of a body, the more heat is stored in the
body at a certain temperature
c. i) The kinetic energy of the cannon ball is converted to heat after hitting the ground.
ii) Potential energy kinetic energy heat
iii) same as the surrounding temperature.
Thermal equilibrium is reached
d.
Modification Reason
1 Length and shape of heating element Covers larger area to spread heat more evenly
2 Have another heating element at the Bottom part of food is heated evenly
bottom
3 Inner-wall of the oven made of Less heat loss to surrounding saves energy
insulating heat resistant material
4 Glass door made double layer with air Air is poor conductor -less heat loss saves
in between. energy
5 Add electric motor to rotate the food Chicken is roasted evenly
2
4.
Property of material suitable for gas container Reason
Good conductor of heat Gas in container absorbs heat quickly
Specific heat capacity must be low Temperature of container attains the
temperature of surrounding water quickly
Little expansion Volume of gas in container kept constant
Wall of container must be thin Heat quickly transferred to gas in container
Choose container R
Because its made of good conductor, low specific heat capacity, expand very little and has thin wall.
3
TOPIC 5 : LIGHT
LIGHT
REFLECTION TOTAL REFRACTION

INTERNAL
REFLECTION
REAL
GLASS DEPTH & LENSES
PLANE CURVED
BLOCK APPARENT
MIRROR MIRROR DEPTH
CONCAVE CONVEX CONVEX CONCAVE

MIRROR MIRROR LENS LENS
TELESCOPE MICROSCOPE
MAGNIFYING
LENS
5.0 Reflection of light
Normal
Incident ray Reflected ray
i r
The laws of reflection:

(i) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same plane.
(ii) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
i= r
1
5.1 Plane mirror
1. Ray diagram
Object Image Step 1 :

Draw the image equal
distance from the object.
Step 2:
Draw rays (straight lines)
from the image to the eye.
Step 3:
Eye Complete the rays from the
object to the mirror.
2. Characteristics of image of plane mirror:

(i) Upright
(ii) Laterally inverted
(iii) Virtual image
(iv) Same size
(v) Object distance = Image distance
3. Applications of plane mirror:

(i) Periscope
(ii) Kaleidoscope
5.2 Curved mirror
Important terms in curved mirror:
Principle axis
C F f P P f F C
r r
Concave mirror Convex mirror
C = Centre of curvature F = Focal point
P = Pole f = Focal length
r
r = radius of curvature f
2
2
5.2.1 Convex mirror
Ray diagram Characteristics of image
1. u C Inverted
Real
O Diminished
Image between C and F
C F
I
2. u = C Inverted
Real
O Same size
Image at C
C F
I
3. F u C Inverted
Real
O Magnified / Enlarged
Image further than C
C F
I
4. u = F Upright
Virtual
O Image at infinity
Parallel ray is produced
C F Application:
Car head lamp
5. u = infinity Inverted
Real
Diminished
Image at F
C F
I
6. u F Upright
I Virtual
Magnified / Enlarged
O
Image behind the mirror
F Application:
C
Dentist mirror
Make-up mirror
3
5.2.2 Convex mirror
1. Ray diagram
O
I
F C
2. Characteristics of image of convex mirror:

(i) Upright
(ii) Diminished
(iii) Virtual
3. Applications of convex mirror:

(i) Security mirror
(ii) Corner blind spot mirror
5.3 Refraction of light
Incident ray Normal Refracted ray Normal
i r
Air / vacuum Air / vacuum
Medium Medium
r i
Refracted ray Incident ray

1. Snells law:
(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal all lie in the same plane.
sin i
(ii) constant , where i = angle of incidence and r = angle of refraction
sin r
2. Refractive index, n
(i) To find refractive index, n the light ray must travel from air/vacuum to a medium.
(ii) Formula of refractive index, n:
sin i D
(a) n (b) n , where D = real depth and d = apparent depth
sin r d
c 1
(c) n (d) n , where c = critical angle
v sin c
where c = speed of light in vacuu
v = speed of light in medium
4
5.3.1 Glass block
1. Ray diagram
5.3.2 Real depth and apparent depth
1. Ray diagram
image
air d
object
d D
air
D
water
water
Characteristic of image: Characteristic of image:

(i) Virtual (i) Virtual
(ii) Shallower (ii) Further away
(iii) Same size (iii) Same size
(iv) Upright (iv) Upright
5
5.3.3 Lens
5.3.3.1 Convex lens
Ray diagram Characteristics of image

1. u 2f Inverted
Real
O Diminished
Image between F and 2F
2F F F 2F
I
2. u = 2f Inverted
O Real
Same size
Image at 2F
2F F F 2F
I
3. f u 2f Inverted
O Real
Image further than 2F
2F F F 2F
I
4. u = f Upright
O Virtual
Image at infinity
Parallel ray is produced
2F F F 2F
5. u = infinity Inverted
Real
Diminished
Image at F
2F F F 2F
I
6. u f Upright
I Virtual
O Image in the same side of object
2F F F 2F Application:
Magnifying lens
6
5.3.3.2 Concave lens
1. Ray diagram
F I F
2F 2F
2. Characteristics of concave lens:

(i) Upright
(ii) Diminished
(iii) Virtual
(iv) Image in the same side of object
5.3.3.3 Applications of lens:
Compound microscope Telescope
1. Similarities of compound microscope and telescope

(i) Consists of two lenses.
(ii) The first image is real, inverted and acts as the object for the eyepiece.
(iii) The eyepiece acts as a magnifying lens.
(iv) The final images are virtual, inverted and magnified.
7
2. Differences between the compound microscope and the telescope
Aspect Compound microscope Telescope
A low powered convex lens

Two high powered convex
Type of lens and a high powered convex
lenses
lens
Focal length fe > f o fo > fe
Power of lenses Objective lens > Eyepiece Eyepiece > Objective lens
First image Magnified Diminished
At near point to the

Position of final image At infinity
observers eye
Equal to fo + fe
Distance between lenses Greater than fo + fe
(at normal adjustment)
image height, I fo
Linear magnification, m m m
object height, I0 fe
5.4 Total internal reflection
r
air r = 90o
glass i=c i r
i
Refraction Refraction Total internal reflection

i = angle of incidence c = critical angle i = angle of incidence
r = angle of refraction r = angle of refraction r = angle of reflection
sin r sin 90o
n n i= r
sin i sin c
1
n
sin c
8
Note: When determine the refractive index, n the light ray must assume move from air to glass.
However, the phenomenon of total internal reflection only occur when the light ray travel
from glass to air.
5.4.1 Applications of total internal reflection
1. Optical fibre
2. Diamond
9
SECTION A:MULTIPLE CHOICE
1 Diagram shows the path of a light beam from air into a glass. Which of the angle is the critical
angle?
A Air
Glass
B
C
2 Diagram shows a ray of light in air entering a semi-circular glass block at an angle of incidence
42o. Which diagram shows the subsequent path of the ray?
A B
o
42o
42
C D
42o 42o
10
3. Diagram shows a ray, X, is directed into a glass block. The critical angle of the glass
is 42o. Which direction does the light travels from point Y?
4.
Speedof lightin vacuum
n
Speedof lightin a medium
n represents
A. Snells law
B. power of lens
C. refractive index
D. linear magnification
5. The figure shows a pair of binoculars.
What is the light phenomenon that occurs when a light ray passes through the prisms?
A. Refraction
B. Diffraction
C. Reflection
D. Total internal reflection
11
6. The figure shows a glass prism. The critical angle of glass is 42 . A light ray PQ is incident on its
surface.
450
P Q
Which figure shows the correct path of the light ray?
A B
D
C
7. The figure shows a light ray which is incident onto a plane mirror.
What is the value of x ?
A. 35O
B. 40o
C. 55o
D. 70o
12
8. A student is standing at a position of 2.0 m from a large plane mirror. Then he walks 0.5 m towards
the mirror.
Plane mirror
2.0 m
What is the distance between the student and his image in the mirror now?
Incidence Reflection
A 55 55 A. 0.5 m
B 35 35 B. 1.5 m
C 55 35 C. 3.0 m
D 35 55 D. 4.0 m
9. Diagram 2 shows a ray of light directed to a plane mirror.
35O
What are the angles of incidence and reflection?
13
10. Diagram 3 shows a bulb and a plane mirror.
Q
T S
The image formed by the plane mirror is at
A Q
B R
C S
D T
11 Which of the following are the characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror?
A. Inverted, same size and real

B Upright, same size and real
C Upright, magnified and laterally inverted
D Laterally inverted, same size and virtual
12. Which figure shows correctly light rays passing through a concave lens?
A B
C D
14
13. The figure shows a convex lens.
convex screen
object
lens
x y
x represents the
A. focal length
B. principal axis
C. object distance
D. image distance
14. Diagram 4 shows a convex lens and an object placed less then one focal length
Image Object
2F F F
Which optical instrument uses this arrangement?
A Camera
B Projector
C Magnifying glass
15
15. The figure shows an object placed in front of a convex lens.
object
image
The image formed on the screen is
A virtual
B. upright
C. inverted
16. The figure shows a convex mirror used as a blind corner mirror at a sharp corner.
Convex
mirror
An advantage of using a convex mirror is that the image is magnified
A. it has a wide field of view

B. the size of a near object can be estimated
C. the distance of a near object can be estimated
16
17. For questions 8 to 10, choose the best terminology that best relates to each photograph shown.
A. Critical angle
B. Inverted image
C. Diminished image
D. Magnified image
18. Diagram 7 shows the word sport viewed through lens X and lens Y of two different pairs of
spectacles.
Lens X
Lens Y
What type of lens are X and Y?

Lens X Lens Y
A Convex Convex
B Convex Concave
C Concave Convex
D Concave Concave
17
19 Which of the following combinations is the characteristics of a photostate machine?
Focal length/ cm Object distance/ cm
A 5 10
B 8 5
C 10 5
D 20 8
20 A convex lens is used as a magnifying glass. What are the characteristics of the image?
A magnified, upright, virtual
B magnified, upright, real
C magnified, inverted, virtual
D magnified, inverted, real
18
SECTION B: STRUCTURED QUESTION
Diagram 1 shows a cats eye fixed into a road to help drivers when it is dark or foggy.
(a) What is meant by critical angle?

Tick ( ) the correct answer in the box provided.
The angle of incidence when the angle of refraction is 90o .
The angle of incidence when the incident ray is totally reflected.
[1mark]
(b) Based on diagram 1 what happen to the light ray after passing point B?

[1mark]
(b) Based on diagram 1 how does the cats eye help the driver?

[2 marks]
19
2. Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2 show an identical pencil is immersed in the distilled water and sea
water respectively.
Pencil
Distilled Sea water

water
Air suling
DIAGRAM 2.1 DIAGRAM 2.2
Based on Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2,

(a) compare the bending of the pencil
...
...
[1 mark]
(b) compare the density of distilled water and the sea water
...
.
[1 mark]
(c) state the relationship between the density of water with the bending of the pencil
...
[1 mark]
(d) Based on Diagram 2.1, compare the size of the observed pencil inside and outside the
distilled water
..
[1 mark]
(e) Name the phenomenon shown in Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2
..
[1 mark]
20
3. Diagram 3.2 shows the formation of the image of an object by a lens X. In Diagram
3.3, another lens, Y, is used to form the image of the same object.
Lens X
Object
Image
Diagram 3.2
Lens Y
Object
Image
Diagram 3.3
(a) (i) State the light phenomenon that takes place in the endoscope.
.
[1 mark]
(ii) State two advantages of using a fibre optic cable.
..
.
[2 marks]
(b) For each case, compare;
(i) the size of the object and the size of the image
.
[1 mark]
21
(ii) the object distance and the image distance
.......................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
(c) (i) Compare the focal length of lens X and lens Y.
.
[1 mark]
(ii) Compare the thickness of lens X and lens Y.
.
[1 mark]
(d) Relate the focal length with the thickness of the lens.
.........................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
22
4. Diagram 4 shows an object, O with height 2 cm placed on the left side of a convex lens,
X. The focal length of the convex lens is 10 cm.
(a) In Diagram 8 draw the ray path from the object to form an image.
[2 mark]
(b) State the characteristics of the image formed.

[1 mark]
(c) If the object is placed at a distance 30 cm from the lens, calculate:
(i) the image distance.
.
[2 mark]
(ii) Linear magnification.
.
[1 mark]
23
1 D
2 A
3 B
4 D
5 D
6 A
7 C
8 C
9 C
10 A
11 D
12 B
13 C
14 C
15 C
16 A
17 D
18 B
19 A
20 A
1(a) The angle of incidence when the angle of refraction is 90o. 1
(b) Reflection/total internal reflection//totally reflect//reflect 1
(c) Reflection of light from the car headlight back to the driver giving an indication of 2
its position.
TOTAL 4
SECTION B: STRUCTURED
2 (a) Pencil in Diagram 6.2 more bending/vice versa 1

(b) Density of seawater is higher/ vice versa 1
(c) The higher the density the greater the bending 1
(d) The size of the pencil in the water is greater 1
(e) Refraction 1
TOTAL 5
3 (a)(i) Total internal reflection 1

- can carry large amount of data/information 1
(ii) - transmit signals with very little loss 1
- can transmit large amount of signals at one time 1
- very much thinner and lighter 1
(b)(i) in diagram 2.2 / 2.3 the size of object is equal to the size of image 1
(ii) in diagram 2.2 / 2.3 the object distance is equal to the image distance 1
(c)(i) Focal length of lens X is shorter than the focal length of Y 1
(ii) Lens X is thicker than lens Y 1
(d) The thicker the lens, the shorter the focal length 1
TOTAL 10
4 (a)
1
1
(b) Real, diminished, inverted 1

(c) 1/f = 1/u +1/v 1
v = 15 cm
(d) m = v/u m = 0.5 1
(e) 1
TOTAL 6
TOPIC 5 : RADIOACTIVITY
Atom
Unstable Nucleus Nucleus Electron
Radioisotopes
Nucleon number
Radioactive Decay
Is halved Proton number
in every
Alpha Particle Half Life

Isotopes
emits
Beta Particle
undergoes
Gamma Ray
Fission Fusion
produce
Nuclear Energy
E = mc2
Notes
Atom Has nucleus consists of proton and neutron with electron move in orbit around
the nucleus
- X is a chemical symbol of the element
A
- A is a nucleon number - total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus
Z
X - Z is a proton number - number of protons in a nucleus / equal to number of
electrons
Isotopes atoms with the same proton number but different nucleon number
Characteristics of - same chemical properties
an isotopes - different physical quantities
- different mass
Radioactivity the spontaneous and random disintegration of an unstable nucleus into a more
stable nucleus with the random emission of energetic particles or photons
Radioactive emission - Alpha particles
- Beta Particles
- Gamma rays
Alpha particles - Positively charged
- strongest ionizing power and low penetrating power
- can be stopped by a thin sheet of paper
- deflected by electric and magnetic field
Beta Particles - negatively charged
- moderate ionizing power and moderate penetrating power
- can be stopped by a few millimeters of aluminium
- deflected by electric and magnetic field
Gamma Rays - Neutral charge
- weakest ionizing power and highest penetrating power

- can be stopped by A few centimeters of lead or concrete
-not deflected by electric and magnetic field
Detectors of
Radioactive emission
Geiger-Muller Tube Gold leaf electroscope
Cloud Chamber
Radioactive decay The nucleus of an atom which is unstable will become more stable nucleus by
emitting radioactive emission and will decay further until a stable nucleus is
formed
Alpha Decay
A A-4 4
X Y + He + energy
Z Z-2 2
Example :
230 226 4
Th Y + He + energy
90 88 2
Beta Decay A A 0
X Y + e + energy
Z Z+1 -1
Example :
14 14 0
C N + e + energy
6 7 -1
Gamma Decay
A A
X X + + energy
Z Z
Example :
60 60
CO C0 + + energy
27 27
Half-life, T the time taken for half of radioactive nuclei to decay.

Radioisotopes Unstable isotopes which decay and give out radioactive emissions
Applications of Thickness control detecting leaks in
Radioisotopes underground water pipe
- Smoke detector
- Sterilising
- Radioactive tracer
- Cancer treatment
- Radioactive dating
- Controlling pest
Nuclear Energy Energy released during the splitting and fusing of atomic nuclei
Formula E = mc2
Where E = the energy released
m = mass defect, in kg ( sum of the masses before reaction - sum of
the masses after reaction )
8 1
c = speed of light, 3.00 x 10 m s
Nuclear Fission Process in which a heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei
Chain Reaction a self sustaining reaction in which the products of a reaction can initiate
another similar reaction
Generating Electricity can be generated from the energy released by fission reaction. A
Electricity nuclear power station consists of a nuclear reactor and a generator
Nuclear Fusion Two light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing a vast amount of
energy during the process
Exercises
1. The following equation represents the reaction that occurs in the core of the sun.
Persamaan di bawah adalah tindak balas yang berlaku diteras matahari.
(a) (i) Name the reaction that occurs.

Namakan tindak balas yang berlaku.
.
[1 mark]
(ii) State one conditions that is required for the reaction in (a) (i) to accur.
Nyatakan satu syarat yang diperlukan untuk tindak balas dalam (a) (i) berlaku.
.
[1 mark]
4
(b) (i) State the charges of 2 He
4
Nyatakan cas bagi 2 He
.
[1 mark]
4
(ii) State the number of neutron in 2 He
4
Nyatakan bilangan neutron pada 2 He .
.
[1 mark]
2. Radioisotopes Uranium-238 decays to become Thorium-234 as shown in the equation
below.
Radioisotop Uranium-238 mereput untuk menjadi Thorium-234 seperti dalam
persamaan berikut
a) i) What is mean by radioisotope?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan radioisotop?
..............................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
ii) What is radiation P?
Apakah sinar P?
..............................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
b) If the mass defect in the above radioactive decay is 3.35 10-27 kg, calculate the
energy released in joule. (speed of light, c = 3.0 x 10 8 m s 1 )
Jika cacat jisim dalam pereputan di atas ialah 3.35 10-27 kg, hitung tenaga yang
dibebaskan dalam joule. (laju cahaya, c = 3.0 x 10 8 m s 1 )
(2 marks)
c) A radioactive source which emit radiation P is placed near an electric field as shown in
Diagram 1
Satu sumber radioaktif yang memancarkan sinaran P diletakkan berdekatan medan
elektrik seperti dalam Rajah 1
Diagram 1 / Rajah 1
i) On Diagram 1, draw the path of radiation P in the electric field
Dalam rajah 3, lukiskan laluan sinaran P di dalam medan elektrik
(1 mark)
ii) Explain your answer in (c) (i)

Terangkan jawapan anda dalam (c) (i)
..............................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
3. Diagram 2 shows a system used in a factory to ensure the volume of dragon fruit juice
is uniform. (As stated on the bottle label)
Rajah 2 menunjukkan satu system yang digunakan di sebuah kilang membuat jus buah
naga untuk memastikan ketepatan isipadu yang yang diisi.(seperti dicatat dalam label
perekat)
Diagram 2 / Rajah 2
The radioactive source, radiation detector and counter are used to detect the volume of dragon
fruit juice. The radioactive source contains a radioisotope. particle is radiated
Sumber radioaktif, pengesan sinaran dan pembilang digunakan untuk mengesan isipadu jus
buah naga. Sumber radioaktif itu mengandungi radioisotop. Zarah dipancarkan.
a) What is meant by a radioisotope?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan radioisotop?

[1 mark]
b) i) What is a particle?
Apakah sebenarnya zarah ?

[1 mark]
ii) State one detector suitable used for this purpose.
Nyatakan satu alat pengesan yang sesuai digunakan untuk tujuan ini.

[1 mark]
c) Explain why the following radiation is not used.

Terangkan mengapa sinaran berikut tidak menggunakan
i) particle / zarah
.
[1 mark]
ii) particle / zarah
.
[1 mark]
d) What is the container used to keep the radioactive source?

Bekas apakah yang digunakan untuk menyimpan sumber radioaktif.
.
[1 mark]
e) Table 8 shows reading of the rate meter for 6 bottles through detector and radioactive
source ?
Jadual 8 menunjukkan bacaan meter kadar bagi 6 botol yang melalui pengesan dan
sumber radioaktif
Bottle/Botol A B C D E F
Rate meter reading
Bacaan meter kadar
464 468 467 462 568 470
(count per minute)
(Bilangan per minit)
i) Which bottle shows least volume of juice?

Botol yang manakah menunjukkan isipadu yang tidak cukup?
.
[1 mark]
ii) State your reason for the answer in 3(e)(i).
Nyatakan sebab jawapan anda di 3(e)(i).
.
.
[1 mark]
f) Now, all the bottles and radioactive sources are removed.

Sekarang, semua botol dan sumber radioaktif dikeluarkan.
i) What can you observe at the rate meter reading?

Apakah yang dapat diperhatikan pada bacaan meter kadar?
.
[1 mark]
ii) State your reason for the answer in 3(f)(i).

Nyatakan sebab jawapan anda di 3(f)(i).
.
.
[1 mark]
4. Diagram 3 and 4 below show the rate of decay of radioactive Xenon-133 & Iodine-131
respectively
Rajah 3 dan 4 masing-masing menunjukkan kadar penyusutan radioaktif Xenon-133 &
Iodine-131
Diagram 3 / Rajah 3
Diagram 4 / Rajah 4
5. Radioactive material has some important uses in the field of agriculture such as to
study the effectiveness of fertilizers and control the population of pests.
Bahan radioaktif mempunyai beberapa kegunaan penting dalam bidang pertanian
seperti mengkaji keberkesanan baja dan pengawalan populasi serangga.
(a) A researcher conducted an investigation using posphorus-32 to study the absorption

and movement of fertilizers in the plant. Diagram 5 shows how radioisotope
posphorus-32 is injected to the stem of the plant. The half-life of posphorus-32 is 14
days and emits -particles.
Seorang penyelidik telah menjalankan satu penyiasatan menggunakan

fosforus-32 untuk mengkaji penyerapan dan pergerakan baja dalam satu
tumbuhan .Rajah 5 menunjukkan bagaimana fosforus-32 disuntik kedalam batang
tumbuhan itu. Separuh hayatbagi fosforus-32 ialah 14 hari dan
memancarkan zarah- .
Diagram 5 / Rajah 5
Based on the information on radioactivity and Diagram 5 :
Berdasarkan maklumat dalam keradioakifan dan Rajah 5:
(i) What is meant by half life?
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan separuh hayat?
[1 mark]
(ii) What is -particles.
Apakah zarah- .
[1 mark]
(iii) Name the most suitable detector could be used to detect -particles.
Namakan satu alat pengesan yang paling sesuai digunakan untuk mengesan
zarah- .
[1 marks]
(b) The initial posphorus-32 activity is 800 counts per second.
Calculate the time taken for the phosphorus-32 activity to decrease to 50 counts per
second.
Keaktifan awal fosforus-32 ialah 800 bilangan per saat.
Hitung masa yang diambil untuk keaktifan fosforus-32 berkurang menjadi 50 bilangan
per saat.
[2 marks]
(c) The population of pests can be controlled using radiation from radioactive source.
You are assigned to study the characteristics of some radioisotopes that are suitable for
use in controlling the population of pests.
Table 12.2 shows the characteristics of four radioisotopes.
Populasi serangga dapat dikawal dengan menggunakan sinaran radioaktif dari satu
sumber radioaktif.
Anda ditugaskan untuk mengkaji ciri-ciri bagi beberapa radioisotope yang sesuai
untuk digunakan dalam mengawal populasi serangga.
Jadual 12.2 menunjukkan ciri-ciri bagi empat radioisotop.
Characteristics of radioisotope
Radioisotope Ciri-ciri radioisotop
Radioisotope State of matter Types of ray Half-life
Keadaan jirim Jenis sinar Separuh hayat
Iodine-131 Liquid Gamma 8 days
Iodin-131 Cecair Gama 8 hari
Xenon-133 Solid Beta 5 days
Xenon-133 pepejal Beta 5 hari
Cobalt-60 Solid Gamma 5 years
Kobalt-60 Pepejal Gama 5 tahun
Strontium-90 liquid Beta 8 years
Strontium-90 cecair Beta 8 tahun
Table 12.2 / Jadual 12.2
Explain the suitability of the characteristics of the radioisotope to be used in the controlling
the population of pests based on the following aspects:
Terangkan kesesuian ciri-ciri radioisotope untuk digunakan dalam mengawal populasi
serangga berdasarkan aspek-aspek berikut:
- State of matter
Keadaan jirim
- Types of ray
Jenis sinar
- Half-life
Separuh hayat
Determine the most suitable radioisotope to be used and give the reason for your choice.
Tentukan radioisotope yang paling sesuai digunakan dan beri sebab bagi pilihan anda.
[8 marks]
d) The following equation shows a fission reaction of Uranium-235.

Persamaan berikut menunjukkan satu persamaan tindakbalas pembelahan nukleus
Uranium-235.
(i) What is meant by a nuclear fission?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan pembelahan nucleus?
[1 mark]
(ii) Nuclear fission produces a chain reaction.

Describe how the chain reaction occurs in a nuclear fission of an atom of Uranium-
235.
Pembelahan nukleus menghasilkan tindakbalas berantai. Huraikan bagaimana
tindakbalas berantai berlaku dalam pembelahan satu atom uranium-235.
[4 marks]
(iii) The nuclear energy produced in the fission reaction of uranium-235 is

2.9 x 10-11 J. Calculate the total lost of mass in the reaction. [ c = 3.0 x 108 ms-1]
Tenaga nuklear yang dihasilkan dalam tindakbalas pembelahan itu ialah
2.9 x 10-11 J. Hitungkan jumlah kehilangan jisim dalam tindakbalas itu
[ c = 3.0 x 108 ms-1]
[2 marks]
Marking Scheme
No Answer Mark
1 a i Nuclear Fusion 1
ii High temperature 1
b i Positive ( +ve ) 1
ii 2 1
4
2 a i Unstable isotopes which decay and give out radioactive 1
emissions
ii Alpha particle 1
b E = mc2
= 3.35 10-27 (3.0 x 10 8 )2 1
= 3.02 10-10 J 1
c i
1
ii An alpha particles is positively charged 1

6
3 a Unstable isotopes which decay and give out radioactive 1
emissions
b i Electron 1
ii G-M tube 1
c i not strong enough to pass through the juice 1
ii will not stop by the juice 1
d Lead container 1
e i E 1
ii the most radioactive emission pass through the juice 1
f i there is still show a reading 1
ii because of the back ground reading 1
10
4 a i A process where an unstable nucleus becomes stable 1
with the emitting of radioactive ray
ii - Curve shape is the same / exponential 1
- The activity reduces with time 1
- The activity reduces faster in Diagram 10.2 1
- The time for the activity to become half of the original 1
activity is more for diagram 10.2
- Half-life T1/2 1
b - The power of ionisation is high 1
- so it will effect the human body 1
- The power of penetration is low 1
- so that it cannot be detected by detector 1
c i
Gamma - The power of penetration is high
- The power of ionisation is low 2
use MRI / X- - Identify the position of cancer cells
ray conectly 2
point out to the - To avoid other living cells from
target being destroyed 2
accurately
Suitable dose - If high dose, other cells will destroy
- If low dose not all the cancer cells 2
will be destroyed
Time of To prevent other healthy cells from
exposure is not destroy 2
too long
20
5 a i The time taken for half of nucleus radioactive material to 1
decay
ii Fast moving electron / electron 1
iii Geiger-Muller tube 1
b 800 -----> 400 -----> 200 -----> 100 -----> 50 1
14 days 14 days 14 days 14 days
4 x 14 days / 64 days 1
c
solid Easier to handled 2
gamma-ray Penetrating power is high 2
Long half-life Last longer 2
Cobalt-60 1
Because the state of matter is solid, emits gamma-ray and 1
long half-life
d i The process of breaking up of on heavy nucleus into lighter 1
nucleus.
ii - Neutron bombarded a uranium nucleus // Diagram 1
- Three neutrons produced // Diagram 1
- The new neutron bombarded a new uranium nucleus // 1
Diagram
- For every reaction, the neutrons produced will generate a 1
chain reaction // Diagram
iii E = mc2
-11
2.9 x 10 = m x (3.0 x 108)2 1
m = 3.22 x 10-28 kg 1
20
CRITICAL TOPIC
TOPIC 6 : ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY
Electric field Charge flow
Potential difference Electric current
Electrical energy
Electromotive
Ohms Law force
Power
Resistance Internal
resistance
Power rating Efficient use of energy
Series circuit Parallel circuit
1
7.1 Electric current
1. The rate of flow of electric charge
Q
2. Current, I = charge, Q , unit : Ampere (A)
time, t I t
3. Measure by ammeter in series circuit.
4. Activity :-
(i) To investigate the relationship between electric charges and electric current.
Procedure Observation
Bring finger close to the dome of the Feel a brief electric shock
generator.
(ii) To study the electric field around metal electrodes
_
+
Procedure: Observation
1. Two plane electrodes connected to the
terminals of an EHT power supply are
dipped into a dish of castor oil. and some
semolina grains is sprinkled on the
surface
2
(iii) Ping pong ball
X Y
1. When switched on, plate X is positively

charged and plate Y is negatively charged.
2. When the ping-pong ball touches the

Switch on the EHT power positively charged plate X, the ball receives
supply and charge the ping-pong positive charges , then pushed to negatively
ball by contact with one of the charged plate Y.
electrodes
3. When the ball touches plate Y, the positive
charges are neutral by the negative charges.
The ball then negatively charged and repels
toward plate X. The process is repeated and
the ball oscillate to and fro between the two
metal plates X and Y.
3
(iv) Candle flame
To investigate the effect of an

Electric field on a Candle
Flame
The bigger portion of the flame is attracted towards the

negative plate as the mass of the positive ions is larger than
of the negative ions.
4
Potential Difference
1. The potential difference, V, is defined as the work done when 1 C of charge moves
between two points in an electric field.
2. Potential difference, V = Work done, W or V = Energy,E W
Charge, Q Charge,Q
3. SI unit is Volt (V) V Q
1 Volt = 1 joule per coulomb.
3. It can be measured using a voltmeter.

Voltmeters must always be connected in parallel between the points concerned.
4. The greater the potential difference or voltage, the greater the current flow.
Ohms Law
1. The electric current, I flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference across it if the temperature are constant.
From Ohms Law,
V I
2. The resistance (R) of a conductor is defined as the ratio of the potential

difference (V) across the conductor to the current (I) flowing through it.
R = V V
I
I R
-1
unit = VA = ohm,
5
4. Disadvantage of resistance
Resistance causes some of the electrical energy to turn into heat , so some electrical
energy is lost along the way if we are trying to transmit electricity from one place to
another through conductor.
5. Advantage of resistance
It is resistance that allows us to use electricity for heat and light. In a light bulb, the
current flowing through a resistance filament causes it to become hot and then glow.
6. The factors that effect the resistance, R
(i) length [R is directly proportional to its length, l ]
(ii) cross sectional area, A [R is inversely proportional to A]
(iii) material it is made from.

V
nichrome
constantan
copper
Silver
(iv). temperature [R is increases with temperature]

R
6
SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS
Series Circuit
1. In a series circuit, two or more resistors are connected one end after another to form a
single path for current flow.
2. The bulbs share the potential difference from the battery, so each glows dimly.
3. If one bulb is removed, the other goes out because the circuit is broken.
Parallel circuits
1. All the components are connected with their corresponding ends joined together to form
separate and parallel paths for current flow.
2. Each bulb gets the full potential difference from the battery because each is connected
directly to it. So each bulb glows brightly.
3. The brightness of each bulb in a parallel circuit is brighter than those in a series circuit
with the same number of bulbs.
4. If one bulb is removed, the other keeps working because it is still part of an unbroken
circuit.
7
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE AND INTERNAL RESISTANCE
1. The electromotive force, E (e.m.f.) is defined as the work done by a source in driving
one coulomb of charge around a complete circuit.
-1
Unit of e.m.f. is the volt, V = J C
2. The voltage label on a battery or cell indicates its e.m.f .

(i) The label 1.5 V on a dry cell indicates the e.m.f. of the cell is 1.5 V.
(ii) A cell has an e.m.f. of 1.5 V if a flow of 1 C of charge produces 1.5 J of electrical
energy to the whole circuit.
3. Compare e.m.f. and potential difference
1.5V
switch
Open circuit ( switch off) Closed circuit (switch on)

No current flows through the circuit Current flows through the circuit
The voltmeter reading is 1.5 V. The reading of the voltmeter will drop a
e.m.f. = 1.5 V little if a bulb is connected in series to the
cell.
switch
This drop in potential difference across the
cell is caused by the internal resistance of
the cell.
If the voltmeter reading is 1.2 V, then the
potential difference across the lamp = 1.2 V.
E = E.m.f of the cell

V = Potential different the external
circuit
Ir = Drop in P.d. inside the cell
Ir = E V
E = V + Ir
E = IR + Ir
8
ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND POWER
1. Electrical energy is defined as the ability of the electric current to do work.
2. It is supplied by a source of electricity such as cell or battery when current flows in a

closed circuit.
3. It can be converted by an electrical appliance into other forms of energy such as heat,
light, mechanical when current flows in it.
4. The potential difference, V across two points is defined as the energy, E dissipated or
transferred by 1 C of charge, Q that moves through the two points.
V=E
Q
(i) E = VQ [ From V=IR]

(ii) E = VIt
(iii) E = IR(It)
E = I2Rt
(iv) E = V2 t
R [The unit of electrical energy is Joule, J ]
5. Power is the rate of electrical energy dissipated or transferred.

-1
Unit = J s = Watt = W
Power = Energy
Time
P=E
t
P = VIt (i) P = VI
t
(ii) P = I2R
(iii) P = V2
9
6. An electrical kettle which is marked 240 V 1500 W means that the electric kettle will
consume 1500 J of electrical energy every 1 second if it is connected to the 240 V.
7. The amount of electrical energy consumed in a given time:
Energy consumed = Power rating x time
E= Pt
8. The larger the power rating in the electrical appliance, the higher energy is used for
every second.
9. The longer the usage time, the higher electrical energy is consumed.
10. 1 kilowatt-hour represents the amount of energy consumed in 1 hour by an

electrical appliance at the rate of 1 kilowatt.
1 kWh = 1 unit energy
11. Efficiency is a percentage of the output power to the input power.
Efficiency = Energy output x 100% = Output power x 100%

Energy input Input power
The efficiency of an electrical appliance is always less than 100% as some energy is lost in
the form of heat and sound.
12. Several ways to increase energy efficiency includes:
(i) Use more energy efficient lightings

Replace regular incandescent (filament) light bulbs with compact fluorescent
light bulbs.
(ii) Proper utilization of all electrical appliances

Run your washing machine only when it is fully loaded & Iron your clothes
only when you have at least a few pieces to iron.
Regular cleaning of air filters in air-condition units and clothes dryers.
Defrost refrigerators regularly
10
13. A fuse is a short piece of thin wire which overheats and melts if current of more
than a certain value flows through it.
If a short circuit develops in the appliance, a current which is too high will flow.
The fuse will melt and prevents overheating of the wire that can cause a fire.
14. Three-pin plug

Live wire, L (brown). A current flows through the circuit
Neutral wire, N (blue). It is a zero potential difference.
Earth wire, E (green)
15. Safety wire which connects the metal body of the appliance to earth. If a live wire
touches the metal body of appliance, a large current would immediately flow to the
earth and breaks the fuse. This will prevent a person from electrocution.
11
TOPIC 8 : ELECTROMAGNETISM
ELECTROMAGNETISM
8.1 Analysing the Magnetos Effect of a Current-carrying Conductor
1. An electromagnet is made by winding a coil of insulated wire round a sof iron

core where is becomes magnetised when a current flows.
2. The pattern of the magnetic field due to a current depend on the shape of
conductor while the direction of the magnetos field depends on the direction of
the current.
Right-hand Grip Rule

Direction of megnetic field
Current direction
8.2 Understanding the Force on a Current-carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
1. A magnetic force is exerted on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.

2. The direction of magnetic force can be determined by Flemings left-hand rule.
Intergrated field Force Thumb ( Thrust force )

First Finger ( Field )
S
N S Centre Finger ( Current )
Flemings left-hand rule.
3. The magnitude of the magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor depend on

the size of the current and the strength of the magnetic field.
4. A current-carying coil in a magnetic field will experience a turning effect due to
the action of a pair of magnetic forces.
Student Module 1
5. The magnitude of the turning effect depends on the size of the current, the number
of turn of the coil.
6. There are two types of electric motor, the direct curren motor and the alternating
current motor.
Coil Coil
U S U S
Carbon Carbon
commutator
brush brush
commutator

DC motor AC motor
8.3 Analysing Electromagnetic Induction.
1. An electromotive force is induced in a conductor when there is a relative motion

that causes the conductor to cut the magnetic field lines.
2. Faradays law status that the magnitude of the induced current is directly
proportional to the rate of change or the rate of cutting of the magnetic flux.
3. Lenzs law status that the direction of the induced current is such that the change
producing it will be opposed.
4. The direction of the induced current can be determined by Flemings righ-hand

rules.
5. There are two types of generator, the direct current generator and the alternating
current generator.
6. A direct current flows in one direction only.
7. The direction and magnitude of an alternating current changes with time.
Student Module 2
DC generador AC generator
8.4 Analysing Transformer.
1. A transformer changes the magnitude of an alternating current voltage.
Laminating soft iron core
Primary coil, Np secondary coil, Ns
Primary voltage, Vp secondary voltage, Vs

[input voltage] [output voltage]
Vs N p
Symbol of transformer: Vp Vs Transformer equation :
Vp N s
Np Ns
2. A step-up transformer supplies an output voltage that is higher than the input
voltage.
3. A step-down transformer supplies an output voltage that is lower than the input
voltage.
8.5 Understanding the generation and tranmission of ekectricity.
1. Elctricity can be generated from various sources of energy Duch as fsil fuel,
nuclear, hydro, wind and solar.
2. Electricity is transmitted through the National Grid Network system.
3. Electricity is transmitted at very high voltage to reduce energy loss.
4. Renewable energy sources such as biomasas, hydro, wind and solar are
replaceable.
5. Non-renewable energy sources such as oil, diesel, natural gas and coal are not
replaceable.
Student Module 3
Answer of exercises for critical topic.
Topic 6 : Waves
Section A : Master the concept
1. (a) 0.5 m (b) 0.4 s (c) 2.5 Hz
2. (a) 1.0 m (b) 1.0 m (c) 50 ms-1
3. direction of propagation of incident waves
i
r
Direction of propagation
of reflected waves Normal
4.
Normal
r
5.
6.
Bead State of motion Type of interference
W Trough & trough Constructive
X Trough & crest desructive
Y Crest & crest constructive
Z Trough & crest Destructive
7. A : radio waves B : microwaves C : Infrared D : visible light

E : Ultra violet F : X-rays G : Gamma rays
8. YZ
Student Module 1
9. i) 2 ii) 4
10. 5.0 x 10-8 m
Section B : Objectif question
1. C 2. B 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. A 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. C
Section C : Structure Question
1. (a) (i) 25 times

(ii) 25 x 40 = 1000 Hz
(b) (i) Reflection
(ii) 1000 Hz
(iii) same with initial sound waves
2. (a) Light waves move faster

(b) Light waves : transverse waves , Sound waves : longitudinal waves
(c) Light waves
3. (a)
(b) (i) speed : decrease

(ii) wavelength : decrease (because v = f , f : unchanged & v decrease)
(c) 1. decrease the angle of refraction

2. decrease the distance between two wavefront ( )
Section D : Essay
1. (a) (i) Waves that occurs when it strike the obstacle.

(ii) - i = r
- of incident wave = of refracted waves
- f of incident wave = f of refracted waves
- v of incident wave = v of refracted waves
- Direction of incident wave is change
(iii) - transmit the ultrasound with known velocity to the seabed
Student Module 2
- Take the time taken until the echo detected
- Calculate the sea depth, d by using the equation 2d = v x
(d) - Two speakers arranged distance to each others
- To get nearer position of constructive interference
- Two speakers arranged on the straight line in front of hall
- Easier to find the louder point (constructive interference) as
the audience position
- The surface of wall made by soft materials such as carpet or foam.
- To reduce the effect of reflection
- Use the parquet as the floor
- To reduce the effect of reflection
- Use powerful loud speaker
- To get a good effect of sound and reduce the rate of energy lost.
2. a) i) Two waves that have same phase or same different phase // same
frequency and amplitude.
ii) - a for both diagram 2.1 and 2.2 are same
- D for both diagram 2.1 and 2.2 are same
- diagram 2.1 greater
- x diagram 2.1 greater
- the grater the the grater the x
b) 1. There are two coherent sources placed far to each others, then
produced the good effect of interference.
2. The student walks far from the sources, to hear the effect of constructive
interference and destructive interference.
3. The student hears 4 time of constructive interference as the louder sound.
4. Soft sounds are the destructive interference occurs in between the constructive
interference.
c) i) - The phenomenon of refraction occurs when the water becomes shallower.

- There are some normal line produced, depend on the shape of coastline.
- The refracted angle produce based on normal line and the change of the
depth of water.
- The direction of propagation will change based on how it refract due to the
shape of coastline.
ii) - Build slanting barrier to reduce speed of wave

- Build the rough barrier to reduce reflection of the waves
- Build the new jetty at the bay because the water is calm at the bay
- Build the small opening surround the bay because diffraction happens at
the opening
- Build the barrier at the bay because the wave is spread according to the
shape of the bay
Student Module 3

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TOPIC 2 : FORCE AND MOTION

FORCE AND MOTION

Linear Motion Inertia Force in Work

Distance Newtons first W=Fs

- increasing velocity - decreasing velocity

Displacement time graph

Velocity time graph

Momentum Momentum, p = mass, m x velocity, v SI unit= kg m s-1

Before collision After collision

Force Force, F = mass, m X acceleration, a SI unit= Newton, N

Impulsive force F = mv mu , SI unit= Newton, N

Safety features in - Air bags

Elastic potential energy E=kx2

Diagram 1 (a) Diagram 1 (b)

a) What is mean by impulse ?

a) When a load is attached to the spring

(a) Observe Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2.

(i) Compare the distance traveled by the javelin from A to B.

Question no. Suggested answer Mark

- Hydraulic Brake - Bunsen Burner

a) What is meant by pressure?

c) Explain why a bulldozer uses broad tyres

(a) Name the principle used in the hydraulic jack.

3. Diagram 3 shows a cross-section of a Bunsen burner

ii) Which region X, Y or Z, experiences low pressure

c) Explain how a Bunsen burner can produced blue flame

d) State another application that is related to the Physicss principle in (a)(i)

a) What is mean by buoyant force ?

Propane tanks Basket

- the number of burner used

- the type of basket used to carry the passenger.

Explain the suitability of the aspects. Justify your choice.

Based on the above information and observation:

(a) State one suitable inference.

(b) State one suitable hypothesis .

In your description, state clearly the following :

i. Aim of the experiment .

ii. Variables in the experiment.

iii. List of apparatus and materials.

vi. The way you would tabulate the data.

vii. The way you would analyse the data.

No. Answer Mark

S because the material of envelope is nylon, large size of the envelope,

d i Weight of air = 0.8 X 1200 X 10 = 9600 N 2

v i) The measuring cylinder is completely filled with water.

Heat capacity Specific latent Gas laws and

Heating and cooling curves

thermometr ic property at - thermometr ic property at ice point

heat to change substance from solid to liquid

heat to change substance from liquid to gas

A temperature-time graph representing heating process. At A, the substance heated is in the

Temperature, /oC Important notes:

a) Boyles law: PV = constant provided mass and temperature is kept constant.

Graphs of gases obeying Boyles law.

State whether the following statements are true or false.

a) Heat is a form of energy. (true / false)

State whether the following statements are true or false.

State whether the following statements are true or false.

1) The S.I. unit of heat energy is

2) Heat is stored in a body as

3) Two bodies P and Q are in thermal contact. The temperature of P is higher.

4) Thermal equilibrium between two bodies is reached when

5) The sensitivity of a mercury in glass thermometer can be increased by