Wilhelm Wundt was a German psychologist who

is generally referred to as the founder of modern

psychology. He established the very first
psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879,
widely recognized as the formal establishment of
psychology as a science distinct from biology and
philosopher.Among his many distinctions, Wundt
was the very first person to refer to himself as a
psychologist. He is often associated with the
school of thought known as structuralism,
although it was his student Edward B.
Titchener who was truly responsible for the formation of that school of psychology.
Wundt also developed a research technique known as introspection, in which highly
trained observers would study and report the content of their own thoughts

Wilhelm Wundt's Career in Psychology

Wilhelm Wundt graduated from the University of Heidelberg with a degree in medicine.
He went on to study briefly with Johannes Muller and later with the physicist Hermann
von Helmholtz. Wundt's work with these two individuals is thought to have heavily
influenced his later work in experimental psychology.Wundt later wrote the Principles of
Physiological Psychology (1874), which helped establish experimental procedures in
psychological research.After taking a position at the University of Liepzig, Wundt founded
the first of only two experimental psychology labs in existence at that time. (Although a
third lab already existed - William James established a lab at Harvard, which was focused
on offering teaching demonstrations rather than experimentation.G. Stanley
Hall founded the first American experimental psychology lab at John Hopkins
University).Wundt is often associated with the theoretical perspective known as
structuralism, which involves describing the structures that compose the mind.
Structuralism is regarded as the very first school of thought in psychology. He believed
that psychology was the science of conscious experience and that trained observers could
accurately describe thoughts, feelings, and emotions through a process known as
introspection.However, Wundt made a clear distinction between introspection, which he
believed was inaccurate, and internal perception. According to Wundt, internal
perception.
 William James was a 19th century philosopher and
psychologist who is widely regarded as the founder of
American psychology. William James was born on
January 11, 1842, at the Astor House in New York City.
He was born into an extremely intellectually gifted
family and was educated in Europe and the United
States. He expressed an early interest in art and
wanted to pursue a career in painting. Against his
father's wishes, he studied with William Morris Hunt
for a year, before he abandoned art in favor of
science.James began the study of chemistry at
Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard University in
1861. After a few years, he elected to study medicine
at Harvard Medical School, where he continued to study off and on over several years,
between sabbaticals and illnesses, including a bout of major depression. James completed his
medical degree in 1869. Eventually, James decided to pursue a career in psychology and
philosophy.James joined the staff at Harvard in 1872 as a physiology instructor. Throughout his
long academic career there, James also served as a professor of psychology and a professor of
philosophy. In addition, he was part of a discussion group called The Metaphysical Club, whose
members included Oliver Wendell Holmes and Charles Pierce. James stayed at Harvard for
most of his career, retiring in 1907.James's brother, Henry James, was a highly influential
novelist. William James died in 1910.
Contribution to Psychology

James's book, Principles of Psychology, has had far reaching impacts on the field of psychology.
The massive 1200 page book was published in two separate volumes, and took more than a
decade to complete. Two years after its publication, an abridged version, Psychology: The
Briefer Course, was released. In these books, James defined beliefs as those ideals that serve a
purpose to the believer. He developed a theory of truth that states that a truth is legitimate if
the statements are in line with theories or things, but the truth must also fit cohesively
together in order to be considered verifiable.In collaboration with Carle Lange, James
developed the James-Lange theory of emotion. This theory argues that emotions are
physiological reactions. When people experience an event, the event causes physiological
changes, and these changes act as cues for emotion. For example, the body of a person in
danger initiates the fight or flight reaction, which elevates heart rate and blood pressure. The
person then feels afraid based upon these physiological experiences.

James remains a widely read philosopher, and his theories on pragmatism have contributed
both to the field of psychology and philosophy. According to James's pragmatism, the value of
an idea is dependent upon its usefulness in the practical world rather than its absolute truth.
 Max Wertheimer was born in Prague,
Czechoslovakia during the late 1800s. His father
was an educator and served as the director of a
local school in addition to teaching. Wertheimer
originally studied law at university, but soon
switched to philosophy and psychology.In 1904,
he graduated summa cum laude with a
doctorate degree from the University of
Wurzburg. After observing how flashing lights at
a train station created the illusion of movement,
he became increasingly interested in the study
of perception. While at the University of
Frankfurt's Psychological Institute, he began to
work with two assistants named Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Koffka. The three men
became lifelong colleagues and would go on to form the school of thought known as
Gestalt psychology.After working as a professor at the University of Frankfurt for several
years, he immigrated to the United States in 1933. He then began teaching at the New
School for Social Research in New York City and continued to work there over the next
decade.On October 12, 1943, Wertheimer suffered a fatal coronary embolism at his
home in New York. Many people attended a memorial service held in his honor at the
New School several weeks after his death, including Albert Einstein.

Contributions to Psychology
As one of the three founders of Gestalt psychology, Wertheimer had an enormous
influence on other areas including sensation and perception as well as experimental
psychology.In 1946, psychologist Solomon Asch wrote that the "...thinking of Max
Wertheimer has penetrated into nearly every region of psychological inquiry and has left
a permanent impress on the minds of psychologists and on their daily work. The
consequences have been far-reaching in the work of the last three decades, and are likely
to expand in the future."Gestalt psychology formed partly as a reaction to the atomism
of the structuralist school of thought. Unlike structuralism, which focused on breaking
down mental processes into their smallest possible parts, Gestalt psychology took a
holistic approach. According to the Gestalt thinkers, the whole is greater than the sum of
the parts.From this school of thought emerged the Gestalt laws of perceptual
organization. This set of perceptual principles explains how smaller objects are grouped
together to form larger ones.
 Sigmund Freud was an
Austrian neurologist who is
perhaps most known as the
founder of psychoanalysis.
Freud's developed a set of
therapeutic techniques
centered on talk therapy that
involved the use of strategies
such as transference, free
association, and dream interpretation.
Psychoanalysis became a dominating school of thought during the early years of
psychology and remains quite influential today. In addition to his influence on psychology,
Freud's ideas have permeated popular culture and concepts such as denial, Freudian slips,
the unconscious, wish fulfillment, and the ego are even commonly used in everyday
language.
Sigmund Freud Was Best-Known For:
Founder of psychoanalysis.
Theory of Psychosexual Development
The Id, Ego, and Superego
Dream interpretation
Free association.

Contributions to Psychology:
Regardless of the perception of Sigmund Freuds theories, there is no question that he
had an enormous impact on the field of psychology.
His work supported the belief that not all mental illnesses have physiological causes and
he also offered evidence that cultural differences have an impact on psychology and
behavior. His work and writings contributed to our understanding of personality, clinical
psychology, human development, and abnormal psychology.
 John B. Watson grew up in South Carolina. While
he later described himself as a poor student, he
entered Furman University at the age of 16. After
graduating five years later with a master's degree,
he began studying psychology at the University of
Chicago. Watson earned his Ph.D. in psychology in
1903. Watson began teaching psychology at John
Hopkins University in 1908. In 1913, he gave a
seminal lecture at Columbia University
titled Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, which
essentially detailed the behaviorist position.
According to John Watson, psychology should be
the science of observable behavior. "Psychology as
the behaviorist views it is a purely objective
experimental branch of natural science.
Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no
essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the
readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness,"
he explained (1913).
Achievements and Awards
1915 Served as the President of the American Psychological Association (APA)
1919 Published Psychology From the Standpoint of a Behaviorist
1925 Published Behaviorism
1928 Published Psychological Care of Infant and Child
1957 Received the APA's award for contributions to psychology

Contributions to Psychology

Watson set the stage for behaviorism, which soon rose to dominate psychology. While
behaviorism began to lose its hold after 1950, many of the concepts and principles are
still widely used today. Conditioning and behavior modification are still widely used in
therapy and behavioral training to help clients change problematic behaviors and
develop new skills.
 B. F. Skinner was an American psychologist best-known
for his influence on behaviorism. Skinner referred to
his own philosophy as 'radical behaviorism' and
suggested that the concept of free will was simply an
illusion. All human action, he instead believed, was
the direct result of conditioning."The consequences of
behavior determine the probability that the behavior will
occur again"

Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born and raised in the

small town of Susquehanna, Pennsylvania.His father
was a lawyer and his mother a homemaker and he
grew up with a brother who was two years his junior.
He later described his Pennsylvania childhood as
"warm and stable." As a boy, he enjoyed building and
inventing things; His younger brother Edward died at
the age of 16 due to a cerebral hemorrhage.During
high school, Skinner started to develop an interest in scientific reasoning from his
extensive study of the works of Francis Bacon. He went on to receive a B.A. in English
literature in 1926 from Hamilton College.After earning his undergraduate degree he
decided to become a writer, a period of his life that he would later refer to as the "dark
year." During this time he wrote only a few short newspaper articles and quickly grew
disillusioned with his literary talents, despite receiving some encouragement and
mentorship from the famed poet Robert Frost.While working as a clerk at a bookstore,
Skinner happened upon the works of Pavlov and Watson, which became a turning point
in his life and career.

Contributions of Psychology
Skinner was a prolific author, publishing nearly 200 articles and more than 20 books. In a
2002 survey of psychologists, he was identified as the most influential 20th-century
psychologist. While behaviorism is no longer a dominant school of thought, his work in
operant conditioning remains vital today. Mental health professionals often utilize
operant techniques when working with clients, teachers frequently use reinforcement
and punishment to shape behavior in the classroom, and animal trainers rely heavily on
these techniques to train dogs and other animals. Skinner's remarkable legacy has left
both a lasting mark on psychology and numerous other fields ranging from philosophy to
education.
 Abraham Maslow grew up in
Brooklyn, New York, the first of
seven children born to his Jewish
parents who emigrated from Russia.
Maslow later described his early
childhood as unhappy and lonely,
and he spent much of his time in the
library immersed in
books.Eventually, Maslow went on
to study law at City College of New
York (CCNY) and married his first
cousin Bertha Goodman.
He later switched to the University of Wisconsin where he developed an interested in
psychology and found a mentor in psychologist Harry Harlow who served as his doctoral
advisor. Maslow earned all three of his degrees in psychology from the University of
Wisconsin: a bachelor's degree in 1930, a master's degree in 1931 and a doctorate in
1934. Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggested that people have a number of needs, and
as these needs are met they are able to go on to pursue other needs.
The needs at the base of his hierarchy are more basic in nature, gradually moving up into
more social, emotional and self-actualizing needs as one moves up the hierarchy.
Learn more about Abraham Maslow including his life, theories, work and influence on
psychology."The story of the human race is the story of men and women selling
themselves short." Abraham Maslow.
Contributions to Psychology
At a time when most psychologists focused aspects of human nature that were
considered abnormal, Abraham Maslow shifted focus to look at the positive sides of
mental health. His interest in human potential, seeking peak experiences and improving
mental health by seeking personal growth had a lasting influence on psychology.
While Maslows work fell out of favor with many academic psychologists and some
suggest his hierarchy might be due for an update, his theories are enjoying a resurgence
due to the rising interest in positive psychology.
 Albert Bandura is an influential social cognitive
psychologist who is perhaps best-known for his
social learning theory, the concept of self-efficacy
and his famous Bobo doll experiments. He is a
Professor Emeritus at Stanford University and is
widely regarded as one of the greatest living
psychologists. One 2002 survey ranked him as the
fourth most influential psychologist of the
twentieth century, behind only B.F.
Skinner, Sigmund Freud, and Jean Piaget. He was
also ranked as the most cited living psychologist.
"People with high assurance in their capabilities
approach difficult tasks as challenges to be
mastered rather than as threats to be avoided."
--Albert Bandura
Albert Bandura was born December 4, 1925.
1949 Graduated from the University of
British Columbia with a degree in Psychology.
1952 Received his Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from the University of Iowa.
1953 Began teaching at Stanford University.
1974 Served as President of the APA.
1980 Received the APAs Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions.
2004 - Outstanding Lifetime Contribution to Psychology, American Psychological
Association.
Tourism 31.5
Planning and development

international

World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) at World Tourism Organization (UNWTO).

July 5 at 9:23pm

#UNWTO Video Competition!

It is our pleasure to inform you that UNWTO is officially launching the second edition of the UNWTO Tourism Video
Competition on the occasion of the 22nd Session of the UNWTO General Assembly in Chengdu, China. #UNWTOGAChina
The competition will award outstanding country promotional videos, recognizing the importance of multimedia in marketing
tourism destinations.
Chengdu, China 11-16 september 2017

Click here for the competition guidelines:

World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

Madrid, Spain

Kick-off of the 2017 Edition of the #UNWTO Practicum today in Madrid. #UNWTO Secretary-General Taleb Rifai meets the
#UNWTO Practicum participants followed by the welcoming by #UNWTO Executive Director Marcio Favilla.
national
OFFICIAL STATEMENT ON THE PHILIPPINE STAR REPORT
DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM
This is to clarify that the proposed travel to Iceland and Norway is a legitimate program
which is in compliance with the requirements of R.A. 9593 and R.A. 7192 otherwise
known as Gender Awareness Development (GAD), and is done in coordination with
the House of Representatives. Contrary to a Philippine Star report (11 July 2017),
Department of Tourism (DOT) Secretary Wanda Tulfo-Teo is not one of the intended
participants in the bench-marking activity in leading countries to enlighten us to
formulate and implement policies that will empower women and promote gender
equality. No airline booking has been made for either for Secretary Teo or for any
member of her staff. Neither the four House representatives, along with four House
secretariat employees, have been booked for the proposed GAD activity.

TRAVEL: Visitors to the Sohoton Caves & Natural Bridge Natural Park in Basey, Samar
can explore a cave network, a palm tree-lined river, limestone outcrops and a primeval
forest. A perfect trek for an "off the grid" experience for those wishing to commune
with nature. #itsmorefuninthephilippines#samar #visayas #philippines #sohotoncaves
regional

Department of Tourism Region 6 Office.

Meeting with Atty. Helen J. Catalbas,

Tourism Regional Director together with
Iloilo Tourism Officers Association(ITOA)
and ATOP National Officers

Dream Believe Connect, Inc

Iloilo City
27 Mar 2017. DBC and Iloilo Business Club's Executive Director, Ms. Lea Lara meet with
the Department of Tourism-Region VI to present its advocacy and the 2nd Iloilo
Dreamers Camp. Thank you Director Helen Catalbas Dot Region VI for the support!
Sub national

Capiz Tourism and Cultural Affairs

Members of Department of Tourism - Philippines - Philippine Commission on Sports "SCUBA" Diving
(DOT-PCSSD) together withCapiz Tourism and Cultural Affairs Office Department Head discuss their
plan of activities for their 4-day assessment to selected dive-sites in our Province. This is part of the
office' strengthened efforts in developing emerging tourism products aimed at positioning the
province as one of the premier destinations in the country.

Capiz Tourism and Cultural Affairs added 42 new photos.

July 4 at 2:38pm
PANAKAYON REGIONAL CULTURE AND ARTS CAMP, a gathering of cultural masters, young artist,
artisan, local officials and cultural workers
from Balete, Aklan; San Jose, Antique;
Jordan, Guimaras; Miag-ao, Iloilo and
Cuartero, Capiz.
PANAKAYON is an integrated cultural
development program in these towns of
Western Visayas intended to establish a pro-
active cultural renaissance, propelling
genuine community-based productivity and
development. It is a project of the National
Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA)
implemented by the Sigmahanon Foundation for Culture and the Arts, Inc. (SFCAI) supported by the
Provincial Government of Capiz through the Provincial Tourism and Cultural Affairs Office.