Blood Anatomy and Physiology Review

Human Anatomy, 7e (Marieb/Mitchell/Smith)
Chapter 18 Blood
18.1 Multiple Choice Questions
Figure 18.1
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.

1) Identify the letter that indicates the formed element of the blood that is packed with molecules of
hemoglobin.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 551
2) Identify the letter that indicates formed elements of the blood that are important in blood clotting.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: E
3) Identify the letter that indicates the most abundant class of leukocyte.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: B
4) Identify the letter that indicates the formed element of the blood that develops into phagocytic cells
called macrophages.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: D
5) Identify the letter that indicates the formed element of the blood that produces antibodies.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: C
Figure 18.2
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.

6) Identify the letter that indicates the fraction of leukocytes that represents lymphocytes.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: D
7) Identify the letter that indicates the fraction that of leukocytes that represents monocytes.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: E
8) Identify the letter that indicates the fraction of leukocytes that represents neutrophils.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: A
9) Identify the letter that indicates the fraction of leukocytes that represents eosinophils.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: B
10) Identify the letter that indicates the fraction of leukocytes that represents basophils.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Answer: C
11) Along with leukocytes, these contribute less than 1% of whole blood.
A) reticulocytes
B) erythrocytes
C) albumin
D) platelets
E) lymphocytes
Answer: D
12) Plasma minus clotting factors.

A) hematocrit
B) buffy coat
C) serum
D) albumin
E) myeloid
Answer: C
13) Cell fragments, also called thrombocytes, involved in clotting.

A) basophils
B) globulins
C) fibrinogen
D) albumin
E) platelets
Answer: E
14) Fraction of blood comprised by erythrocytes.

A) hematocrit
B) buffy coat
C) serum
D) albumin
E) myeloid
Answer: A
15) Blood protein that contributes osmotic pressure, keeping water from leaking out of thevessels.
A) hematocrit
B) buffy coat
C) serum
D) albumin
E) myeloid
Answer: D
16) Most abundant formed element.

A) erythrocyte
B) myeloid
C) eosinophil
D) monocyte
E) basophil
Answer: A
17) Leukocyte primarily responsible for destroying bacteria.

A) erythrocyte
B) lymphocyte
C) eosinophil
D) neutrophil
E) basophil
Answer: D
18) Seen in abundance during parasitic infection.

A) erythrocyte
B) lymphocyte
C) eosinophil
D) neutrophil
E) basophil
Answer: C
19) Cell mediator of inflammation.

A) erythrocyte
B) lymphocyte
C) eosinophil
D) neutrophil
E) basophil
Answer: E
20) Parent cell that transforms into a macrophage.

A) monocyte
B) lymphocyte
C) eosinophil
D) neutrophil
E) basophil
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 551-552
21) Produces antibodies.

A) erythrocyte
B) lymphocyte
C) eosinophil
D) neutrophil
E) basophil
Answer: B
22) Stem cell from which eosinophils and basophils develop.

A) erythrocyte
B) myeloid
C) eosinophil
D) monocyte
E) basophil
Answer: B
23) Young erythrocyte.

A) myeloid
B) eosinophil
C) reticulocyte
D) lymphoid
E) lymphocyte
Answer: C
24) Cell containing a large, dark purple-staining spherical nucleus that almost completely fills the cell
volume.
A) myeloid
B) eosinophil
C) reticulocyte
D) lymphoid
E) lymphocyte
Answer: E
25) Disorders of red blood cells can be detected by obtaining counts of these immature structures.
A) myeloid
B) eosinophil
C) reticulocyte
D) lymphoid
E) lymphocyte
Answer: C
26) Hematocrit measures the percentage of blood volume that consists of

A) neutrophils.
B) erythrocytes.
C) platelets.
D) plasma.
Answer: B
27) The most common formed elements in the blood are

A) leukocytes.
B) erythrocytes.
C) platelets.
D) macrophages.
Answer: B
28) In the cell line that forms erythrocytes in red bone marrow, all of the following occur except that
A) the cytoplasm goes from basophilic (blue-staining) to eosinophilic (pink-staining).
B) the nucleus is lost.
C) hemoglobin accumulates in the cells.
D) lysosome-like granules accumulate.
Answer: D
29) Which of the following cells lack mitochondria?

A) neutrophils
B) platelets
C) basophils
D) erythrocytes
Answer: D
30) ________ is a condition in which the blood's capacity for carrying oxygen is diminished.
A) Polycythemia
B) Thrombocytopenia
C) Anemia
D) Leukemia
Answer: C
31) The unusual shape of the erythrocyte can be explained by which of the following?
A) It is the best shape for a cell that must pass through narrow capillaries.
B) It allows each cell to hold a maximum amount of hemoglobin.
C) It increases surface area for respiratory exchange across the plasma membrane.
D) It reflects the fact that erythrocytes are degenerating.
Answer: C
32) The most abundant white blood cell type is the

A) neutrophil.
B) monocyte.
C) eosinophil.
D) lymphocyte.
Answer: A
33) What is the anatomical difference between T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes?

A) T cells are larger.
B) B cells are larger.
C) B cells have a darker-staining nucleus.
D) They are structurally identical.
Answer: D
34) Which of the following is not phagocytic?

A) lymphocyte
B) neutrophil
C) eosinophil
D) basophil
Answer: A
35) Which cells fight infection by producing antibodies?

A) T lymphocytes
B) B lymphocytes
C) plasma cells
D) eosinophils
Answer: B
36) What type of white blood cell increases dramatically during parasitic infections or allergic
reactions?
A) neutrophil
B) monocyte
C) basophil
D) eosinophil
Answer: D
37) Which of the following organs does not form blood cells in the fetus?
A) liver
B) lung
C) spleen
D) yolk sac
Answer: B
38) Which white blood cells contain granules of histamine?

A) eosinophils
B) basophils
C) neutrophils
D) lymphocytes
Answer: B
39) The functions of platelets include all of the following except

A) secretion of chemicals that call more platelets to the site of injury.
B) formation of a temporary patch in the walls of damaged blood vessels.
C) release of chemical signals that trigger the immune response.
D) release of molecules that initiate clotting.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 551, 553
40) What is the difference between a thrombus and an embolus?

A) One occurs in the bloodstream, whereas the other occurs outside the bloodstream.
B) One occurs in arteries, the other in veins.
C) One is a blood clot, whereas the other is a parasitic worm.
D) A thrombus must travel to become an embolus.
Answer: D
41) Yellow bone marrow gets its color from

A) the bone trabeculae in the center of this colorless marrow.
B) the early stages of red blood cells being made there.
C) low densities of red blood cells.
D) fat cells.
Answer: D
42) Diapedesis is
A) the process by which eosinophils attack worms.
B) the ingestion of bacteria by macrophages.
C) the exit of leukocytes from capillaries.
D) amoeboid motion.
Answer: C
43) An average female has approximately ________ of blood.

A) 0.5 liter
B) 1 liter
C) 4 liters
D) 8 liters
Answer: C
44) When centrifuged, blood separates into the following sequence of layers, from lightest to
heaviest:
A) buffy coat, hematocrit, plasma.
B) buffy coat, plasma, hematocrit.
C) hematocrit, plasma, buffy coat.
D) plasma, buffy coat, hematocrit.
Answer: D
45) In adults, blood cells are manufactured in the marrow of all of the following bones except the
A) pelvis.
B) forearm bones (radius and ulna).
C) clavicle.
D) sternum.
Answer: B
46) Which of the following statements concerning the various leukocytes is false?
A) All perform diapedesis.
B) All are active in connective tissues but not in blood.
C) All fight disease.
D) All have distorted, lobed nuclei.
Answer: D
47) The precursors of neutrophils, listed in their proper order from the least to the most
differentiated cells, are:
A) band cell, myeloblast, and myelocyte.
B) metamyelocyte, myeloblast, and neutrophil.
C) myeloblast, metamyelocyte, and band cell.
D) metamyelocyte, neutrophil, and band cell.
Answer: C
48) The blood's globulins include

A) albumin.
B) antibodies.
C) fibrinogen.
D) hemoglobin.
Answer: B
49) T cells function to

A) produce antibodies.
B) destroy body cells infected with viruses.
C) respond primarily to bacteria and bacterial toxins in body fluids.
D) phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes.
Answer: B
50) Leukocytes, ordered from most to least abundant, are the

A) basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils.
B) basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils.
C) neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.
D) neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and lymphocytes.
Answer: C
51) The replacement of red bone marrow with yellow bone marrow in the limbs occurs
A) in fetal life.
B) by 2 years of age.
C) before 8 years of age.
D) between 8 and 18 years of age.
Answer: D
52) Which of the following cells develop into macrophages?

A) monocytes
B) neutrophils
C) basophils
D) lymphocytes
Answer: A
53) Which type of connective tissue occurs in the bone marrow cavity?
A) cartilage
B) loose areolar
C) dense irregular
D) reticular
Answer: D
54) The least abundant white blood cell type is the

A) monocyte.
B) eosinophil.
C) basophil.
D) lymphocyte.
Answer: C
55) If examination of the blood reveals a large number of immature leukocytes, the individual is
probably suffering from
A) anemia.
B) leukemia.
C) sickle cell disease.
D) thrombocytopenia.
Answer: B
56) Megakaryocytes
A) circulate freely in the blood.
B) give rise to platelets.
C) are small compared to erythrocytes.
D) are phagocytic.
Answer: B
57) Reticulocytes are precursors to mature

A) erythrocytes.
B) lymphocytes.
C) neutrophils.
D) basophils.
Answer: A
58) B cells fight infections by

A) acting as killer cells.
B) engulfing foreign pathogens.
C) killing off body cells.
D) producing antibodies.
Answer: D
59) The blood cell whose nucleus often resembles a telephone receiver is the
A) erythrocyte.
B) basophil.
C) eosinophil.
D) lymphocyte.
Answer: C
60) Which of the following groups of cells are most structurally related?
A) basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes
B) eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils
C) lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and basophils
D) monocytes, platelets, and macrophages
Answer: B
61) ________ is a condition in which there is an abnormal excess of erythrocytes in the blood.
A) Leukemia
B) Anemia
C) Polycythemia
D) Thrombocytopenia
Answer: C
62) All of the following cell types are derived from the same precursor cell that generates
neutrophils except the
A) blood stem cell.
B) plasma cell.
C) myeloblast.
D) myelocyte.
Answer: B
63) The formed element that is flattened, circular, lacks a nucleus, lacks mitochondria or
ribosomes, and is red because of the presence of hemoglobin is
A) an eosinophil.
B) a basophil.
C) an erythrocyte.
D) a lymphocyte.
Answer: C
64) Hemopoiesis is
A) different from hematopoiesis.
B) a disease of erythrocytes.
C) a stain for blood smears.
D) blood cell production.
Answer: D
65) The percentage of erythrocytes in a normal volume of blood is about

A) 10%.
B) 30%.
C) 45%.
D) 90%.
Answer: C
66) Which of the following does not remain in red bone marrow after hematopoiesis?
A) lymphoid stem cells
B) fat cells
C) myeloid stem cells
D) reticulocytes
Answer: D
67) Which cells are the most responsible for the rejection of a transplanted organ, such as a heart?
A) B cells
B) macrophages
C) eosinophils
D) T cells
Answer: D
68) An eosinophil can be distinguished from a basophil because the eosinophil

A) has a lobed (versus nonlobed) nucleus.
B) contains cytoplasmic granules.
C) has pink (versus dark purple) granules.
D) is smaller.
Answer: C
69) Elevated numbers of reticulocytes may indicate

A) a degenerative bone marrow disease.
B) a parasitic infection.
C) a person is adapting to life at high elevations.
D) sickle cell disease.
Answer: C
70) ________ is a condition in which there is an abnormally low concentration of platelets in the
blood.
A) Leukemia
B) Anemia
C) Polycythemia
D) Thrombocytopenia
Answer: D
71) Giant cells located just outside of marrow sinusoids are called
A) megakaryocytes.
B) monoblasts.
C) myeloblasts.
D) reticulocytes.
Answer: A
72) Together, leukocytes and platelets constitute roughly which percentage of whole blood
volume?
A) 45%
B) 55%
C) 1%
D) 10%
Answer: C
73) Which of the following is not a phase of erythropoiesis?

A) production of ribosomes
B) synthesis of hemoglobin
C) ejection of the erythrocyte's nucleus
D) production of vacuoles
Answer: D
74) Which of the following is the correct ranking of formed elements of blood by longevity (life
span), from longest-lived to shortest-lived?
A) neutrophils, basophils, erythrocytes
B) basophils, erythrocytes, eosinophils
C) erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophils
D) monocytes, neutrophils, erythrocytes
Answer: C
75) Which of the following precursors of erythrocytes are in their proper order, from least to
most differentiated?
A) proerythroblast, normocyte, reticulocyte
B) erythroblast, reticulocyte, normocyte
C) normocyte, proerythroblast, erythrocyte
D) reticulocyte, normocyte, erythroblast
Answer: A
76) Which of the following is not a committed cell in a blood cell line?
A) hemapoietic stem cell
B) proerythroblast
C) myeloblast
D) megakaryoblast
Answer: A
77) Graft-versus-host disease occurs in many marrow transplant patients because of the activity of
A) lymphocytes.
B) macrophages.
C) neutrophils.
D) platelets.
Answer: A
78) In the body, erythrocytes are red because of the oxidized iron they contain. In stained blood
smears, erythrocytes are
A) also red from iron.
B) light blue from methylene blue.
C) purple from hematoxylin stain.
D) pink from eosin.
Answer: D
79) The defining characteristic of a reticulocyte in the blood is

A) collagen (reticular) fibers.
B) dark-staining nucleus.
C) numerous endocytic vesicles.
D) dark staining masses that represent degrading ribosomes.
Answer: D
80) A plasma protein involved in blood clotting is

A) a platelet.
B) globulin.
C) fibrin (and fibrinogen).
D) albumin.
Answer: C
81) In the differentiating cell line that leads to neutrophils, which of the following events occurs?
A) The nucleus assumes a band shape.
B) Hemoglobin accumulates in the cytoplasm.
C) Metamyelocytes become myeloblasts.
D) The cells temporarily have the specific granules of eosinophils.
Answer: A
18.2 True/False Questions

1) Blood serum is plasma from which albumin has been removed.
Answer: FALSE
2) Hematocrit is the percentage of blood consisting of erythrocytes.
Answer: TRUE
3) Elevated numbers of band cells in differential WBC counts is considered an indicator of infection.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 555 556
4) All granulocytes have lobed nuclei and are phagocytic in function.
Answer: TRUE
5) Mast cells and basophils both release histamine at the site of inflammation.
Answer: TRUE
6) B lymphocytes attach to non-self cells and cause them to lyse.
Answer: FALSE
7) The least abundant type of leukocyte is the monocyte.
Answer: FALSE
8) Leukocytes function primarily within the bloodstream.
Answer: FALSE
9) In adults, red bone marrow occurs in the skull, girdles, and diaphysis of the long bones.
Answer: FALSE
10) Erythrocytes and neutrophils both arise from myeloid stem cells.
Answer: TRUE
11) The reticulocytes secrete the reticular fiber network of bone marrow.
Answer: FALSE
12) Platelets are cell fragments arising from megakaryocytes located just outside the sinusoids.
Answer: TRUE
13) The liver and spleen are the major blood-producing organs between the second and the
seventh month of fetal development.
Answer: TRUE
14) The most abundant type of leukocyte is the neutrophil.
Answer: TRUE
15) Erythrocytes eject their nuclei and other organelles prior to maturity.
Answer: TRUE
18.3 Short Answer Questions

1) The ________ is the fraction of blood made up of leukocytes.
Answer: buffy coat

2) ________ is an inherited disease caused by the lack of, or reduced amount of, a clotting factor.
Answer: Hemophilia
3) Blood clots are formed when cells become trapped among a tangle of the activated plasma
protein ________ along with other clotting factors.
Answer: fibrinogen
4) Leukocytes can exit the blood vessels through a process called ________.
Answer: diapedesis
5) ________ disease occurs in many bone marrow transplant patients because of the activity of
the T lymphocytes.
Answer: Graft-versus-host
6) ________ turn off allergic responses by phagocytizing allergens and degrading histamine.
Answer: Eosinophils
7) The absence of a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes is a telltale characteristic of

________.
Answer: erythrocytes
8) The presence of dark purple-stained granules along with a two-lobed nucleus is indicative of a
________.
Answer: basophil
9) Plasma minus clotting factors is called ________.
Answer: serum
10) Monocytes develop into ________, which are phagocytic cells that ingest foreign cells and debris.
Answer: macrophages
11) ________ are cell fragments that initiate a blood clot formed of blood cells trapped in a
network of fibrin protein.
Answer: Platelets
12) The formation of blood is called ________.
Answer: hematopoiesis, or hemopoiesis

13) Newly developed blood cells enter the circulatory system by blood ________, or wide capillaries,
within the marrow.
Answer: sinusoids
14) For the majority of fetal development, blood formation occurs primarily in the ________ and later
in the bone marrow.
Answer: liver and spleen

15) Insufficient vitamin B12 or folic acid can cause ________ and therefore lower a person's oxygen-
carrying capacity.
Answer: anemia
18.4 Essay Questions

1) Describe how the structure of erythrocytes is advantageous for their function as oxygen
transporters.
Answer: Erythrocytes consist of hemoglobin molecules surrounded by a plasma membrane. They

lack a nucleus and organelles. Therefore, the cells have little oxygen demand themselves, making
them ideal for transporting oxygen to tissues. The biconcave shape enhances their ability to
exchange gases across their surface. This shape is flexible, allowing the cells to deform slightly as
they pass through capillaries that are not much wider than the cells.
2) Describe the conclusions that can be drawn from a "CBC with diff" that comes back showing
(a) elevated neutrophils, (b) with elevated eosinophils.
Answer: (a) A complete blood count with differential white blood cell count that shows elevated
neutrophils would suggest the presence of a bacterial infection. Neutrophils are primarily phagocytic
against bacteria. (b) A test that reported elevated eosinophils would suggest either an allergic
reaction or the presence of a parasitic infection.
3) Explain how platelets are involved in stopping blood flow through a wound.
Answer: Platelets attach themselves only to damaged blood vessels or those roughened by scarring,
inflammation, or atherosclerosis. By adhering to a ruptured vessel, they form a temporary plug in the
opening. Upon attaching to the collagen fibers, they release chemicals that attract additional platelets
to the area and other chemicals that initiate a clotting cascade. This cascade involves the
accumulation of fibrin protein in a meshlike plug that traps blood cells and platelets and seals the
opening in the vessel wall.
4) Describe the difference between myeloblastic and lymphoblastic leukemias, and identify the types
of cells that might be abnormal in each disease.
Answer: Myeloblastic leukemia is an abnormal proliferation of leukocytes derived from the myeloid
stem cells. These would include the neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils. In contrast,
lymphoblastic leukemia is an abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes (B and T cells). In bothcases, the
bloodstream may have an abundance of these cells, the presence of abnormal leukocytes, and, in
late stages, a decline in erythrocytes.
5) Define polycythemia, and describe a clinical blood test that would help in making this
diagnosis.
Answer: Polycythemia is an abnormal excess of red blood cells. It can be diagnosed by taking ablood
sample and spinning it in a centrifuge. When the formed elements collect at the base of the centrifuge
tube, the percentage of the sample consisting of red blood cells can be measured. This is the
hematocrit. A significantly elevated hematocrit (above 47 for males or 42 for females) may
suggest polycythemia.

Blood Anatomy and Physiology Review

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Blood Anatomy and Physiology Review

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Human Anatomy, 7e (Marieb/Mitchell/Smith)

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.

12) Plasma minus clotting factors.

13) Cell fragments, also called thrombocytes, involved in clotting.

14) Fraction of blood comprised by erythrocytes.

16) Most abundant formed element.

17) Leukocyte primarily responsible for destroying bacteria.

18) Seen in abundance during parasitic infection.

19) Cell mediator of inflammation.

20) Parent cell that transforms into a macrophage.

21) Produces antibodies.

22) Stem cell from which eosinophils and basophils develop.

23) Young erythrocyte.

26) Hematocrit measures the percentage of blood volume that consists of

27) The most common formed elements in the blood are

29) Which of the following cells lack mitochondria?

32) The most abundant white blood cell type is the

33) What is the anatomical difference between T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes?

34) Which of the following is not phagocytic?

35) Which cells fight infection by producing antibodies?

38) Which white blood cells contain granules of histamine?

39) The functions of platelets include all of the following except

40) What is the difference between a thrombus and an embolus?

41) Yellow bone marrow gets its color from

43) An average female has approximately ________ of blood.

48) The blood's globulins include

49) T cells function to

50) Leukocytes, ordered from most to least abundant, are the

52) Which of the following cells develop into macrophages?

54) The least abundant white blood cell type is the

57) Reticulocytes are precursors to mature

58) B cells fight infections by

65) The percentage of erythrocytes in a normal volume of blood is about

68) An eosinophil can be distinguished from a basophil because the eosinophil

69) Elevated numbers of reticulocytes may indicate

73) Which of the following is not a phase of erythropoiesis?

79) The defining characteristic of a reticulocyte in the blood is

80) A plasma protein involved in blood clotting is

18.2 True/False Questions

2) Hematocrit is the percentage of blood consisting of erythrocytes.

4) All granulocytes have lobed nuclei and are phagocytic in function.

6) B lymphocytes attach to non-self cells and cause them to lyse.

7) The least abundant type of leukocyte is the monocyte.

8) Leukocytes function primarily within the bloodstream.

14) The most abundant type of leukocyte is the neutrophil.

18.3 Short Answer Questions

Answer: buffy coat

7) The absence of a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes is a telltale characteristic of

9) Plasma minus clotting factors is called ________.

12) The formation of blood is called ________.

Answer: hematopoiesis, or hemopoiesis

Answer: liver and spleen

18.4 Essay Questions

Answer: Erythrocytes consist of hemoglobin molecules surrounded by a plasma membrane. They

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi