BNBC Chapter 2 6

CHAPT
ER
2
Load
s
2. INTRODUCTI
1 ON
2.1. Scope
1 This chapter specifies the minimum design forces including dead load, live load, wind and
earthquake
loads, miscellaneous loads and their various combinations. These loads shall be applicable for the
design of buildings and structures in conformance with the general design requirements provided in
2.1. Chapter 1.
Limitations
2 Provisions of this chapter shall generally be applied to majority of buildings and other structures
subject to
normally expected loading conditions. For those buildings and structures having unusual geometrical
shapes, response characteristics or site locations, or for those subject to special loading including
tornadoes, special dynamic or hydrodynamic loads etc., site-specific or case-specific data or
analysis may be required to determine the design loads on them. In such cases, and all other cases
for which loads are not specified in this chapter, loading information may be obtained from reliable
references or specialist advice may be sought. However, such loads shall be applied in
compliance with the provisions of other sections of this Code.
2. DEAD
2 LOADS
2.2. General
1
Part 6 6-1
Structural Design
Part 6
Structural Design
The minimum design dead load for buildings and portions thereof shall be determined in accordance
with
the provisions of this section. In addition, design of the overall structure and its primary
load-resisting systems shall conform to the general design provisions given in Chapter 1.
2.2. Definition
2 Dead Load is the vertical load due to the weight of permanent structural and non-structural
components
of a building such as walls, floors, ceilings, permanent partitions and fixed service equipment etc.
2.2. Assessment of Dead Load
3 Dead load for a structural member shall be assessed based on the forces
duei) to weight
: of the member itself,
ii) weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the building to be supported
permanently by the member,
iii) weight of permanent partitions,
iv) weight of fixed service equipment, and
v) net effect of prestressing.
2.2. Weight of Materials and Constructions

4 In estimating dead loads, the actual weights of materials and constructions shall be used, provided
that in
the absence of definite information, the weights given in Tables 6.2.1 and 6.2.2 shall be assumed
for the purposes of design.
Table 6.2.1
Unit Weight of Basic Materials
Unit Unit
Material Weight Material Weight
(kN/m3) (kN/m3)
Aluminium 27.0 Granite, 26.4
Asphalt 21.2 Basalt Iron - 70.7
Brass 83.6 cast 75.4
Bronze 87.7 - wrought 111.0
Brick 18.9 Lead 24.5
Cement 14.7 Limeston 26.4
Coal, 8.8 e Marble 15.7
loose 22.8* Sand, 22.6
Concrete - stone aggregate 20.4* dry 28.3
(unreinforced) 86.4 Sandston 77.0
- brick 1.7 e Slate 5.9-11.0
aggregate (unreinforced) 3.7 Steel 70.0
Copper 25.5 Timbe
Cork, normal r Zinc
Cork,
compressed
* Glass,
for reinforced
windowconcrete, add 0.63 kN/m3 for each 1% by volume of main reinforcement
(soda-lime)
2.2. Weight of Permanent Partitions

5 When partition walls are indicated on the plans, their weight shall be considered as dead load a
acting
concentrated line loads in their actual positions on the floor. The loads due to anticipated partitions
walls,
which are not indicated on the plans, shall be treated as live loads and determined in
accordance with Sec 2.3.3.3.
2.2. Weight of Fixed Service Equipment
6 Weights of fixed service equipment and other permanent machinery, such as electrical feeders and
other
machinery, heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems, lifts and escalators, plumbing
stacks and risers etc. shall be included as dead load whenever such equipment are supported by
2.2. structural
Additionalmembers.
Loads
7
6-2
Chapter 2
Loads
In evaluating the final dead loads on a structural member for design purposes, allowances shall be
made
for additional loads resulting from the (i) difference between the prescribed and the actual weights
of the members and construction materials (ii) inclusion of future installations (iii) changes in
occupancy or use of buildings and (iv) inclusion of structural and non-structural members not
covered in Sec 2.2.2 and 2.2.3.
2. LIVE
3 LOADS
2.3. General
1 The live loads used for the structural design of floors, roof and the supporting members shall
be the
greatest applied loads arising from the intended use or occupancy of the building, or from the
stacking of materials and the use of equipment and propping during construction, but shall not be less
than the minimum design live loads set out by the provisions of this section. For the design of
structural members for forces including live loads, requirements of the relevant sections of Chapter 1
2.3. shall also be fulfilled.
Definition
2 Live load is the load superimposed by the use or occupancy of the building not
including the
environmental loads such as wind load, rain load, earthquake load or dead load.
2.3. Minimum Floor Live Loads
3 The minimum floor live loads shall be the greatest actual imposed loads resulting from the intended
use or
occupancy of the floor, and shall not be less than the uniformly distributed load patterns
specified in Sec 2.3.3.1 or the concentrated loads specified in Sec 2.3.3.2 whichever produces the
most critical effect. The live loads shall be assumed to act vertically upon the area projected on a
horizontal plane. Table 6.2.2
Weight of Construction Materials
Weight Weight per

Material per Material Unit Area
Unit Area (kN/m2)
(kN/m2)
Bangladesh National Building Code 6-3

Part 6
Structural Design
Floor Roof (contd.)

Asphalt, 25 mm thick 0.526 Tiles ---
Clay tiling, 13 mm thick 0.268 terra-cotta (French pattern) 0.575
Concrete slab (stone aggregate)* --- concrete , 25 mm thick 0.527
solid, 100 mm thick 2.360 clay tiles 0.6-0.9
solid, 150 mm thick 3.540
Galvanized steel floor deck (excl. topping) 0.147-0.383 Walls and Partitions
Magnesium oxychloride- Acrylic resin sheet, flat, per mm thickness 0.012
normal (sawdust filler), 25 mm thick 0.345 Asbestos cement sheeting ----
heavy duty (mineral filler), 25 mm thick 0.527 4.5 mm thick 0.072
Terrazzo paving 16 mm thick 0.431 6.0 mm thick 0.106
Brick masonry work, excl. plaster ---
Roof burnt clay, per 100 mm thickness 1.910
Acrylic resin sheet, corrugated ---- sand-lime, per 100 mm thickness 1.980
3 mm thick, standard corrugations 0.043 Concrete (stone aggregate)* ---
3 mm thick, deep corrugations 0.062 100 mm thick 2.360
Asbestos cement, corrugated sheeting --- 150 mm thick 3.540
(incl. lap and fastenings) 250 mm thick 5.900
6 mm thick (standard corrugations) 0.134 Fibre insulation board, per 10 mm thickness 0.034
6 mm thick(deep corrugations) 0.158 Fibrous plaster board, per 10 mm thickness 0.092
Aluminium, corrugated sheeting --- Glass, per 10 mm thickness 0.269
(incl. lap and fastenings) Hardboard, per 10 mm thickness 0.961
1.2 mm thick 0.048 Particle or flake board, per 10 mm thickness 0.075
0.8 mm thick 0.028 Plaster board, per 10 mm thickness 0.092
0.6 mm thick 0.024 Plywood, per 10 mm thickness 0.061
Aluminium sheet(plain) ---
1.2 mm thick 0.033 Ceiling
1.0 mm thick 0.024 Fibrous plaster, 10 mm thick 0.081
0.8 mm thick 0.019 Cement plaster, 13 mm thick 0.287
Bituminous felt(5 ply) and gravel 0.431 Suspended metal lath and plaster 0.480
Slates --- (two faced incl. studding)
4.7 mm thick 0.335
9.5 mm thick 0.671 Miscellaneous
Steel sheet, flat galvanized --- Felt (insulating), per 10 mm thickness 0.019
1.00 mm thick 0.082 Plaster ---
0.80 mm thick 0.067 cement, per 10 mm thickness 0.230
0.60 mm thick 0.053 lime, per 10 mm thickness 0.191
Steel, galvanized std. corrugated sheeting --- PVC sheet, per 10 mm thickness 0.153
(incl. lap and fastenings) Rubber paving, per 10 mm thickness 0.151
1.0 mm thick 0.120 Terra-cotta Hollow Block Masonry ---
0.8 mm thick 0.096 75 mm thick 0.671
0.6 mm thick 0.077 100 mm thick 0.995
150 mm thick 1.388
* for brick aggregate, 90% of the listed values may be used.
2.3.3.1 Uniformly Distributed Loads : The uniformly distributed load shall not be less than the
listed in Table 6.2.3, reduced as may bevalues
specified in Sec 2.3.9, applied uniformly over the entire
area of the
floor, or any portion thereof to produce the most adverse effects in the member concerned.
2.3.3.2 Concentrated Loads : The concentrated load to be applied non-concurrently with the
uniformly
distributed load given in Sec 2.3.3.1, shall not be less than that listed in Table 6.2.3. Unless
otherwise
specified in Table 6.2.3 or in the following paragraph, the concentrated load shall be applied over
an area of 300 mm x 300 mm and shall be located so as to produce the maximum stress conditions
in the
In structural
areas where members.
vehicles are used or stored, such as car parking garages, ramps, repair shops etc.,
provision
shall be made for concentrated loads consisting of two or more loads spaced nominally 1.5 m on
centres in absence of the uniform live loads. Each load shall be 40 per cent of the gross weight of
the maximum size
6-4
Chapter 2
Loads

Part 6
Structural Design
vehicle to be accommodated and applied over an area of 750 mm x 750 mm. For the storage of
private or
pleasure-type vehicles without repair or fuelling, floors shall be investigated in the absence of the
uniform live load, for a minimum concentrated wheel load of 9 kN spaced 1.5 m on centres, applied
over an area of 750 mm x 750 mm. The uniform live loads for these cases are provided in Table
6.2.3. The condition of concentrated or uniform live load producing the greater stresses shall govern.
2.3.3.3 Provision for Partition Walls : When partitions, not indicated on the plans, are anticipated to
be
placed on the floors, their weight shall be included as an additional live load acting as
concentrated line
loads in an arrangement producing the most severe effect on the floor, unless it can be shown that a
more
In thefavourable arrangement
case of light of the
partitions, partitions
wherein the shall
total prevail
weight during the future
per metre usenot
run is of greater
the floor.than 5.5
kN, a
uniformly distributed live load may be applied on the floor in lieu of the concentrated line loads
specified above. Such uniform live load per square metre shall be at least 33% of the weight per
metre run of the
partitions,
2.3.3.4 Moresubject
thantoOne
a minimum
Occupancy of 1.2 kN/m2an
: Where . area of a floor is intended for two or more
occupancies at
different times, the value to be used from Table 6.2.3 shall be the greatest value for any of the
occupancies
2.3. Minimum Roof Live Loads
concerned.
4 Roof live loads shall be assumed to act vertically over the area projected by the roof or any
portion of it
upon a horizontal plane, and shall be determined as specified in the following sections :
2.3.4.1 Regular Purpose - Flat, Pitched and Curved Roofs : Live loads on regular purpose roofs
shall
be the greatest applied loads produced during use by movable objects such as planters and
people, and
those induced during maintenance by workers, equipment and materials but shall not be less than
those given in Table 6.2.4. Table 6.2.4
Minimum Roof Live Loads(1)
Type and Slope of Roof Distributed Concentrated

Load, kN/m2 Load, kN
I Flat roof (slope = 0) 1.5 1.8
II 1. Pitched or sloped roof (0 < slope < 1/3) 1.0 0.9

2 Arched roof or dome (rise < 1/8 span)
III 1. Pitched or sloped roof (1/3 slope < 1.0) 0.8 0.9
2. Arched roof or dome (1/8 rise < 3/8 span)
IV 1. Pitched or sloped roof (slope 1.0) 0.6 0.9

2. Arched roof or dome (rise 3/8 span)
V Greenhouse, and agriculture buildings 0.5 0.9
VI Canopies and awnings, except those with same as given in I through IV

cloth covers above based on the type and
slope.
Note : (1) Greater of this load and rain load as specified in Sec 2.6.3 shall be taken as the design live load
for roof.
The distributed load shall be applied over the area of the roof projected upon a horizontal
plane and shall not be applied simultaneously with the concentrated load. The concentrated
load shall be assumed to act upon a 300 mm x 300 mm area and need not be considered for
roofs capable of laterally distributing the load, e.g. reinforced concrete slabs.
6-6
Chapter 2
Loads
2.3.4.2 Special Purpose Roofs : For special purpose roofs, live loads shall be estimated based
on the
actual weight depending on the type of use, but shall not be less than the following values :
a) roofs used for promenade - 3.0 kN/m2
b) purposes - 5.0 kN/m2
c) roofs used for assembly - 5.0 kN/m2
d) purposes roofs used for - to be determined as per Sec
gardens 2.3.5
2.3.4.3 roofs
Accessible
used forRoof
otherSupporting
special Members : Roof trusses or any other primary roof
member purposes
beneath which a full ceiling is not provided,supporting
shall be capable of supporting safely, in
addition to
other roof
a loads, a
Industrial, concentrated
Storage load atBuildings
and Garage the locations
- Anyassingle
specified
panelbelow
point: of the
) lower 9.0
chord of a roof truss, or any point of other primary roof supporting kN
b) member with
Building - Other Occupancies - Any single panel point of the lower
chord of a roof truss, or any point of other primary roof supporting 1.3
member - kN
2.3. Loads Not Specified
5 Live loads, not specified for uses or occupancies in Sec 2.3.3.1 and 2.3.3.2, shall be determined
from loads
resulting from :
a) weight of the probable assembly of persons
b) weight of the probable accumulation of equipment and furniture,
c) and weight of the probable storage of materials.
2.3. Partial Loading and Other Loading Arrangements

6 The full intensity of the appropriately reduced live load applied only to a portion of the length or area
of a
structure or member shall be considered, if it produces a more unfavourable effect than the same
intensity applied over the full length or area of the structure or member.
Where uniformly distributed live loads are used in the design of continuous members and their
supports,
consideration shall be given to full dead load on all spans in combination with full live loads on
adjacent spans and on alternate spans whichever produces a more unfavourable effect.
2.3. Other Live Loads
7 Live loads on miscellaneous structures and components, such as handrails and supporting
members,
parapets and balustrades, ceilings, skylights and supports, and the like, shall be determined
from the analysis of the actual loads on them, but shall not be less than those given in Table 6.2.5.
Table 6.2.5
Miscellaneous Live Loads
Structural Member or Component Live

Load(1)
(kN/m)

Part 6
Structural Design
1. Handrails, parapets and supports

:
a) Light access stairs, gangways etc. 0.25
i) width 0.6 m 0.35
ii) width > 0.6 m
b) Staircases other than in (a) above, ramps, balconies : 0.35

i) Single dwelling and private 0.35
ii) Staircases in residential buildings 1.5
iii) Balconies or portion thereof, stands etc.
having fixed seats within 0.55 m of the 3.0
barrier
vi) Public assembly buildings including
theatres, cinemas, assembly halls, 0.75
stadiums, mosques, churches, schools
etc.
2. Vehicle barriers and
vi) Buildings for car parks and other than (i) through (iv) above
occupancies
ramps : 100(2
a) For vehicles having gross mass 2500 kg )
b) For vehicles having gross mass > 2500 kg (2
see165
note
c) For ramps of car parks etc. )
Note : (1) (3)directions,
These loads shall be applied non-concurrently along horizontal and vertical
except as specified in note (2) below.
(2) These loads shall be applied only in the horizontal direction, uniformly distributed over any
length of 1.5 m of a barrier and shall be considered to act at bumper height. For case 2(a)
bumper height may be taken as 375 mm above floor level.
(3) Barriers to access ramps of car parks shall be designed for horizontal forces equal to 50%
of those given in 2(a) and 2(b) applied at a level of 610 mm above the ramp. Barriers to
straight exit ramps exceeding 20 m in length shall be designed for horizontal forces equal to
twice the values given in 2(a) and 2(b).
2.3. Impact and Dynamic Loads

8 The live loads specified in Sec 2.3.3 shall be assumed to include allowances for impacts
arising from
normal uses only. However, forces imposed by unusual vibrations and impacts resulting from the
operation of installed machinery and equipment shall be determined separately and treated as
additional live loads. Live loads due to vibration or impact shall be determined by dynamic
analysis of the supporting member or structure including foundations, or from the recommended
values supplied by the manufacture of the particular equipment or machinery. In absence of a
definite information, values listed in Table 6.2.6 for some common equipment, shall be used for
design purposes. Table 6.2.6
Minimum Live Loads on Supports and Connections of Equipment due to Impact (1)
Equipment or Machinery Additional load due to impact as percentage

of static load including self weight
Vertical Horizontal
1. Lifts, hoists and related operating 100%

2. machinery
Light machinery (shaft or motor driven) 20%
3. Reciprocating machinery, or power driven 50%
units.
4. Hangers supporting floors and balconies 33%
6-8
Chapter 2
Loads
5. Cranes :
a) Electric overhead cranes 25% of i) Transverse to the rail :
maximum 20% of the weight of trolley
wheel and lifted load only,
load applied one-half at the top
of each rail
ii) Along the rail :

10% of maximum wheel
load applied at the top of
b) Manually operated cranes each rail
50% of
the 50% of the
values in values in
c) Cab-operated travelling cranes (a) above (a) above
Not applicable
25%
Note : (1) All these loads shall be increased if so recommended by the manufacturer. For machinery and
equipment not listed, impact loads shall be those recommended by the manufacturers, or
determined by dynamic analysis.
2.3. Reduction of Live Loads

9 Reduction of live load is permitted for primary structural members supporting floor or roof,
including
beam, girder, truss, flat slab, flat plate, column, pier, footing and the like. Where applicable, the
reduced live load on a primary structural member shall be obtained by multiplying the
corresponding unreduced
uniformly distributed live load with an appropriate live load reduction factor, R as listed in Table
6.2.7 andLoad
2.3.9.1 set forth
Groupsin Sec 2.3.9.1.
: All possible live loads applied on floors and roof of a building due to
various
occupancies and uses, shall be divided into three load groups as described below for
determining the
appropriate
a Load live load 1
Group reduction factors.distributed live loads arising from the occupancies and
: Uniformly
) uses of
(i) assembly occupancies or areas with uniformly distributed live load of 5.0 kN/m2
or less,
(ii) machinery and equipment for which specific live load allowances have been made, (iii)
special roof live load as described in Sec 2.3.4.2, and (iv) printing plants, vaults, strong
rooms and armouries, shall be classified under Load Group 1. Reduction of live load shall
not be allowed for
b) members
Load Group or portions thereof under
2 : Uniformly this load live
distributed grouploads
and aresulting
reduction from R =1.0 shall be
factor,occupancies or
applied
uses of for such cases.
(i) assembly areas with uniformly distributed live load greater than 5.0 kN/m2 , and (ii) storage,
mercantile, industrial and retail stores, shall be classified under Load Group 2. Live load
reduction factor, 1.0 < R < 0.7 shall be applied to this load group depending on the tributary
area of the floors or roof supported by the member as specified in Sec 2.3.9.3.
c) Load Group 3 : Uniformly distributed live loads arising due to all other occupancies and
uses
except those of Load Group 1 and Load Group 2, shall be grouped into Load Group 3.
Live load
reduction factor, 1.0 R 0.5 as specified in the Sec 2.3.9.3, shall be applied to
tributary areas under this load group.

Part 6
Structural Design
2.3.9.2 Tributary Area : The tributary area of a structural member supporting floors or roof
shall be
determined as follows :
a Tributary Area for Wall, Column, Pier, Footing and the like : Tributary areas of these
) members
shall consist of portions of the areas of all floors, roof or combination thereof that contribute
live loads to the member concerned.
b) Tributary Area for Beam, Girder, Flat plate and Flat slab : Tributary area for such a
member shall
consist of the portion of the roof or a floor at any single level that contributes loads to the
member concerned.
Table 6.2.7
Live Load Reduction Factors for Various Occupancies and Uses
Tributary (1) Live Load

Load Area (floor, or (2,3)
Group Occupancy or Use roof, or Reduction
combination) Factor,
R
At (m2)
1 a) Assembly areas with uniformly distributed

live load of 5.0 kN/m2 or less.
b) Live loads from machinery and equipment

for which specific load allowance has been all 1.0
made
c) Special roof live loads as specified in Sec

2.3.4.2
d) Printing plants, vaults, strong room and

armouries
2 a) Assembly areas with uniformly 50 1.00
distributed live load greater than 5.0 60 0.97
kN/m2 . 80 0.92
100 0.88
b) Storage, mercantile, industrial, parking 120 0.86
garage 140 0.84
, retail stores 280 0.81
220 0.79
300 0.76
400 0.74
800 0.70
3 a) Uniformly distributed live loads from all < 25 1.00

occupancies and uses except those 25-30 0.90
listed in load groups 1 and 2 above. 40 0.84
50 0.78
60 0.73
80 0.67
100 0.62
120 0.59
140 0.57
180 0.53
220 0.50
6-10
Chapter 2
Loads
Note : (1) At = sum of all tributary areas with loads from any one load group (i.e. Load Group 1,
(2) 2 or 3) Linear interpolation may be made to obtain values of R lying between the listed
(3) values.
Live load reduction factor, R is based on the relations: R 0. 6 8 A t for Load Group 2
and
R 0.25 14 A t for Load Group 3
2.3.9.3 Determination of Reduced Live Load : The value of the live load reduction factor, R
shall
depend on the load group specified in Sec 2.3.9.1 and on the tributary area of the floor or the
roof and
combination thereof supported by a primary structural member. The reduced live load on a
structural
a member
Portions shall
of the be determined
tributary using the
area pertaining following
to each steps:
of the three load groups specified in Sec
) 2.3.9.1 shall
be identified and summed up, and a value of the reduction factor R shall be
obtained from Table 6.2.7 corresponding to each portion of the tributary area,
b) The reduced live loads or load intensities shall then be obtained for each load group by
multiplying
the unreduced live loads or load intensities by the corresponding reduction factors, and finally,
c) The total reduced live load on a structural member shall be determined by summing up the
reduced
live loads from each load group.
2. WIND
4 LOADS
2.4. General
1 The minimum design wind load on buildings and components thereof, shall be determined based
on the
velocity of the wind, the shape and size of the building and the terrain exposure condition of the site
as set forth by the provisions of this section. For the overall design of structures, the general design
requirements as specified in Chapter 1 shall also be fulfilled.
2.4.1.1 Scope : Provisions of this section shall apply to the calculation of design wind loads
for the
primary framing systems and for the individual structural components and cladding of buildings.
The
design wind load shall include the effects of the sustained wind velocity component and the
fluctuating component due to gusts. For slender buildings, the design wind load shall also include
additional loading effects
2.4.1.2 Limitations due to wind
: Provisions of induced vibrations
this section shallofinclude
the building.
forces due to along-wind
response of
regular-shaped buildings, caused by the common wind-storms including cyclones,
thunder-storms and
norwesters.
a) forces However, the following
due to cross-wind casesofshall
response remainand
buildings beyond the scope of these provisions :
structures,
b) forces, such as torsion etc. generated due to unusual or unsymmetrical geometry of the
building, and
c) forces generated due to special types of winds, such as tornadoes.
For calculation of wind loads arising due to the above special cases and for buildings
requiring more
accurate loading information, reference shall be made to reliable literature pertaining to these
loads, or specialist advice shall be sought.
2.4. Definitions
2 The following definitions shall apply only to the provisions of Sec
2.4.
AWNINGS (e.g. PORCH COVER) : A roof-like structure, usually of limited extent, projecting
from a wall
of a building.
BASIC WIND SPEED, Vb : Fastest-mile wind speed in km/h corresponding to the level of
10 metres
above the ground of terrain Exposure-B defined in Sec 2.4.4 and associated with an annual
probability of
BUILDINGS
occurrence of: 0.02.
Structures that enclose a space and are used for various
occupancies.

Part 6
Structural Design
CANOPY : A roof adjacent to or attached to a building, generally not enclosed by

walls.
COMPONENTS AND CLADDING : Structural elements that are either directly loaded by the
wind or
receive wind loads originating at relatively close locations and transfer those loads to the primary
framing system. Examples include curtain walls, exterior glass windows and panels, roof
sheeting, purlins, grits, studs, and roof trusses.
CYCLONE : An intense low-pressure centre accompanied by heavy rain and gale-force winds.
It forms
over warm tropical oceans and decays rapidly over land.
DESIGN WIND PRESSURES, p : Equivalent static pressure due to wind including gusts to be
used in the
determination of wind loads for buildings. The pressure shall be assumed to act in a direction
normal to
p = considered
the surface pressure that
andvaries with height
is denoted as: in accordance with the sustained wind pressure q
z z
evaluated
at height z,
or
p = pressure that is uniform with respect to height as determined by the sustained wind
h h
pressure q
evaluated at mean roof height
h.
ENCLOSED BUILDING : Buildings which have full perimeter wall (nominally sealed) from floor
to roof
level.
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES : Buildings and structures which are necessary to remain functional
during an emergency or a post disaster period.
FASTEST-MILE WIND SPEED : The highest sustained average wind speed in km/h based
on the time
required for a mile-long sample of air to pass a fixed point.
FREE STANDING ROOF : A roof (of any type) with no enclosing walls underneath, e.g.
freestanding
carport.
FREESTANDING WALLS : Walls which are exposed to the wind on both sides, with no roof
attached, e.g.
fences.
GABLED FRAME : A rigid frame having vertical side members and a sloped top with
a ridge.
GRADIENT HEIGHT: Height from the mean ground level above which the variation of wind
speed with
height need not be considered.
HOARDING : Free standing (rectangular) signboards, etc., supported clear of the
ground.
ISOTACH : A line on a map joining points of equal wind
speed.
MOONSCAPE ROOF : A planar roof with no ridge, which has a
constant slope.
OPENINGS: Apertures or holes in the exterior walls of a building or structure. Doors or other
openings
in exterior walls shall be considered as openings unless such openings and their frames are
specifically detailed and designed to resist the wind loads in accordance with the provisions of this
section.
PITCHED ROOF : A bi-fold, bi-planar roof with a ridge at its highest
point.
PRESSURE : Air pressure in excess of ambient. Negative values are less than ambient and
positive values
exceed ambient. Net pressures act normal to a surface in the specified direction.
PRIMARY FRAMING SYSTEM : An assemblage of major structural elements assigned to
provide support
for secondary members and cladding. The system primarily receives wind loading from relatively
remote
6-12
Chapter 2
Loads
locations. Examples include rigid and braced frames, space trusses, roof and floor
diaphragms, shear
walls, and rod-braced frames.
SLENDER BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES : Buildings and structures having a height
exceeding five
times the least horizontal dimension, or a fundamental natural frequency less than 1.0 Hz. For
those cases in which the horizontal dimensions vary with height, the least horizontal dimension at
midheight shall be used.
STRUCTURES : See Sec
1.2.2.
STRUCTURE IMPORTANCE COEFFICIENT, CI : A factor that accounts for the degree
of hazard to
human life and damage to property.
SUSTAINED WIND PRESSURE, q : The theoretically computed incident pressure of a uniform
air stream
(fastest-mile speed) of known density, evaluated at a given height above ground level, for a specific
terrain
TERRAIN : The surface
exposure condition and for roughness condition when
a known occupancy considering the size and arrangement of
of a building.
obstructions
to wind.
TOPOGRAPHY : Major land surface features comprising hills, valleys and plains which
strongly
influence wind flow patterns.
TORNADO : A violently rotating column of air, pendant from the base of a connective cloud, and
often
observable as a funnel cloud attached to the cloud base.
TRIBUTARY AREA : That portion of the surface area receiving wind loads assigned to be
supported by
the structural element considered.
TROUGH ROOF : A bi-fold, bi-planar roof with a valley at its lowest
point.
UNENCLOSED BUILDING OR : A building or storey which has 85% or more openings on
STOREY all
sides.

Part 6
Structural Design
2.4. Symbols and Notation

3 The following symbols and notation shall apply to the provisions of Sec 2.4
only :
A = tributary area, square metres.
A = area of other structures or components and cladding thereof projected on a plane
normal to wind direction, square metres.
a = width of pressure coefficient zone used in Fig 6.2.7 and 6.2.8, metres
B = horizontal dimension of buildings and structures measured normal to wind
direction, metres.
c = average horizontal dimension of the building or structure in a direction normal to the
wind,
metres.
Cc =
velocity-to-pressure conversion coefficient = 47.2x10-6
CG =
gust coefficient
C =
I structure importance coefficient
Cp =
pressure coefficient to be used for determination of wind loads on buildings and
= Cpe external pressure coefficients for surfaces of buildings and structures to be
structures.
used for
wind loads on primary framing systems using Method 1 in Sec 2.4.6.4 (a).
= Cp overall pressure coefficient for buildings and structures to be used
for wind loads on primary framing systems using Method 2 in Sec
Cpe = 2.4.6.4 (b).
external peak pressure coefficients to be used for wind loads on building components
and
Cpi =
cladding.
Ct =
internal peak pressure coefficient to be used for wind loads on buildings and
Cz = components.
D =
local topographic coefficient given in Sec 2.4.6.8.
d =
D = combined height and exposure coefficient for a building at height z above
Do = ground diameter of a circular structure or member, metres
diameter of a circular structure or member, metres
f =
depth of protruding elements (ribs or spoilers), metres
F1 , =
surface drag coefficient given in Table 6.2.12.
F2 =
F = fundamental frequency of buildings or structures in a direction parallel to the wind, Hz
= design wind forces on primary framing system, kN
G
design wind forces on components and cladding, kN
Gh =
Gz gust response factor for primary framing systems of flexible buildings and
=
h structures gust response factor for primary framing systems evaluated at height
z=h
J = gust response factor for components and cladding evaluated at height z above ground
L = mean roof height or height to top of parapet whichever is greater of a building or
M = structure, except that eaves height may be used for roof slope of less than 10 degrees,
N = metres.
p = pressure profile factor as a function of ratio
p = horizontal dimension of a building or structure measured parallel to wind direction,
h
= metres larger dimension of a sign, metres
p smaller dimension of a sign, metres
i
p = design pressure to be used in determination of wind loads for buildings,
z
= kN/m2 design pressure evaluated at height z =h, kN/m2
q
q = internal pressure, kN/m2
h
q = design wind pressure evaluated at height z above ground, kN/m2
z
r = sustained wind pressure, kN/m2
=
s sustained wind pressure evaluated at height z=h, kN/m2
=
S = sustained wind pressure evaluated at height z above ground, in kN/m2
TI
rise-to-span ratio for arched roofs
surface friction factor given in Table
6.2.12 structure size factor given in Fig
6.2.4
6-14 turbulence intensity factor evaluated at two-thirds of the mean roof height or parapet
height of the structure (see Eq 2.4.11)
Chapter 2
Loads
V = basic wind speed, km/h

X = distance to centre of pressure from windward edge, metres
Y = response factor as a function of the ratio and the ratio c/h given in Fig 6.2.3
z = height above ground level, metres
zg = gradient height given in Table 6.2.12,
= metres power-law coefficient given in
= Table 6.2.12
= structural damping coefficient (fraction of critical damping)
= ratio obtained from Table 6.2.12
= ratio of solid area to gross area for open sign face of a trussed tower, or lattice
=
structure angle of the plane of roof from horizontal, degrees
= height-to-width ratio for sign or hoarding
angle between wind direction and chord of tower guy, degrees.
2.4. Terrain Exposure
4 A terrain exposure category that adequately reflects the surface roughness characteristics of the
ground
shall be determined for the building site, taking into account the variations in ground roughness
arising from existing natural topography, vegetation and manmade constructions.
2.4.4.1 Exposure Category : The terrain exposure in which a building or structure is to be sited
shall be
assessed as being one of the following categories:
a Exposure A : Urban and sub-urban areas, industrial areas, wooded areas, hilly or
) other terrain
covering at least 20 per cent of the area with obstructions of 6 metres or more in height and
extending from the site at least 500 metres or 10 times the height of the structure,
whichever is greater.
b) Exposure B : Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally less
than 10m
extending 800 m or more from the site in any full quadrant. This category includes air fields,
open park lands, sparsely built-up outskirts of towns, flat open country and grasslands.
c) Exposure C : Flat and unobstructed open terrain, coastal areas and riversides facing large
bodies of
water, over 1.5 km or more in width. Exposure C extends inland from the shoreline 400 m
or 10 times the height of structure, whichever is greater.
2.4.4.2 Selection of Exposure Category for Primary Framing System : Design wind load for
primary
framing systems for all buildings and structures shall be determined based on the terrain
exposure
2.4.4.3
categoriesSelection
defined of Exposure
in Sec Category for Components and Cladding : Design wind load on
2.4.4.1.
the
components and cladding of all buildings and structures shall be determined on the basis of the
exposure
category defined in Sec 2.4.4.1, except that Exposure B shall be assumed for buildings or structures
2.4. Basic Wind Speed
having
5 h 20 Basic
2.4.5.1 m andWind
sited Speed Map with
in a terrain Exposure
: The A.
Basic Wind Speed Map as shown in Fig 6.2.1 is the map
showing the basic wind speeds in km/h for any location in Bangladesh, having isotachs
representing the fastest- mile wind speeds at 10 metres above the ground with terrain Exposure B
for a 50-year recurrence interval. The minimum value of the basic wind speed set in the map is
130 km/h. Basic wind speeds for selected locations are also provided in Table 6.2.8.
2.4.5.2 Selection of Basic Wind Speed : Value of the basic wind speed required for any specific
location
where a building or structure is sited, shall be obtained as follows:
i) When the location is listed in Table 6.2.8, value of the basic wind speed shall be taken
from that
table.
ii) If the location lies within any wind region (shown shaded in the map of Fig 6.2.1), the value
marked
for that wind region shall be used.

Part 6
Structural Design
iii) For a location lying on any isotach in the map, the value of that isotach shall be
taken.
iv) For a location lying outside the positions (i) through (iii) above, linear interpolation shall be
made
between the adjacent isotachs to obtain the basic wind speed.
Fo areas where local records or terrain conditions indicate higher values of basic
r(substantiated
wind speeds by site-specific analysis) than those reflected in Fig 6.2.1 and Table 6.2.8, the
site-specific
values shall be adopted as the minimum basic wind speeds.
2.4. Determination of Design Wind Loads
6 2.4.6.1 Basis of Wind Load Calculation : The minimum design wind load on buildings, structures
and components thereof shall be calculated, within the scope and limitations given in Sec 2.4.1
taking into account the following effects which shall be determined in accordance with the provisions
of this section :
a equivalent static pressure or suction on building surfaces arising due to the sustained
) or mean
wind velocity, i.e. the fastest-mile wind speed,
b) variation of the mean wind velocity, and hence the pressure, along the height above the
ground,
c) terrain exposure of the building
site,
6-16
Chapter 2
Loads

Part 6
Structural Design
Table 6.2.8
Basic Wind Speeds for Selected Locations in Bangladesh
Basic Wind Basic Wind

Location Speed (km/h) Location Speed (km/h)
Angarpota 150 Lalmonirhat 204

Bagerhat 252 Madaripur 220
Bandarban 200 Magura 208
Barguna 260 Manikganj 185
Barisal 256 Meherpur 185
Bhola 225 Maheshkhali 260

Bogra 198 Moulvibazar 168
Brahmanbaria 180 Munshiganj 184
Chandpur 160 Mymensingh 217
Chapai Nawabganj 130 Naogaon 175
Chittagong 260 Narail 222

Chuadanga 198 Narayanganj 195
Comilla 196 Narsinghdi 190
Coxs Bazar 260 Natore 198
Dahagram 150 Netrokona 210
Dhaka 210 Nilphamari 140

Dinajpur 130 Noakhali 184
Faridpur 202 Pabna 202
Feni 205 Panchagarh 130
Gaibandha 210 Patuakhali 260
Gazipur 215 Pirojpur 260

Gopalganj 242 Rajbari 188
Habiganj 172 Rajshahi 155
Hatiya 260 Rangamati 180
Ishurdi 225 Rangpur 209
Joypurhat 180 Satkhira 183

Jamalpur 180 Shariatpur 198
Jessore 205 Sherpur 200
Jhalakati 260 Sirajganj 160
Jhenaidah 208 Srimangal 160
Khagrachhari 180 St. Martins Island 260

Khulna 238 Sunamganj 195
Kutubdia 260 Sylhet 195
Kishoreganj 207 Sandwip 260
Kurigram 210 Tangail 160
Kushtia 215 Teknaf 260

Lakshmipur 162 Thakurgaon 130
d) configuration and dynamic response characteristics of the building or

structure,
e occupancy importance of the
) building,
f) magnification of the mean wind pressure due to the effect of the fluctuating component of
wind
speed, i.e. gusts, and
6-18
Chapter 2
Loads
g) additional load amplification resulting from the dynamic wind-structure interaction effects
due to
gusts on slender buildings and structures.
2.4.6.2 Sustained Wind Pressure : The sustained wind pressure, qz on a building surface at any
height z
above ground shall be calculated from the following relation :
2
qz = Cc CI Cz V b (2.4.1
)
2
where, qz = sustained wind pressure at height z,
kN/m
CI = structure importance coefficient as given in Table 6.2.9
Cc = velocity-to-pressure conversion coefficient = 47.2x10-6
Cz = combined height and exposure coefficient as given in Table
Vb = 6.2.10 basic wind speed in km/h obtained from Sec 2.4.5
If a structure is located within a local topographic zone, qz shall be modified in accordance with Sec
2.4.6.8.
Table 6.2.9
Structure Importance Coefficients, CI for Wind Loads
Structure Importance Category Structure Importance
(see Table 6.1.1 for Occupancy) Coefficient, CI
I Essential facilities 1.25

II Hazardous facilities 1.25
III Special occupancy structures 1.00
IV Standard occupancy 1.00
structures V Low-risk 0.80
structures
Table 6.2.10
Combined Height and Exposure Coefficient, Cz
Height above Coefficient, Cz (1)

ground level, z Exposure A Exposure B Exposure C
(metres)

Part 6
Structural Design
0-4. 0.36 0.801 1.19

5
6.0 8
0.41 0.866 6
1.26
9.0 5
0.49 0.972 3
1.37
12.0 7
0.56 1.055 0
1.45
5 1
15.0 0.62 1.125 1.51
18.0 4
0.67 1.185 7
1.57
21.0 7
0.72 1.238 3
1.62
24.0 5
0.76 1.286 3
1.66
9 7
27.0 0.81 1.330 1.70
30.0 0
0.84 1.371 6
1.74
35.0 9
0.90 1.433 3
1.79
40.0 9
0.96 1.488 7
1.84
5 6
45.0 1.01 1.539 1.89
50.0 7
1.06 1.586 0
1.93
60.0 5
1.15 1.671 0
2.00
70.0 5
1.23 1.746 2
2.06
7 5
80.0 1.31 1.814 2.12
90.0 3
1.38 1.876 0
2.17
100. 3
1.45 1.934 1
2.21
0
110. 0
1.51 1.987 7
2.26
0 3 0
120. 1.57 2.037 2.29
0
130. 2
1.62 2.084 9
2.33
0
140. 9
1.68 2.129 7
2.37
0
150. 4
1.73 2.171 1
2.40
0 6 4
160. 1.78 2.212 2.43
0
170. 7
1.83 2.250 6
2.46
0
180. 5
1.88 2.287 5
2.49
0
190. 3
1.92 2.323 4
2.52
0 8 1
200. 1.97 2.357 2.54
0
220. 3
2.05 2.422 7
2.59
0
240. 8
2.13 2.483 6
2.64
0
260. 9
2.21 2.541 1
2.68
0 7 4
280. 2.91 2.595 2.72
0
300. 0
2.36 2.647 4
2.76
Note : (1) 0 Linear interpolation is acceptable
2 for intermediate values of z. 2
2.4.6.3 Design Wind Pressure : The design wind pressure, pz for a structure or an element of a
structure
at any height, z above mean ground level shall be determined from the relation :
pz = CG Cp qz (2.4.2
)
where, = design wind pressure at height z ,

2
Cp = kN/m
z
= gust coefficient which shall be Gz , Gh, or G as set forth in Sec
G
Cp = 2.4.6.6 pressure coefficient for structures or components as set
qz forth Sec 2.4.6.7 sustained wind pressure obtain from Eq (2.4.1).
2.4.6.4 Design Wind Load for Buildings and Structures : Design wind load on the main wind
force
resisting systems of buildings and structures shall be determined by using one of the
following two
methods:
6-20
Chapter 2
Loads
a Method 1 (Surface Area Method) : The surface area method shall be used for gabled rigid
) frames
and single storey rigid frames and may be used of other framing systems. In this method the
design
wind pressures shall be assumed to act simultaneously normal to all exterior surfaces
including roof of buildings or structures. The forces F1 , acting normal to the building
surfaces
i) Foror
allthe roof, shall be calculated as follows :
framing
systems:
F1 = pA (2.4.3
)
z
where, = wind force on primary framing systems acting normal to a surface, or
F1 roof, or
p = a part thereof.
= design wind pressure
pz for windward on as
surfaces building
used surfaces,
in Eq kN/m2
= (2.4.2)
p for non-windward surfaces as used in Eq
h
(2.4.2)
Az = area of the building surface or roof tributary to the framing system at
height z
upon which the design pressure p operates, in square metres.
ii) For gabled frames and single-storey rigid
frames:
In order to obtain the most critical loading condition, gabled frames and other
single-storey rigid frames shall be investigated for both the force F1 obtained from Eq
(2.4.8) and that given by the relation :
F1 p p i A z (2.4.4
)
where, = internal pressure = Cp i
i h
p = qinternal peak pressure coefficient as given in Sec 2.4.6.7, and
Cp i
q = sustained wind pressure evaluated at mean roof height, given by Eq
h
(2.4.1).
Th resultant of the complete framing system of the building shall be taken to be
e force of forcesthe
summation F1 due to the effects of the pressures on all surfaces of the building.
For the
maximum force on the building, forces along all critical directions shall be investigated.
b) Method 2 (Projected Area Method) : This method may be used for any building or structure
as a
whole except those specified in a(ii) above. In the projected area method, the horizontal
pressure
shall be assumed to act upon the full vertical projected area of the structure and the
vertical pressure shall be assumed to act simultaneously upon the full horizontal projected
area, except where the pressure coefficients are given for the surface area, e.g. Table 6.2.17.
According to Method 2, the total wind force on the primary framing system of a building or a
structure shall be calculated using the formula :
F2 = pz A z (2.4.5
)
where, 2
= total wind force on the framed system of the building in a specified direction, kN
F
pz = design wind pressure, in kN/m2, for use with the overall pressure coefficient
Cp for the cross-sectional shapes provided in Tables 6.2.15 to 6.2.21
Az = Projected frontal area normal to wind tributary to the framing system at height
z, in
In the projectedsquare
area metres.
method, the overall pressure coefficients Cp provided in Tables 6.2.15 to
6.2.21
for various cross-sectional shapes, shall be used for the total height of the building or the
wind force F2 shall be calculated for each wind direction for which the overall pressure
structure
coefficient
having
Cp is a particular cross-sectional shape. In order to determine the most critical loads,
the total
provided.

Part 6
Structural Design
2.4.6.5 Design Wind Loads for Components and Cladding : Design wind load on individual
structural
components such as roofs, walls, and individual cladding units and their immediate supporting
members
and fixings etc., of enclosed buildings and structures shall be determined in accordance with the
following relation:
F = C peq Cpi qi A z (2.4.6
)
where, = total wind force on a building component perpendicular to the surface, kN

F = external peak pressure coefficient for components, see Fig 6.2.7 and 6.2.8 for
Cpe rectangular
Cpi = building
q = internal peak pressure coefficient as given in Table 6.2.14
q= sustained wind pressure acting on external surfaces of a
i
building wind pressure developed at the interior of the
building.
The pressures q and q shall be determined as
i
follows :
For h 18 m: q = q and q =
h i h
q
For h > 18 m: q = qz for ( + ve) values of Cpe ,
q = qand for ( ve) values of
h
q C
= q for
p e , all values of
i z
Cpe.
If the peak pressure coefficients Cp e and Cp i are not provided in Fig 6.2.7 and 6.2.8 and in Table
6.2.14,
the following equation may be used for determining the wind forces on structural components :
F= 1.25p z A z (2.4.7
)
where, pz = design wind pressure for components as given in Eq (2.4.2),
kN/m2 A = Projected area of the component normal to wind at level, z above ground, in
z
square metres.
2.4.6.6 Wind Gust Effects : Wind gusts cause additional loading effects due to turbulence
over the
sustained wind speed. For slender buildings and structures, this additional loading gets further
amplified
due to dynamic
frequency wind
less than 1.0structure
Hz. Gustinteraction C as included
coefficient,Geffects. A slender or wind-sensitive
in Eq building
(2.4.2) shall account for shall
such be
one having (i) a height exceeding five times the least horizontal dimension, or (ii) a
additional
gust loading effects on non-slender and slender buildings and shall be set equal to the Gust
fundamental natural
Response
Factors, Gh , G
z
or G as set forth
below :
a Gust Response Factor,h G for Non-slender Buildings and Structures : For the main
) wind force
resisting systems of non-slender buildings and structures, the value of the gust response h
factor,
shall be G determined from Table 6.2.11 evaluated at height h above mean ground level
of the
building or structure. Height h shall be defined as the mean roof level or the top of the
parapet,
b) whichever
Gust Response Factor, Gz for Building
is greater. Components : For components and
cladding of all
buildings and structures, the value of the gust response factor Gz shall be determined from
Table
6.2.11 evaluated at the height above the ground, z at which the component or cladding
under
consideration is located on the structure.
6-22
Chapter 2
Loads
Table 6.2.11
Gust Response Factors, Gh and Gz(1)
Height above Gh (2) and Gz

ground level Exposure A Exposure B Exposure C
(metres)
0-4. 1.654 1.321 1.154
5
6.0 1.592 1.294 1.140
9.0 1.511 1.258 1.121
12.0 1.457 1.233 1.107
15.0 1.418 1.215 1.097

18.0 1.388 1.201 1.089
21.0 1.363 1.189 1.082
24.0 1.342 1.178 1.077
27.0 1.324 1.170 1.072

30.0 1.309 1.162 1.067
35.0 1.287 1.151 1.061
40.0 1.268 1.141 1.055
45.0 1.252 1.133 1.051

50.0 1.238 1.126 1.046
60.0 1.215 1.114 1.039
70.0 1.196 1.103 1.033
80.0 1.180 1.095 1.028

90.0 1.166 1.087 1.024
100. 1.154 1.081 1.020
0
110. 1.114 1.075 1.016
0
120. 1.134 1.070 1.013
0
130. 1.126 1.065 1.010
0
140. 1.118 1.061 1.008
0
150. 1.111 1.057 1.005
0
160. 1.104 1.053 1.003
0
170. 1.098 1.049 1.001
0
180. 1.092 1.046 1.000
0
190. 1.087 1.043 1.000
0
200. 1.082 1.040 1.000
0
220. 1.073 1.035 1.000
0
240. 1.065 1.030 1.000
0
260. 1.058 1.026 1.000
0
280. 1.051 1.022 1.000
0
300. 1.045 1.018 1.000
Note : (1)
0 For main wind-force resisting systems, use building or
structure height h for z.
(2) Linear interpolation is acceptable for intermediate values of z.
c) Gust Response Factor, G for Slender Buildings and Structures : Gust response factor, G
for the
primary framing systems of slender buildings and structures shall be calculated by a rational
analysis incorporating the dynamic properties of the primary framing system as given by the
following relations.

Part 6
Structural Design
2
P 1 1 . 0T
G = 0. 65 (2.4.8
I
S 1kc )

where P = f J (2.4.9
, )
55 . 44 fh
f = (2.4.10
sV b
)
2.35
TI = Do and (2.4.11
)
h 13.72
f = fundamental natural frequency of the building or structure, Hz
= structural damping coefficient (fraction of critical
h = damping) mean roof height or height to parapet, metre
c = average horizontal dimension of the building or structure normal to wind,
Vb = metre basic wind speed, km/h
k = 0.00656 for building or structure
= 0.00328 for open framework (lattice)
J = structure pressure profile factor given in
Fig 6.2.2 resonance factor given in Fig
S = 6.2.3
structure size factor provided in Fig 6.2.4
Other parameters of Eq (2.4.8) through (2.4.11) are defined in Sec 2.4.2. Values of the
parameters ,
Do , s and shall be those given in Table 6.2.12.
The gust response factor G as determined by this provision shall account for the load magnification
effect caused by the wind gusts in resonance with along-wind oscillations of the structure, but shall
not provide
allowances for any cross-wind response such as that due to vortex shedding, galloping, flutter and
ovalling nor for any torsional loading effect resulting from such response. Cases where cross-wind or
torsional loading
specified is possible,
Sec 1.5.3.5 shall be specialist advice shallsuch
made for determining be sought for further analysis, or wind
tunnel tests effects.
in
6-24
Chapter 2
Loads

Part 6
Structural Design
Table 6.2.12
Building Exposure Parameters
Building Exposure Do s
A 0.222 0.010 1.33 1.0/h
0.143 0.005 1.00 0.07/h
B 0.100 0.003 0.85 0.0061/
h
C
2.4.6.7 Pressure Coefficients for Buildings, Structures and Components : The pressure coefficients
Cp
to be used in Eq (2.4.2) for the determination of design wind pressure shall be equal to
the values
described below:
6-26
Chapter 2
Loads
a Cpe : external pressure coefficient as given in Fig 6.2.5 and Fig 6.2.6 and in Table
) 6.2.13 for
external surfaces of buildings or structures. This coefficient shall be used with
Method 1 given in Sec 2.4.6.4a(i).
b) Cp i : internal peak pressure coefficients as given in Table 6.2.14 for internal
surfaces of
buildings.
wind load These
on coefficientsorshall
with be
Cpeused along with
for design windthe coefficients Cpe forper
on buildings
design
components, load as
provisions of Sec 2.4.6.4a
(ii)

Part 6
Structural Design
Notation :
B : Horizontal dimension of building, in metres
measured
CG : normal to wind
direction Gust response
h : coefficient
L : Mean roof height, in metres except that eave height may

be used for 10 degrees
: Horizontal dimension of building, in metres
ph measured parallel to wind direction
qh , : Design wind pressure
qz Sustained wind pressure, in kN/m2 evaluated at
: respective heights
z : Height above ground in metres
Roof slope from horizontal, degrees
External Pressure Coefficient Cpe for Walls *
Surface L/B Cpe For use with
Windward wall all values 0.8 pz = CG Cpe qz
0.10 0.5
Leeward wall 0.65 0.6
1.00 0.5 pz = CG Cpe qh
2.00 0.3
4.00 0.2
Side wall all values - 0.7 pz = CG Cpeqz
* These coefficients may be used when h/B 5.0.
Alternatively, use Table 6.2.15 and Method 2, Sec
2.4.6.4(b)
External Pressure Coefficients, Cpe for Roof
Windward Side
Wind (degrees ) Leewar
Direction h/L 0 10-15 20 30 40 50 > 60 d
Normal 0.3 - 0.7 0.2* 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.01 Side
- 0.7
to ridge - 0.9* for all
0.5 - 0.7 - 0.9 - 0.75 - 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.01 values of
1.0 - 0.7 - 0.9 - 0.75 - 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.01 h/L
1.5 - 0.7 - 0.9 - 0.9 - 0.9 - 0.35 0.2 0.01 and
Parallel h/B or h/L
to ridge 2.5 - - 0.7
h/B or h/L 0.7
> 2.5 - - 0.8
0.8
Coefficients are to be used with ph = CG Cpe qh , see Sec
*
2.4.6.6(a)
Both values of Cpe shall be used for load calculations.
Note : (1) These coefficients shall be used with Method 1, Sec
2.4.6.4.(a).
(2) Refer to Table 6.2.13 for arched roofs.
6-28
Chapter 2
Loads
(3 For flexible buildings and structures, use appropriate G as determined by Sec 2.4.6.6 (c).
) Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces,
(4 respectively. Linear interpolation may be made for values of h/L, and L/B ratios other
) than listed.
(5
)
Fig 6.2.5 External Pressure Coefficients, Cpe for Primary Framing
Systems of Rectangular Buildings

Part 6
Structural Design
6-30
Chapter 2
Loads
c) Cp e : external peak pressure coefficient as given in Fig 6.2.7 and 6.2.8 to be applied on
external
surfaces of buildings to obtain design wind load on individual components and
cladding in accordance with Sec 2.4.6.5.
d) Cp : overall pressure coefficient as given in Tables 6.2.15 through 6.2.21 for various
cross-
sectional shapes to be used with the projected area of buildings or structures
when Method 2 in Sec 2.4.6.4(b) is used.
If pressure coefficients Cpe , Cp i , Cp e or Cp are not provided herein for certain buildings,
structures or
components, reliable references shall be followed or specialist advice shall be sought.
Table 6.2.13
External Pressure Coefficients, Cpe for Arched Roofs
Cpe
Condition Rise-to-span Windward Centre Leeward
Ratio, r Quarter half Quarter
Roofs on elevated 0 < r < 0.2 0.9 0.7 r 0.5

structures 0.2 < r < 0.3* 1.5 r 0.3 0.7 r 0.5
0.3 < r < 0.6 2.75 r 0.7 0.7 r 0.5
Roofs springing 0 < r < 0.6 1.4 r 0.7 r 0.5

from level
ground
* When the rise-to-span ratio is 0.2 < r < 0.3 alternate coefficients given by (6r 2.1) shall also be
used for the windward quarter.
Notes: (1) Values listed are for the determination of average loads on primary framing system.
(2) Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces,
respectively.
(3) For components and cladding :
a) At roof perimeter, use the external pressure coefficients in Fig 6.2.7 with based on
h and q based on Exposure B.
spring- line slope
b) For remaining
q based roof area, use external pressure coefficients of this table multiplied by 1.2
on Exposure
and
B.
h
Table 6.2.14
Internal Peak Pressure Coefficients for Buildings, C pi
Condition C pi
Percentage of total wall area occupied by openings in one + 0.75 and -

wall exceeds that of all other walls by 10% or more and 0.25
openings in all other walls do not exceed 20% of
respective wall area.
All other
cases 0.25

Part 6
Structural Design
Notes: (1) Values are to be used with q or q as specified in Sec 2.4.6.4 a(ii) and 2.4.6.5.
z h
(2) Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces,
(3) respectively. Appropriate positive and negative values of C
pi shall be considered
when determining the controlling load requirement.
(4
Percentage of openings is based on gross area of
)
wall.
6-32
Chapter 2
Loads
Note : (1 Vertical scale denotes Cpe to be used withh q based on

) Exposure B . area in square metres.
(2 The horizontal scale denotes tributary
) External pressure coefficients for walls may be reduced by 10% when 10 degrees.
(3 Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces,
) respectively. Each component shall be designed for maximum positive and negative
(4 pressures.
) Roof overhangs shall have Cp e given in Fig (b) to be applied at the top surface plus a Cp e = + 0.8 applied
(5
at the
)
(6 bottom surface.
)
C
Fig 6.2.7 External Peak Pressure Coefficients pe for Loads on Building
Components and Cladding for Buildings with Mean Roof Height, h
of 18 metres or Less

Part 6
Structural Design
Note : (1 Vertical scale denotes Cp e to be used with appropriate

z q h
) q
(2 Horizontal scale denotesortributary area A in square
) Use qh with negative values of
metres
(3
)
C p e component shall be designed for maximum positive and negative pressures
Each
If a parapet is provided around the roof perimeter, zones (3) and (4) may be treated as
(4 (2) with a slope of more than 10 degrees, use Cp e from Fig 6.2.7 and q based on
zoneroofs
For
) h
(5 Exposure
Plus B
and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces, respectively.
) Roof overhangs shall have Cp e given in Fig (b) to be applied at the top surface plus a Cp e = + 0.8 applied
(6 at the
)(9
bottom surface.
)(7 For parapet use Cpe = 1.3
)
Notation:(8
a) : 5% of minimum width or 0.5h, whichever is
h : smaller
z : Mean roof height in metres
Height above ground in
metres.
C
Fig 6.2.8 External Peak Pressure Coefficients pe for Loads on Building
Components and Cladding for Buildings with Mean Roof Height, h
Greater Than 18 metres
6-34
Chapter 2
Loads
Table 6.2.15 (1)

Overall Pressure Coefficients,Cp(2) for Rectangular Buildings with Flat Roofs
h/B L/B
0.1 0.5 0.65 1.0 2.0 > 3.0
<0.5 1.40 1.45 1.55 1.40 1.15 1.10
10.0 1.55 1.85 2.00 1.70 1.30 1.15
20.0 1.80 2.25 2.55 2.00 1.40 1.20
40.0 1.95 2.50 2.80 2.20 1.60 1.25
Note:(1) These coefficients are to be used with Method-2

given in Sec 2.4.6.6a(ii). Use Cp = + 0.7 for roof in all
cases.
(2) Linear interpolation may be made for intermediate
values of`h/B and L/B.
Table 6.2.16
Overall Pressure Coefficient,Cp for Buildings and Structures such as Chimneys, Tanks, etc.
Shape Type of surface Cp for h/D values of

1 7 25
Square (wind normal to a Al 1.3 1.4 2.0
face) Square (wind along l 1.0 1.1 1.5
diagonal) Hexagonal or Al
octagonal: l 1.0 1.2 1.4
(D qz > 0.167 ) 0.5 0.6 0.7
Round (D qz > 0.167): All
0.7 0.8 0.9
Moderately
0.8 1.0 1.2
smooth Rough 0.7 0.8 1.2
Round (D qz 0.167): (D/D 0.02)
Notes: 1) The design wind force shall be calculated based on the area of the structure projected on a
Very rough(D
plane normal to the wind direction. /Dshall
The force 0.08)
be assumed to act parallel to the wind
direction. All
2) Linear interpolation may be used for h/D values other than those shown.
3) Notation :
D: diameter or least horizontal dimension, metres.
D: depth of protruding elements such as ribs and spoilers, metres.
h: height of structure, metres.
Table 6.2.17
Overall Pressure CoefficientsCp for Monoslope Roofs Over Unenclosed Buildings and Structures
L/B
(degrees) 5 3 2 1 1/2 1/3 1/5
10 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.45 0.55 0.7 0.75
15 0.35 0.45 0.5 0.7 0.85 0.9 0.85
20 0.5 0.6 0.75 0.9 1.0 0.95 0.9
25 0.7 0.8 0.95 1.15 1.1 1.05 0.95
30 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0
Location of centre of pressure,
X/L, for L/B values of :
2 to 5 1 1/5 to 1/2
10 to 20 0.35 0.3 0.3
25 0.35 0.35 0.4
30 0.35 0.4 0.45

Part 6
Structural Design
Note: 1) Wind forces act normal to the surface and shall be directed inward or outward.
2) Wind shall be assumed to deviate by 10 degrees from horizontal.
3) Notation :
B: dimension of roof measured normal to wind direction, metres
L: dimension of roof measured parallel to wind direction, metres
X: distance to centre of pressure from windward edge of roof, metres
Q: angle of plane of roof from horizontal, degrees.
6-36
Chapter 2
Loads
Table 6.2.18
Overall Pressure Coefficients,Cp for Solid Signs
At Ground Level Above Ground Level

Cp M/N Cp
3 1.2 6 1.2
5 1.3 10 1.3
8 1.4 16 1.4
10 1.5 20 1.5
20 1.75 40 1.75
30 1.85 60 1.85
40 2.00 80 2.00
Note :1) Signs with openings comprising less than 30% of the gross
area shall be considered as solid signs.
2) Signs for which the distance from the ground to the bottom
edge is less than 0.25 times the vertical dimension shall be
considered to be at ground level.
3) To allow for both normal and oblique wind directions, two
cases shall be considered :
a) Resultant force acts normal to sign at geometric centre, and
b) Resultant force acts normal to sign at level of geometric
centre and at a distance from windward edge of 0.3 times
the horizontal dimension.
4) Notation:
Ratio of height to width
M: Larger dimension of sign, metres
N Smaller dimension of sign, metres.
Table 6.2.19
Overall Pressure Coefficients Cp for Open Signs and Lattice Frameworks
Cp
Flat-sided Round Members

Members D q z 0.167 D q z > 0.167
< 0.1 2.0 1.2 0.8
0.1 to 0.29 1.8 1.3 0.9
0.3 to 0.7 1.6 1.5 1.1
Notes: 1) Signs with openings comprising 30% or more of the gross area are
classified as open signs.
2) The calculation of the design wind forces shall be based on the area
of all exposed members and elements projected on a plane normal to
the wind direction. Forces shall be assumed to act parallel to the wind
direction.
3) Notation :
: Ratio of solid area to gross area
D : Diameter of a typical round member, in metres.

Part 6
Structural Design
Table 6.2.20
Overall Pressure Coefficients, Cp for Trussed Towers
Cp
Square Towers Triangular Towers

< 0.025 4.0 3.6
0.025 to 0.44 4.1 5.2 3.7 4.5
0.45 to 0.69 1.8 1.7
0.7 to 1.0 1.3 + 0.7 1.0 +
Note : 1) Force coefficients are given for towers with structural angles or similar
flat- sided members.
2) For towers with rounded members, the design wind force shall be
determined using the values in the above table multiplied by the following
factors:
For < 0.29: factor = 0.67
For 0.3 < < 0.79: factor = 0.67 + 0.47
For 0.8 < < 1.0: factor = 1.0
3) For triangular section towers, the design wind forces shall be assumed
to act normal to a tower face.
4) For square section towers, the design wind forces shall be assumed to act
normal to a tower face. To allow for the maximum horizontal wind load,
which occurs when the wind is oblique to the faces, the wind load acting
normal to a tower face shall be multiplied by the factor 1.0 + 0.75 for < 0.5
and shall be assumed to act along a diagonal.
5) Wind forces on tower appurtenances, such as ladders, conduits, lights,
elevators, and the like, shall be calculated using appropriate force
coefficients for these elements.
6) For guyed towers, the cantilever portion of the tower shall be designed for
125% of the design force.
7) A reduction of 25% of the design force in any span between guys shall be
made for determination of controlling moments and shears.
8) Notation:
: Ratio of solid area to gross area of tower face.
D : Typical member diameter, in metres.
Table 6.2.21
Overall Pressure Coefficients,Cp,D andCp,L for Tower Guys
Cp,D Cp,L
(degrees)
10 0.05 0.05
20 0.10 0.15
30 0.20 0.30
40 0.35 0.35
50 0.60 0.45
60 0.80 0.45
70 1.05 0.35
80 1.15 0.20
90 1.20 0.00
Notes: 1) The force coefficients shall be used in conjunction with
exposed area of the tower guy in square metre,
calculated as chord length multiplied by guy diameter.
2) Notation:
6-38
Chapter 2
Loads
Cp,D : Force coefficient for the component of force

acting in direction of the wind.
Cp,L : Force coefficient for the component of force
normal to direction of the wind and in the
plane containing the angle .
acting
Angle between wind direction and chord of the
guy, in degrees.
2.4.6.8 Effect of Local Topography : If a structure or any portion thereof is located within a
local
topographic zone, such as regions around hills and ridges as shown in Fig 6.2.9, the
sustained wind
pressure obtained from Sec 2.4.6.2 shall be modified by multiplying by a local topographic
coefficient, Ct
. Value of the coefficient, Ct shall be obtained from Fig 6.2.9.
Local Topographic Coefficient, Ct at

Crest
Upwind Coefficient, Ct
slope
(tan
0.05 1.19
0.1 1.39
0.2 1.85
0.3 2.37
Legend
:
H
tan = the upwind
2Lu
slope,

Part 6
Structural Design
tand = the average downwind slope, measured from the crest of a hill or ridge or to
the
H = ground level at a distance of 5H.
Lu = the height of the hill or ridge in meters
the horizontal distance upwind from the crest to a level half the height below
the crest in meters.
Notes: (1 For intermediate values of upwind slope, linear interpolation is
) permitted.
(2 Ct = 1.0 for a point at or out side the boundary of the local topographic zones as shown in the
) figure . For any point within the local topographic zone, value of the coefficient, Ct shall be
obtained by interpolation from the value at crest given in the table and the value of Ct=1 at the
boundary of the zone. The interpolation shall be linear with horizontal distance from the crest, and
with height above the local ground level.
Fig 6.2.9 Local Topographic Coefficient, Ct for Hills and Ridges.

2. EARTHQUAKE
5 LOADS
2.5. General
1 Minimum design earthquake forces for buildings, structures or components thereof shall be
determined in
accordance with the provisions of this section. For primary framing systems of buildings or
structures, the design seismic lateral forces shall be calculated either by the Equivalent Static Force
Method or by the Dynamic Response Method based on the criteria set forth in Sec 2.5.5.1. Overall
design of buildings and structures to resist seismic ground motion and other forces shall comply
with the applicable design requirements given in Chapter 1.
2.5. Definitions
2 The following definitions of terms shall be applicable only to the provisions of Sec
2.5 :
BASE : The level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the structures
or the
level at which the structure as a dynamic vibrator is supported.
BASE SHEAR : Total design lateral force or shear at the base of a
structure.
BEARING WALL SYSTEM : A structural system without a complete vertical load carrying
space frame,
see Sec 1.3.2.
BRACED FRAME : An essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type
which is
provided to resist lateral forces.
BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM : An essentially complete space frame which provides support
for gravity
loads, see Sec 1.3.2.
DIAPHRAGM : A horizontal or nearly horizontal system of structures acting to transmit lateral
forces to
the vertical resisting elements. The term "diaphragm" includes horizontal bracing systems.
DUAL SYSTEM : A combination of a Special or Intermediate Moment Resisting Frame and Shear
Walls or
Braced Frames designed in accordance with the criteria of Sec 1.3.2.
ECCENTRIC BRACED FRAME (EBF) : A steel braced frame designed in conformance
with Sec 1.8.
during an
emergency or a post disaster period.
FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGM : A floor or roof diaphragm shall be considered flexible, for
purposes of this
provision, when the maximum lateral deformation of the diaphragm is more than two times the
average storey drift of the associated storey. This may be determined by comparing the computed
midpoint in- plane deflection of the diaphragm under lateral load with the storey drift of adjoining
vertical resisting elements under equivalent tributary lateral load.
6-40
Chapter 2
Loads
FLEXIBLE ELEMENT OR SYSTEM : An element or system whose deformation under

lateral load is
significantly larger than adjoining parts of the system.
FLEXIBLY SUPPORTED EQUIPMENT : Non-rigid or flexibly supported equipment is a system
having a
fundamental period, including the equipment, greater than 0.06 second.
HORIZONTAL BRACING SYSTEM : A horizontal truss system that serves the same function
as a floor or
roof diaphragm.
INTERMEDIATE MOMENT RESISTING FRAME (IMRF) : A concrete or steel frame
designed in
accordance with Sec 8.3 or 10.5.17 respectively.
MOMENT RESISTING FRAME : A frame in which members and joints are capable of
resisting forces
primarily by flexure.
ORDINARY MOMENT RESISTING FRAME (OMRF) : A moment resisting frame not
meeting special
detailing requirements for ductile behaviour.
PRIMARY FRAMING SYSTEM : That part of the structural system assigned to resist
lateral forces.
RIGIDLY SUPPORTED EQUIPMENT : A rigid or rigidly supported equipment is a
system having a
fundamental period less than or equal to 0.06 second.
SHEAR WALL : A wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall
(sometimes
referred to as a vertical diaphragm or a structural wall).
SOFT STOREY : Storey in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 per cent of the stiffness of
the storey
above.
SPACE FRAME : A three-dimensional structural system without bearing walls composed of
members
interconnected so as to function as a complete self contained unit with or without the aid of
horizontal diaphragms or floor bracing systems.
SPECIAL MOMENT RESISTING FRAME (SMRF) : A moment resisting frame specially
detailed to provide
ductile behaviour complying with the seismic requirements provided in Chapters 8 and 10 for
concrete and steel frames respectively.
SPECIAL STRUCTURAL SYSTEM : A structural system not listed in
Table 6.2.24.
STOREY : The space between floor levels. Storey-x is the storey below
level-x.
STOREY SHEAR, Vx : The summation of design lateral forces above the storey under
consideration.
STRENGTH : The usable capacity of an element or a member to resist the load as
prescribed in these
provisions.
STRUCTURE : An assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and
resist lateral
forces. Structures may be categorized as building and non-building structures as defined in Sec
1.2.2.
TOWER : A tall, slim vertical
structure.
VERTICAL LOAD-CARRYING FRAME : A space frame designed to carry all vertical
gravity loads.
WEAK STOREY : Storey in which the lateral strength is less than 80 per cent of that of the
storey above.
3 The following symbols and notation shall apply to the provisions of this
section :

Part 6
Structural Design
Ac = the combined effective area, in square metres of the shear walls in the first storey
of the
Ae = structure.
the effective horizontal cross-sectional area, in square metres of a shear wall in
the first
Ax =
storey of the structure.
C =
the torsion amplification factor at level-x.
C =
Ct = numerical coefficient specified in Sec 2.5.6.1.
De = numerical coefficient specified in Sec 2.5.8 and given in Table 6.2.26.
numerical coefficient given in Sec 2.5.6.2.
the length in metres of a shear wall element in the first storey in the direction
ft = parallel to
Fi,Fn,Fx =
the applied forces.
F = lateral force at level -i for use in Eq (2.5.5).
Ft = lateral force applied to level-i, -n, or -x respectively.
lateral forces on an element or component or on equipment supports.
Fx = that portion of the base shear V, considered concentrated at the top of the
g = structure in
hi, hn, hx = addition to Fn.
I = force on floor- or roof-diaphragm.
I = acceleration due to gravity.
height in metres above the base to level i, -n or -x respectively.
Level-i = structure importance coefficient given in Table 6.2.23.
structure importance coefficient specified in Sec 2.5.8 for structural and
Level-n = non-structural components and equipment.
Level-x = level of the structure referred to by the subscript i, e.g., i = 1 designates the first level
R = above
S = the base.
T = the uppermost level in the main portion of the structure.
the level under consideration e.g., x = 1 designates the first level above the
V = base. response modification coefficient for structural systems given in
Vx = Table 6.2.24. site coefficient for soil characteristics given in Table 6.2.25.
W = fundamental period of vibration, in seconds, of the structure in the direction
= under consideration.
wi , wx
the total design lateral force or shear at the base
w x = the design storey shear in storey x
the total seismic dead load defined in Sec 2.5.5.2
W = the weight of an element or
that portion of W which is located at or assigned to level -i or -x respectively
Z component
= seismic zone coefficient given in Table 6.2.22.
i = the weightdisplacement
horizontal of the diaphragm
at level-iand the toelements
relative the base tributary theretolateral
due to applied at level-x,
forces, in
including
metre, applicable portions of other loads defined in Sec 2.5.5.2.
for use in Eq (2.5.5).
2.5. Seismic Zoning
4 2.5.4.1 Seismic Zoning Map : The seismic zoning map of Bangladesh is provided in Fig 6.2.10.
Based on the severity of the probable intensity of seismic ground motion and damages, Bangladesh
has been divided into three seismic zones, i.e. Zone 1, Zone 2 and Zone 3 as shown in Fig 6.2.10
with Zone 3 being the most severe.
2.5.4.2 Selection of Seismic Zone and Zone Coefficient : Seismic zone for a building site
shall be
determined based on the location of the site on the Seismic Zoning Map provided in Fig
6.2.10. Each
building or structure shall be assigned a Seismic Zone Coefficient, Z corresponding to the seismic
2.5. zone of Earthquake
Design Forces
the site as set forthfor
in Primary Framing Systems
Table 6.2.22.
5 The design earthquake lateral forces on the primary framing systems of every building or structure
shall
be calculated based on the provisions set forth in this section. The design seismic forces shall be
assumed
6-42
Chapter 2
Loads
to act nonconcurrently in the direction of each principal axis of the building or the structure,
except
otherwise required by the provisions of Sec 1.5.4 and 1.7.
2.5.5.1 Selection of Lateral Force Method : Seismic lateral forces on primary framing systems
shall be
determined by using either the Equivalent Static Force Method provided in Sec 2.5.6, or the
Dynamic
Response
a The Method given
Equivalent in Sec
Static 2.5.7
Force complying
Method of Secwith themay
2.5.6 restrictions
be usedgiven below
for the :
following
) structures :
i) All structures, regular or irregular, in Seismic Zone 1 and in Structure Importance
Category
ii) IV in Seismic Zone 2, except case b(iv) below.
Regular structures under 75 metres in height with lateral force resistance
iii) provided by structural systems listed in Table 6.2.24. except case b(iv) below.
iv) Irregular structures not more than 20 metres in height.
A tower like building or structure having a flexible upper portion supported on a rigid
lower portion where:
1) both portions of the structure considered separately can be classified as
regular
2) structures,
the average storey stiffness of the lower portion is at least ten times the average
3) storey stiffness of the upper portion, and
the period of the entire structure is not greater than 1.1 times the period of the
upper portion considered as a separate structure fixed at the base.
b) The Dynamic Response Method as given in Sec 2.5.7 may be used for all classes of
structure, but
shall be used for structures of the following types.
i) Structures 75 metres or more in height except as permitted by case a(i)
ii) above.
Structures having a stiffness, weight or geometric vertical irregularity of Type I, II, or
III as defined in Table 6.1.3. or structures having irregular features not described in
iii) either Table 6.1.3 or 6.1.4.
Structures over 20 metres in height in Seismic Zone 3 not having the same structural
iv) system throughout their height except as permitted by Sec 1.6.4.
Structures, regular or irregular, located on Soil Profile Type S4 as given in Table
6.2.25, which have a period greater than 0.7 second. The analysis shall include the
effects of the soils at the site and shall conform to Sec 2.5.7.1 (c).
2.5.5.2 Seismic Dead Load : Seismic dead load, W, is the total dead load of a building or a
structure,
including permanent partitions, and applicable portions of other loads listed below :
a In storage and warehouse occupancies, a minimum of 25 per cent of the floor live load
) shall be
applicable.
b) Where an allowance for partition load is included in the floor design in accordance with Sec
2.3.3.3,
all such loads but not less than 0.6 kN/m2 shall be applicable.
c) Total weight of permanent equipment shall be
included.

Part 6
Structural Design
6-44
Chapter 2
Loads
2.5. Equivalent Static Force Method

6 This method may be used for calculation of seismic lateral forces for all structures
specified in
Sec 2.5.5.1(a)
2.5.6.1 Design Base Shear : The total design base shear in a given direction shall be determined
from the
following relation :
ZIC
V W (2.5.1
R
)
where, = Seismic zone coefficient given in Table 6.2.22
Z = Structure importance coefficient given in Table 6.2.23
I = Response modification coefficient for structural systems given in Table
R
W = 6.2.24 The total seismic dead load defined in Sec 2.5.5.2
C = Numerical coefficient given by the relation :
1.25 S
C (2.5.2
T2 /3 )
S = Site coefficient for soil characteristics as provided in Table 6.2.25

T = Fundamental period of vibration in seconds, of the structure for the direction
under consideration as determined by the provisions of Sec 2.5.6.2.
The value of C need not exceed 2.75 and this value may be used for any structure without regard
to soil
type or structure period. Except for those requirements where Code prescribed forces are scaled
up by
0.375R, the minimum value of the ratio C/R shall be 0.075.
Table 6.2.22 Table 6.2.23
Seismic Zone Coefficients, Z Structure Importance Coefficients I, I
Seismic Zone Zone Structure Importance Category Structure

(see Fig 6.2.10) Coefficient (see Table 6.1.1 for occupancy) Importance
Coefficient
I I
I Essential facilities 1.25 1.50
1 0.075 II Hazardous facilities 1.25 1.50
2 0.15 III Special occupancy structures 1.00 1.00
3 0.25 IV Standard occupancy structures 1.00 1.00
V Low-risk Structures 1.00 1.00
2.5.6.2 Structure Period : The value of the fundamental period, T of the structure shall be
determined
from one of the following methods :
a Method A : For all buildings the value of T may be approximated by the following
) formula :
T = Ct (hn) 3/4 (2.5.3
)
where Ct = 0.08 for steel moment resisting frames
, = 3 for reinforced concrete moment resisting frames, and eccentric
0.07 braced steel frames
3
= 0.04 for all other structural systems
hn = 9 Height in metres above the base to level
n.
Alternatively, the value of Ct for buildings with concrete or masonry shear walls may be
taken as

0. 031 A c . The value of Ac shall be obtained from the relation :
Ac = A e 0.2 D e h n 2 (2.5.4
)

Part 6
Structural Design
where Ac = The combined effective area, in square metres, of the shear walls in
, the first
Ae = storey of the structure.
The effective horizontal cross-sectional area, in square metres of a shear
De = wall length,
The in in metre of a shear wall element in the storey in the
the first storey of the structure.
first direction
parallel to the applied forces.
The value of De for use in Eq ( 2.5.4) shall not exceed
/hn 0.9.
6-46
Chapter 2
Loads
Table 6.2.24
Response Modification Coefficient for Structural Systems, R
Basic Structural Description of Lateral Force Resisting System (2)

R
System(1)
a. Bearing Wall 1. Light framed walls with shear panels
System i) Plywood walls for structures, 3 storeys or less 8
ii) All other light framed walls 6
2. Shear walls
i) Concrete 6
ii) Masonry 6
3. Light steel framed bearing walls with tension only bracing 4
4. Braced frames where bracing carries gravity loads
i) Steel 6
ii) Concrete (3) 4
iii) Heavy timber 4
b. Building Frame 1. Steel eccentric braced frame (EBF) 10
System 2. Light framed walls with shear panels
i) Plywood walls for structures 3-storeys or less 9
ii) All other light framed walls 7
3. Shear walls
i) Concrete 8
ii) Masonry 8
4. Concentric braced frames (CBF)
i) Steel 8
ii) Concrete (3) 8
iii) Heavy timber 8
c. Moment Resisting 1. Special moment resisting frames (SMRF)
Frame System i) Steel 12
ii) Concrete 12
2. Intermediate moment resisting frames (IMRF), concrete(4) 8
3. Ordinary moment resisting frames (OMRF)
i) Steel 6
5
ii) Concrete (5)
d. Dual System 1. Shear walls
i) Concrete with steel or concrete SMRF 12
ii) Concrete with steel OMRF 6
iii) Concrete with concrete IMRF (4) 9
iv) Masonry with steel or concrete SMRF 8
v) Masonry with steel OMRF 6
vi) Masonry with concrete IMRF (3) 7
2. Steel EBF
i) With steel SMRF 12
ii) With steel OMRF 6
3. Concentric braced frame (CBF)
i) Steel with steel SMRF 10
ii) Steel with steel OMRF 6
9
iii) Concrete with concrete SMRF (3)
6
iv) Concrete with concrete IMRF (3)
e. Special Structural See Sec 1.3.2, 1.3.3, 1.3.5
Systems
Notes : (1) Basic Structural Systems are defined in Sec 1.3.2, Chapter 1.
See Sec 2.5.6.6 for combination of structural systems, and Sec 1.3.5 for system limitations.
(2) Prohibited in Seismic Zone 3.
Prohibited in Seismic Zone 3 except as permitted in Sec 2.5.9.3.
(3) Prohibited in Seismic Zones 2 and 3. Sec 1.7.2.6.
(4)
(5)

Part 6
Structural Design
Table 6.2.25
Site Coefficient, S for Seismic Lateral Forces (1)
Site Soil Characteristics Coefficient,

S
Type Description
S1 A soil profile with either :

a) A rock-like material characterized by a shear-wave velocity greater 1.0
than 762 m/s or by other suitable means of classification, or
b) Stiff or dense soil condition where the soil depth is less than 61 metres
S A soil profile with dense or stiff soil conditions, where the soil depth 1.2
exceeds 61 metres
2 A soil profile 21 metres or more in depth and containing more than 6 1.5
metres of soft to medium stiff clay but not more than 12 metres of soft
clay
S 2.0
A soil profile containing more than 12 metres of soft clay characterized
Note : (1)
by aThe
shear
site wave velocity
coefficient shall less than 152from
be established m/sproperly substantiated geotechnical data. In
3 locations where the soil properties are not known in sufficient detail to determine the soil
profile type, soil profile S3 shall be used. Soil profile S4 need not be assumed unless the
building official determines that soil profile S4 may be present at the site, or in the event that
S soil profile S4 is established by geotechnical data.
b) Method B : The fundamental period T may be calculated using the structural properties
4
and
deformational characteristics of the resisting elements in a properly substantiated
analysis. This
requirement may be satisfied by using the following formula :
n n
T 2 w ii 2 g f i i (2.5.5
i 1 i1 )
The values of fi represent any lateral force distributed approximately in accordance

with the
principles of Eq (2.5.6), (2.5.7) and (2.5.8) or any other rational distribution. The elastic
deflections,
i shall be calculated using the applied lateral forces, fi. The value of T determined from Eq
2.5.6.3 (2.5.5)
Vertical Distribution of Lateral Forces : In the absence of a more rigorous procedure, the
total shall not exceed that calculated using Eq (2.5.3) by more than 40%.
lateral force, which is the base shear V, shall be distributed along the height of the
structure in
accordance with Eq (2.5.6), (2.5.7) and n (2.5.8):
V Ft
i1
Fi
(2.5.6
)
where, Fi = Lateral force applied at storey level -i and
Ft = Concentrated lateral force considered at the top of
the building in addition to the force Fn.
The concentrated force, Ft acting at the top of the building shall be determined as
follows:
Ft = 0.07 TV 0.25 when T > 0.7 (2.5.7a
second )
V
Ft = 0.0 when T 0.7 (2.5.7b
second )
6-48
Chapter 2
Loads
The remaining portion of the base shear (V-Ft), shall be distributed over the height of the
building,
including level-n, according to the relation :
(V Ft )w x hx
Fx n
w i hi
i1 (2.5.8
)
At each storey level-x, the force Fx shall be applied over the area of the building in proportion to the
mass
distribution at that level.
2.5.6.4 Horizontal Distribution of Shear : The design storey shear Vx , in any storey x is the sum
of the
forces Fx and Ft above that storey. Vx shall be distributed to the various elements of the vertical
lateral
force resisting system in proportion to their rigidities, considering the rigidity of the floor or
roof
2.5.6.5
diaphragm.Horizontal
AllowanceTorsional Moments
shall also : for
be made Provision shall beshear
the increased made for the
arising dueincreased shears
to any horizontal
resulting
torsional moments as specified in Sec 2.5.6.5.
from horizontal torsion where floor diaphragms are not flexible.
The torsional design moment at a given storey shall be the moment resulting from eccentricities
between
applied design lateral forces at levels above that storey and the vertical resisting elements in that
storey plus an accidental torsional moment.
The accidental torsional moment in any storey shall be determined assuming the storey
mass to be
displaced from the calculated centre of mass in each direction a distance equal to 5% of the
building dimension at that level perpendicular to the direction of the force under consideration.
Where torsional irregularity exists (Plan Irregularity Type I as defined in Table 6.1.4) the effects
shall be
accounted for by increasing the accidental torsion at each level by an amplification factor, Ax
determined from the formula:
1.2 avg 3. 0
2
A x max (2.5.9
)
where ma = The maximum displacement at level-x.
, = The average of the displacements at extreme positions of
x
avg the building at level-x.
The more severe loading for each element shall be considered for
design.
2.5.6.6 Combination of Structural Systems : When structural systems defined in Sec 1.3.2 are
combined
to be incorporated into the same structure, the following requirements shall be satisfied:
a Vertical Combinations: The value of the response modification coefficient, R used in the
) design of
any storey for a given direction shall not be greater than that used for the storey above.
However,
this requirement need not apply to a storey where the dead load above that storey is less
than 10 permay
Structures centbeof designed
the total dead
usingweight of the structure.
the procedures of Sec 2.5.6 under the following
conditions:
i) The entire structure is designed using the lowest value of R for the lateral force
resisting
systems used, or
ii) The following procedure is used for structures conforming to Sec
2.5.5.1a(iv).
1. The flexible upper portion, shall be designed as a separate structure, supported
laterally by
the rigid lower portions using the appropriate value of R.

Part 6
Structural Design
2. The rigid lower portion shall be designed as a separate structure using the
appropriate
value of R . The reactions from the upper portion shall be increased by the ratio of
the R values of the two portions. These factored reactions shall be applied at the top
of the rigid lower portion in addition to the forces determined for the lower portion
b) itself. Along Different
Combinations
Axes:
i) In Seismic Zone 3, where a structure has a Bearing Wall System in only one direction,
the value
of R used for the orthogonal direction shall not be greater than that used for the Bearing
Wall System defined in Sec 1.3.2.
ii) Any combination of Building Frame Systems, Dual Systems, or Moment
Resisting Frame
Systems defined in Sec 1.3.2 may be used to resist design seismic forces in structures
less than 50 m in height. Only combinations of Dual Systems and Special Moment
Resisting Frames (SMRF) can be used to resist the design seismic forces in structures
exceeding 50 m in height in Seismic Zone 3.
6-50
Chapter 2
Loads
2.5. Dynamic Response Method

7 The Dynamic Response Method, where used, shall conform to the criteria established in this
section. The
analysis of the structure shall be based on an established principle of mechanics, using a
mathematical model specified in Sec 1.2.6.1(a) and one of the dynamic analysis procedures given
in Sec 2.5.7.2 and 2.5.7.3.
The mass and mass moments of inertia of various components of a structure, required for the
dynamic
analysis, shall be calculated based on the seismic dead load specified in Sec 2.5.5.2.
2.5.7.1 Ground Motion : The ground motion representation as set out in this section shall,
as a
minimum, be one having 20% probability of being exceeded in 50 years and may be one of the
following:
a Response Spectrum : The response spectrum to be used in the dynamic analysis shall be any
) one of
the following:
i) Site Specific Design Spectra : A site specific response spectra shall be developed based
on the
geologic, tectonic, seismologic, and soil characteristics associated with the specific
site. The
spectra shall be developed for a damping ratio of 0.05 unless a different value is found
to be consistent with the expected structural behaviour at the intensity of vibration
established for
ii) Normalized the site. Spectra : In absence of a site-specific response spectrum, the
Response
normalized
response spectra given in Fig 6.2.11 shall be used in the dynamic analysis procedure
given in Sec 2.5.7.2.
b) Time History : Ground motion time history developed for the specific site shall be
representative
of actual earthquake motions for the directions under consideration. Response spectra from
time history, either individually or in combination, shall approximate the site-specific design
spectra conforming to paragraph a (i) above.

Part 6
Structural Design
c) Structures on Soil Profile Type S4 : The following provisions shall apply when
required by
Sec 2.5.5.1 b (iv):
i) The ground motion representation shall be developed in accordance with paragraphs a
(i) and
b above.
ii) Possible amplification of building response due to soil-structure interaction and
lengthening of
building period caused by inelastic behaviour shall be considered.
iii) The base shear determined by these procedures may be reduced to a design base
shear, V, by
dividing by a factor not greater than the appropriate R value for the structure but shall not
be
d) less Component:
Vertical than that required by Sec component
The vertical 2.5.7.2c(i). of ground motion may be defined by
scaling the
corresponding horizontal ground accelerations by a factor of two-thirds. Alternative factors
may be used when substantiated by site-specific data.
2.5.7.2 Response Spectrum Analysis : Where this procedure is used, an elastic dynamic analysis
of a
structure shall be performed based on the criteria set forth in this section with a mathematical
model
conforming to Sec 1.2.6.1(a) and using a response spectrum as specified in Sec 2.5.7.1(a ). The
analysis shall include the peak dynamic response of all modes having a significant contribution to
total structural response. Peak modal response shall be calculated using the ordinates of the
appropriate response spectrum curve which correspond to the modal periods. Maximum modal
contributions
a Number shall be combined
of Modes in a statistical
: The requirement that manner to obtain
all significant an approximate
modes be included total
may structural
be
response.
) satisfied by
demonstrating that, for the modes considered, at least 90 per cent of the participating mass
of the structure is included in the calculation of response for each principal horizontal direction.
b) Combination of Modes : The peak member forces, displacements, storey forces, storey
shears, and
base reactions for each mode shall be combined using established procedures in order to
estimate resultant maximum values of these response parameters. When three dimensional
models are used for analysis, modal interaction effects shall be considered when combining
c) modal maximum.
Scaling of Results : Where the base shear for a given direction, determined by this
procedure, is
different from the base shear obtained by using the procedure of Sec 2.5.6.1, it shall be
adjusted as follows :
i) When the base shear is less than that determined from Sec 2.5.6.1, the following values
shall be
taken :
1. The value of the base shear as obtained from Sec 2.5.6.1, for irregular
structures.
2. 90 per cent of the value from Sec 2.5.6.1 for regular structures except that the base
shear
shall not be less than 80 per cent of that determined using T from Sec 2.5.6.2(a).
ii) When the base shear is greater than that determined from Sec 2.5.6.1, the value need not
exceed
that required by c(i) above, except for structures required to conform to Sec 2.5.7.1(c)
All corresponding response parameters, including deflections, member forces and
moments,
shall be adjusted in proportion to the adjusted base shear.
d) Torsion : The analysis shall account for torsional effects, including accidental torsional
effects as
prescribed in Sec 2.5.6.5. Where three-dimensional models are used for analysis, effects of
accidental torsion shall be accounted for by appropriate adjustments in the model such as
adjustment of mass locations, or by the equivalent static procedure provided in Sec 2.5.6.5.
2.5.7.3 Time History Analysis : When this procedure is followed, an elastic or inelastic
dynamic
analysis of a structure shall be made using a mathematical model of the
structure specified in
6-52
Chapter 2
Loads
Sec 1.2.6.1(a) and applying at its base or any other appropriate level, a ground motion time
history as
specified in Sec 2.5.7.1(b). The time-dependent dynamic response of the structure shall be
obtained through numerical integration of its equations of motion.
2.5. Seismic Lateral Forces on Components and Equipment Supported by Structures
8 2.5.8.1 Lateral Forces on Structural and Non-structural Components, and Equipment : The minimum
design seismic lateral forces on elements of structures, non-structural components, equipment and
their attachments including anchorage and bracing to the main structural system shall be
determined in accordance with the formula :
FZ I CW (2.5.10
)
where, = Total lateral seismic force
F = Seismic zone coefficient as given in Table 6.2.22
Z = Structure Importance Coefficient for components as given in Table
I = 6.2.23 Horizontal force Coefficient as specified in Sec 2.5.8.2.
C = Weight of an element, component or piece of equipment.
W
The total lateral seismic force, F obtained from Eq (2.5.10) shall be distributed in proportion to the
mass distribution of the element, component or piece of equipment. These forces shall be
applied in the
horizontal direction to cause the most critical loading for design. Friction resulting from gravity
forces shall not be considered to provide resistance to seismic forces.
Seismic lateral forces on attachments for floor- or roof-mounted equipment weighing less than 1.8
kN and
for furniture need not be determined for design purposes.
2.5.8.2 Horizontal Force Coefficient C : The value of the coefficient C shall be determined as
a
followsFor
: elements of structure and non-structural components, and for rigid or rigidly
) supported
equipment supported by structures above grade, C shall be taken as those given in Table
b) 6.2.26.
For non-rigid or flexibly supported equipment, supported by a structure and located above
grade
on a structure, the seismic lateral force shall be determined considering the dynamic
properties of both the equipment and those of the structure which supports it, but the value of
C shall not be less than that listed in Table 6.2.26. In the absence of an analysis or
empirical data, the value of C shall be taken as twice the value listed in Table 6.2.26 but it
need piping,
For not exceed 2.0. and conduit systems which are constructed of ductile
ducting
materials and
connections, the values of C may be taken as those given in Table 6.2.26.
c) The value of C for elements, or components and equipment laterally self-supported and
located at or below ground level may be two-thirds of the value set forth in Table 6.2.26.
However, the design
lateral forces obtained from Eq (2.5.10) for these elements shall not be less than that as
would be obtained using the provision of Sec 2.5.9.
2.5.8.3 Seismic Lateral Forces on Floor or Roof Diaphragms : Seismic lateral forces on floor and
roof
diaphragms and collector elements shall be determined in accordance with the following formula :
n
( Ft Fi )
i x
Fx n w x (2.5.11
w i )
i x
a The force Fx determined from Eq (2.5.11) need not exceed 0.75 ZI w x but it shall not be
) less than
0.35 ZI.
b) When the diaphragm is required to transfer lateral forces from the vertical resisting elements
above
the diaphragm to other vertical resisting elements below the diaphragm due to offset
in the

Part 6
Structural Design
placement of the elements or to changes in stiffness in the vertical elements, these forces
shall be
added to those determined from Eq (2.5.11).
2.5. Seismic Lateral Forces on Non-Building Structures
9 Non-building structures shall include all self-supporting structures other than buildings that carry
gravity
loads and resist the effects of earthquake and other lateral forces. Determination of seismic lateral
forces for such structures shall be based on the following provisions:
2.5.9.1 Seismic Dead Load : For non-building structures, the seismic dead load, W shall
include all
loads defined for buildings in Sec 2.5.5.2. In addition, W shall include all normal operating
contents for structures such as tanks, vessels, bins and piping.
2.5.9.2 Fundamental Period : For structures with primary framing systems similar to buildings,
the
fundamental period T, shall be determined in accordance with Sec 2.5.6.2. For other structures, T
shall be
obtainedStructures
2.5.9.3 by using a Similar
rational to Buildings
method such :asThe
Method B of lateral
seismic Sec 2.5.6.2.
forces on structures with primary
framing
systems similar to buildings (i.e. structural systems listed in Table 6.2.24) shall be
determined in
accordance
a with themoment
Intermediate provisions of Secframes
resisting 2.5.5 through
(IMRF) 2.5.8
may be with following
used modifications
in structures :
within Seismic Zone
) 3 and
in structure importance categories III through V, if, (i) the structure is less than 15 m in
height, and
b) (ii) R = 4.0
Seismic deadis load
usedand
in load calculations.
structure period shall be calculated in accordance with Sec 2.5.5.2 and
2.5.9.2
respectively.
Table 6.2.26
Horizontal Force Coefficient, C for Elements, Components and Equipment
Elements of Structures and Non-structural Components and Equipment(1) Value of C
I Elements of Structures
1. Walls including the following:
a. Unbraced (cantilevered) parapets 2.00
b. Other exterior walls above the ground floor(2,3) 0.75
c. All interior bearing and nonbearing walls and partitions(3) 0.75
d. Masonry or concrete fences over 1.8 m high 0.75
2. Penthouse (except when framed by an extension of the structural frame) 0.75
3. Connections for prefabricated structural elements other than walls, with 0.75
force applied at centre of gravity (4)
4. Diaphragms(3,5)
II. Non-structural Components

1. Exterior and interior ornamentation and appendages 2.00
2. Chimneys, stacks, trussed towers and tanks on legs:
a. Supported on or projecting as an unbraced cantilever above the roof 2.00
more than one-half their total height
b. All others, including those supported below the roof with unbraced 0.75
projection above the roof less than one-half their height, or braced or
guyed to the structural frame at or above their centres of mass
6-54
Chapter 2
Loads
3. Signs and billboards 2.00

4. Storage racks (including contents) 0.75
5. Anchorage for permanent floor-supported cabinets and book stacks more 0.75
than
1.5 m in height (including contents) 0.75
6. Anchorage for suspended ceilings and light fixtures(4, 6) 0.75
7. Access floor systems(4, 7)
III. Equipment
1. Tanks and vessels (including contents), together with support systems 0.75
and anchorage
2. Electrical, mechanical and plumbing equipment and associated conduit, 0.75
ductwork and piping, and machinery (8)
Notes: (1) See Sec 2.5.8.2 for items supported at or below
grade. (2) See Sec 1.7.2.3 and 2.5.8.2
(3) Where flexible diaphragms provide lateral support for walls and partitions, the value of Cfor anchorage
shall be increased 50 per cent for the centre one-half of the diaphragm span.
(4) Applies to Seismic Zones 2 and 3 only.
(5) See Sec 1.7.2.9 and 2.5.8.3.
(6) Ceiling weight shall include all light fixtures and other equipment or partitions which are laterally
supported by the ceiling. For the purpose of determining the seismic force, a ceiling weight of not less
than 0.2 kN/m2 shall be used. Ceilings constructed of lath and plaster or gypsum board, screw or nail
attached to suspended members that support a ceiling at one level extending from wall to wall need not be
analysed provided the walls are not over 15 m apart.
(7) W for access floor systems shall be the dead load of the access floor systems plus 25 per cent of the floor
live load
(8 plus a 0.5 kN/m2 partition load allowance.
Equipment includes, but is not limited to , boilers, chillers, heat exchangers, pumps, air-handing units,
) cooling
towers, control panels, motors, switchgear, transformers and life-safety equipment. It also includes
major conduit, ducting and piping serving such equipment and fire sprinkler systems. See Sec 2.5.8.2
for additional requirements for determining C for non-rigid or flexibly mounted equipment.

Part 6
Structural Design
2.5.9.4 Rigid Structures : For rigid structures (i.e. those with period, T 0.06 second) including
their
anchorage, the total lateral force, V shall be determined in accordance with the relation :
V = 0.5 Z I (2.5.12
W )
2.5.9.5 Flat-bottom Tanks at or Below Grade : Seismic forces for flat-bottom tanks or other tanks
with
supported bottoms, founded at or below grade, shall be calculated using the procedure of Sec
2.5.9.4
considering the entire weight of the tank and its contents. Alternatively, such forces may be
determined
a using onespectrum
A response of the following methods.
analysis, which includes consideration of the actual ground
) motion
anticipated at the site and the inertial effects of the contained fluid.
b) A substantiated analysis prescribed for the particular type of tank provided that the seismic
Zones
and Structure Importance Categories are in conformance with Fig 6.2.10 and Sec 1.2.3
2.5.9.6 respectively.
Other Structures : For structures (other than buildings), which are not covered by Sec
2.5.9.3
through 2.5.9.5, the minimum seismic lateral forces shall be determined in accordance with the
following
The :total lateral seismic force, V shall be determined using the provisions of Sec 2.5.6
provisions
a
) with the
coefficient R taken from Table 6.2.27. However, the ratio C/R shall not be less than 0.5.
Table 6.2.27
Coefficient, R for Non-Building Structures
Structure Type Coefficient

R
1. Tanks, vessels or pressurized spheres on braced or unbraced legs 3
2. Cast-in-place concrete silos and chimneys having walls continuous 5
to the foundation
3. Distributed mass cantilever structures such as stacks, chimneys, silos 4
and skirt- supported vertical vessels
4. Trussed towers (free standing or guyed), guyed stacks and chimneys 4
5. Inverted pendulum-type structures 3
6. Cooling towers 5
7. Bins and hoppers on braced or unbraced legs 4
8. Storage racks 5
9. Signs and billboards 5
10. Amusement structures and monuments 3
11. All other self-supporting structures not otherwise covered 4
b) The vertical distribution of the total lateral seismic force, V, may be determined by one
of the
following procedures:
1 Using provisions of Sec
. 2.5.6.3.
2 Using procedures of Sec
Exception:
. 2.5.7.
For irregular structures assigned to Structure Importance Categories I and II, which cannot be
modeled as
a single mass, the procedures of Sec 2.5.7 shall be used.
6-56
Chapter 2
Loads
c) When any other established standard or method is used as a basis for obtaining the seismic
lateral
forces for a particular type of non-building structure covered by this section, such a standard
may be used subject to the following limitations:
i) The Seismic Zones and Structure Importance Categories shall be in conformance
with the
requirements of Sec 2.5.4 and 1.2.3 respectively.
ii) The values for total lateral force and total base overturning moment used in design
shall not
2. MISCELLANEOUS be less than 80% of the values which would be obtained using these provisions.
6 LOADS
2.6. General
1 The procedures and limitations for the determination of selected miscellaneous loads are provided
in this
section. Loads that are not specified in this section or elsewhere in this chapter, may be determined
based on information from reliable references or specialist advice may be sought.
2.6. Definitions
2 The following definitions and notation shall apply to the provisions of this section
only.
during an
emergency or a post disaster period.
RATIONAL ANALYSIS : An analysis based on established methods or theories using
mathematical
formulae and actual or appropriately assumed data.
SITE-SPECIFIC DATA : Data obtained either from measurements taken at a site or from
substantiated
field information required specifically for the structure concerned.
2.6. Rain Loads
3 Rain loads shall be determined in accordance with the following
provisions.
2.6.3.1 Blocked Drains : Each portion of a roof shall be designed to sustain the load from all
rainwater
that could be accumulated on it if the primary drainage system for that portion is undersized or
blocked.
Ponding Controlled
2.6.3.2 Drainage
instability shall be considered in this situation.
: Roofs equipped with controlled drainage provisions shall be
designed to
sustain all rainwater loads on them to the elevation of the secondary drainage system plus 0.25
kN/m2 . Ponding instability shall be considered in this situation.
2.6. Loads Due to Flood and Surge
4 For the determination of flood and surge loads on a structural member, consideration shall be
given to
both hydrostatic and hydrodynamic effects. Required loading shall be determined in accordance
with the established principles of mechanics based on site specific criteria and in compliance with
the following provisions of this section. For essential facilities like cyclone and flood shelters and for
hazardous facilities specified in Table 6.1.1, values of maximum flood elevation, surge height, wind
velocities etc., required for the determination of flood and surge load, shall be taken corresponding
to 100-year return period. For structures other than essential and hazardous facilities, these values,
shall be based on 50-year return period.
2.6.4.1 Flood Loads on Structures at Inland Areas : For structures sited at inland areas subject to
flood,
loads due to flood shall be determined considering hydrostatic effects which shall be calculated
based on
the flood elevation of 50-year return period. For river-side structures such as that under Exposure C
specified in Sec 2.4.4.1, hydrodynamic forces, arising due to approaching wind-generated waves
shall also be determined in addition to the hydrostatic load on them. In this case, the amplitude of
such
2.6.4.2 wind- induced
Flood waterLoads
and Surge wavesonshall be obtained
Structures from Areas
at Coastal site-specific
: For data.
structures sited at coastal areas,
the
hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads shall be determined as follows :

Part 6
Structural Design
a Hydrostatic Loads : The hydrostatic loads on structural elements and foundations

) shall be
determined based on the maximum static height of water, produced by floods or surges
Hm as
given by the relation :
Hm = max (hs, hf (2.6.1
) )
where hf = yT yg (2.6.2
, )
and
hs = Maximum surge height as specified in a(i) below.
yT = Elevation of the extreme surface water level corresponding to a T-year return
period specified in (ii) below, metres
yg = Elevation of ground level at site, metres.
i) Maximum Surge Height, hs : The maximum surge height, hs, associated with
cyclones, shall
be that corresponding to a 50-year or a 100-year return period as may be applicable,
based on
site specific analysis. In the absence of a more rigorous site specific analysis, the
= hTbe
hs may
following relation used
(x 1): (2.6.3
k )
where hT = design surge height corresponding to a return period of T-years at
, sea
x = coast, in metres, given in Table 6.2.28.
distance of the structure site measured from the spring tide
k = high-water
limit on the sea coast, in km x = 1, if x<1.
rate of decrease in surge height in m/km the value of k may be
taken as
ii) Extreme Surface Water1/2 forLevel ,T y : The elevation
Chittagong-Cox's Bazar-Teknaf coast and
of the extreme as 1/3
surface other y
for level,
water T
site, which may notcoastal
be associated with a cyclonic storm surge, shall be that obtained for
a areas.
fromspecific
site a analysis corresponding to a 50-year or a 100-year return period. ValuesT of y
given in Table 6.2.29 for selected coastal locations which may be used in the absence ar
e
of any
site specific data.
b) Hydrodynamic Loads : The hydrodynamic load applied on a structural element due to
wind-
induced local waves of water, shall be determined by a rational analysis using an established
method and based on site specific data. In the absence of a site-specific data the amplitude
of the local wave, to be used in the rational analysis, shall be taken as hw = hs/4 1m, where,
hs is given in Sec 2.6.4.2(a). Such forces shall be calculated based on 50-year or 100-year
return period of flood or surge. The corresponding wind velocities shall be 260 km/h or 289
2.6.4.3 km/h respectively.
Breakaway Walls : When non-structural walls, partitions or other non-structural elements
located
below the maximum flood or surge elevation, are required to break away under high tides or wave
action,
such non-structural elements shall be designed to sustain a maximum uniformly distributed load
2.6. of 1.0
Temperature Effects
5 kN/m2 but not
Temperature less if
effects, than
significant, 2 applied on a vertical projection of the area.
0.5 kN/mshall be considered in the design of structures or components
thereof in
accordance with the provision of this section.
In determining the temperature effects on a structure, the following provisions shall be
considered :
a The temperatures indicated, shall be the air temperature in the shade. The range of the
) variation in
temperature for a building site shall be taken into consideration.
b) Effects of the variation of temperature within the material of a structural element shall be
accounted
for by one of the following methods.
6-58
Chapter 2
Loads
i) relieve the stresses by providing adequate numbers of expansion or contraction

ii) joints,
design the structural element to sustain additional stresses due to temperature
effects. Table 6.2.28
Design Surge Heights at the Sea Coast, hT*
Coastal Region Surge Height at the Sea Coast, hT

(m)
T = 50-year(1) T = 100-year(2)
Teknaf to Cox's Bazar 4.5 5.8
Chakaria to Anwara, and Maheshkhali-Kutubdia 7.1 8.6

Islands
Chittagong to Noakhali 7.9 9.6
Sandwip, Hatiya and all islands in this region 7.9 9.6
Bhola to Barguna 6.2 7.7
Sarankhola to Shyamnagar 5.3 6.4

* Values prepared from information obtained from Annex-D3, MCSP.
Note : (1) These values may be used in the absence of site specific data for structures other than
essential facilities listed in Table 6.1.1.
(2) These values may be used in the absence of site specific data for essential facilities
listed in Table 6.1.1.

Part 6
Structural Design
Table 6.2.29
Extreme Surface Water Levels During Monsoon at Selected Locations of the
Coastal Area above PWD Datum, y * T
Coastal Area yT (m)
Location Thana T=50 years(1) T=100 years(2)
Teknaf Teknaf 2.33 2.44

Cox's Bazar Cox's Bazar 3.84 3.88
Shaflapur Moheshkhali 4.67 4.87
Lemsikhali Kutubdia 4.95 5.19
Banigram Patiya 5.05 5.24
Chittagong Bandar 4.72 4.88

Patenga Bandar 4.08 4.16
Sonapur Sonagazi 7.02 7.11
Sandwip Sandwip 6.09 6.2
Companyganj Companyganj 7.53 7.94
Hatiya Hatiya 5.55 5.76

Daulatkhan Daulatkhan 4.62 4.72
Dashmina Dashmina 3.60 3.73
Galachipa Galachipa 3.79 3.92
Patuakhali Patuakhali 2.87 3.03
Khepupara Kalapara 2.93 3.02

Bamna Bamna 3.32 3.37
Patharghata Patharghata 3.65 3.84
Raenda Sarankhola 3.66 3.75
Chardouni Patharghata 4.41 4.66
Mongla Monglaport 3.23 3.36

Kobodak Shyamnagar 3.51 3.87
(river estuary)
Kaikhali Shyamnagar 3.94 4.12
* Values prepared from information obtained from Annex -D3, MCSP
Note : (1) These values may be used in the absence of site specific data for
structures in Structure Importance Categories III, IV and V listed in Table
6.1.1.
(2) These values may be used in the absence of site specific data for
structures in Structure Importance Categories I and II listed in Table
6.1.1.
c) when the method b(ii) above is considered to be applicable, the structural analysis shall
take into
account the following :
i) the variation in temperature within the material of the structural element, exposure
condition
ii) of the element and the rate at which the material absorb or radiate heat.
the warping or any other distortion caused due to temperature changes and
temperature gradient in the structural element.
d) When it can be demonstrated by established principle of mechanics or by any other
means that
neglecting some or all of the effects of temperature, does not affect the safety and
serviceability of the structure, the temperature effect can be considered insignificant and need
not be considered in design.
6-60
Chapter 2
Loads
2.6. Soil and Hydrostatic Pressure

6 For structures or portions thereof, lying below ground level, loads due to soil and hydrostatic
pressure
shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of this section and applied in addition to all
other applicable loads.
2.6.6.1 Pressure on Basement Wall : In the design of basement walls and similar vertical or
nearly
vertical structures below grade, provision shall be made for the lateral pressure of adjacent soil.
Allowance
shall be made for possible surcharge due to fixed or moving loads. When a portion or the whole
of the adjacent soil is below the surrounding water table, computations shall be based on the
submerged unit weight of soil, plus full hydrostatic pressure.

Part 6
Structural Design
2.6.6.2 Uplift on Floors : In the design of basement floors and similar horizontal or nearly horizontal
construction
below grade, the upward pressure of water, if any, shall be taken as the full hydrostatic pressure
applied
2.6. Loadsthe
over Due to Explosions
entire area. The hydrostatic head shall be measured from the underside of the construction.
7 Loads on buildings or portions thereof, shall be assessed in accordance with the provisions of this
section.
2.6.7.1 Explosion Effects in Closed Rooms :
a Determination of Loads and Response : Internal overpressure developed from an internal
) explosion
such as that due to leaks in gas pipes, evaporation of volatile liquids, internal dust explosion
etc., in rooms of sizes comparable to residential rooms and with ventilation areas
consisting of window
glass breaking at a pressure of 4 kN/m2 (3-4 mm machine made glass) may be calculated
from the
i) Thefollowing methodq : provided in Fig 6.2.12(a) shall be assumed to depend on a
overpressure,
o
factor Ao/v,
where, Ao is the total window area in m2 and v is the volume in m3 of the room
ii) considered,
The internal pressure shall be assumed to act simultaneously upon all walls and floors
iii) in one
The action qo room,
closed and
obtained from Fig 6.2.12(a) may be taken as static
action.
When a time dependent response is required, an impulsive force function similar to that
shown in
Fig 6.2.12(b) shall be used in a dynamic analysis, where t1 is the time from the start of
combustion
until maximum pressure is reached and t2 is the time from maximum pressure to the end of
combustion. For t1 and t2 the most unfavourable values shall be chosen in relation to the
dynamic properties of the structures. However, the values shall be chosen within the
intervals as given
The pressure may inbeFig 6.2.12(b).
applied solely in one room or in more than one room at the same time.
In the
latter case, all rooms are incorporated in the volume v. Only windows or other similarly
weak and light weight structural elements may be taken as ventilation areas even though
certain limited structural parts break at pressures less than qo.
6-62
Chapter 2
Loads
b) Limitations : Procedure for determining explosion loads given in (a) above shall have the
following
limitations:
i) Values of qo given in Fig 6.2.12(a) are based on tests with gas explosions in room
corresponding
to ordinary residential flats, and may be applied to considerably different conditions
with
ii) Fig 6.2.12
caution shall
after be takenadjustment
appropriate as a guideofonly, and probability
the values based onofmore
occurrence
accurateofinformation.
an explosion
shall be
checked in each case using appropriate values.
2.6.7.2 Minimum Design Pressure : Walls, floors and roofs and their supporting members
separating a
use from an explosion exposure, shall be designed to sustain the anticipated maximum load
effects
resulting from such use including any dynamic effects, but for a minimum internal pressure or
suction
2.6.7.3 of Design Pressure on Relief Vents : When pressure-relief vents are used, such vents
5 kN/m
shall be2 , in addition to all other loads specified in this chapter.
designed to relieve at a maximum internal pressure of 1.0 kN/m2.
2.6.7.4 Loads Due to Other Explosions : Loads arising from other types of explosions, such as
those
from external gas cloud explosions, external explosions due to high explosives (TNT) etc.
shall be
determined, for specific cases, by rational analyses based on information from reliable
2.6. references
Vertical or specialist
Forces advice
on Air Raid shall be sought.
Shelters
8 For the design of air raid shelters located in a building e.g. in the basement below ground
level, the
characteristic vertical load shall be determined in accordance with provisions of Sec 2.6.8.1 below.
2.6.8.1 Characteristic Vertical Loads : Buildings in which the individual floors are acted upon by a
total
distributed live load of up to 5.0 kN/m2 , vertical forces on air raid shelters generally located below
ground level, such as a basement, shall be considered to have the characteristic values provided
in Table
6.2.30. In the case of buildings having floors that are acted upon by a live load larger than 5.0
kN/m2 , above values shall be increased by the difference between the average live loads on all
storeys above the one used as the shelter 5.0 kN/m2.
and 6.2.30
Table
Characteristic Vertical Loads for an Air Raid Shelter in a Building
No. of Storeys (1) Vertical Load

Above the Air Raid Shelter kN/m2
< 28
3 2- 4 34
> 41
Buildings of particularly4 stable construction 28 (2)
irrespective of the number of storeys
Note : (1) Storeys shall mean every usable storey above the shelter floor
(2) Buildings of particularly stable construction shall mean buildings
having bearing structural elements made from reinforced in-situ
concrete.
2.6. Loads on Helicopter Landing Areas

9 In addition to all other applicable loads provided in this chapter, including the dead load, the
minimum
live load on helicopter landing or touch down areas shall be one of the loads L1, L2 or L3 as given
below producing the most unfavourable effect :
i) L 1 = W1 (2.6.4a
ii) L2 = kW2 )
iii) L3 = w (2.6.4b)
(2.6.4c
)

Part 6
Structural Design
where, = Actual weight of the helicopter in kN,

W1 = Fully loaded weight of the helicopter in
W2 = kN, A distributed load of 5.0 kN/m2,
w = 0.75 for helicopters equipped with hydraulic - type shock absorbers,
k = and
1.5 for helicopters with rigid or skid-type landing gear.
The live load, L1 shall be applied over the actual areas of contact of landing. The load, L2 shall be
a single
concentrated load including impact applied over a 300 mm x 300 mm area. The loads L1 and L2
may be
2.6.1 Erection and Construction
applied anywhere Loads
within the landing area to produce the most unfavourable effects of load.
0 All loads required to be sustained by a structure or any portion thereof due to placing or
storage of
construction materials and erection equipment including those due to operation of such equipment
shall be considered as erection loads. Provisions shall be made in design to account for all stresses
due to such loads.
2. COMBINATIONS OF
7 LOADS
2.7. General
1 Buildings, foundations and structural members shall be investigated for adequate strength to
resist the
most unfavourable effect resulting from the various combinations of loads provided in this section.
The combination of loads may be selected using the provisions of either Sec 2.7.4 or 2.7.5
whichever is applicable. However, once Sec 2.7.4 or 2.7.5 is selected for a particular construction
material, it must be used exclusively for proportioning elements of that material throughout the
structure. In addition to the load combinations given in Sec 2.7.4 and 2.7.5 any other specific load
combination provided elsewhere in this Code shall also be investigated to determine the most
unfavourable effect.
The most unfavourable effect of loads may also occur when one or more of the contributing
loads are
absent, or act in the reverse direction. Loads such as F, H or S shall be considered in design
when their effects are significant. Floor live loads shall not be considered where their inclusion result
in lower stresses in the member under consideration. The most unfavourable effects from both wind
and earthquake loads shall be considered where appropriate, but they need not be assumed to act
2.7. simultaneously.
Definitions
2 ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN METHOD (ASD) : A method for proportioning structural
members such that the maximum stresses due to service loads obtained from an elastic
analysis does not exceed a specified allowable value. This is also called Working Stress Design
Method (WSD).
DESIGN STRENGTH : The product of the nominal strength and a
resistance factor.
FACTORED LOAD : The product of the nominal load and a load
factor.
LIMIT STATE : A condition in which a structure or component becomes unfit for service and is
judged
either to be no longer useful for its intended function (serviceability limit state) or to be unsafe
(strength limit state).
LOAD EFFECTS : Forces, moments, deformations and other effects produced in structural
members and
components by the applied loads.
LOAD FACTOR : A factor that accounts for unavoidable deviations of the actual load from the
nominal
value and for uncertainties in the analysis that transforms the load into a load effect.
LOADS : Forces or other actions that arise on structural systems from the weight of all
permanent
constructions, occupants and their possessions, environmental effects, differential settlement, and
restrained dimensional changes. Permanent loads are those loads in which variations in time are
rare or of small magnitude. All other loads are variable loads.
NOMINAL LOADS : The magnitudes of the loads such as dead, live, wind, earthquake etc.
specified in
Sec 2.2 through 2.6 of this chapter.
6-64
Chapter 2
Loads
NOMINAL STRENGTH : The capacity of a structure or component to resist the effects of

loads, as
determined by computations using specified material strengths and dimensions and formulas
derived from accepted principles of structural mechanics or by field tests or laboratory tests of scaled
models, allowing for modelling effects and differences between laboratory and field conditions.
RESISTANCE FACTOR : A factor that accounts for unavoidable deviations of the actual strength
from the
nominal value and the manner and consequences of failure. This is also known as strength
reduction factor.
STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD : A method of proportioning structural members using load
factors and
resistance factors satisfying both the applicable limit state conditions. This is also known as Load
Factor Design Method (LFD) or Ultimate Strength Design Method (USD).
WORKING STRESS DESIGN METHOD (WSD) : See ALLOWABLE STRESS
DESIGN METHOD.
3 D = dead load consisting of : a) weight of the member itself, b) weight of all
materials of
construction incorporated into the building to be permanently supported by the
E = member, including built-in partitions, c) weight of permanent equipment.
E = earthquake
F = load
amplified earthquake load equal to
H = (0.375R)E
L = loads due to fluids with well-defined pressures and maximum heights, including loads
Lf = due to
water pressure during flood and
surge.
loads due to weight and lateral pressure of soil and water in
soil
Lr = Lf + (Lr or
P = P)
R = live loads due to intended use and occupancy, including loads due to movable
S = objects and
movable partitions and loads temporarily supported by the structure during
maintenance. Lf includes any permissible reduction. If resistance to impact loads is taken
W = into account in design, such effects shall be included with the live loads Lf .
roof live
2.7. Combinations
loads of Loads and Stress Increase for Allowable Stress Design Method
4 2.7.4.1 Combination
loads due to of Loads
initial : Provisions of this section shall apply to all construction materials
rainwater
permitting their use
ponding in proportioning
seismic structural members by allowable stress design method. When
coefficient defined
this method is used
in Sec 2.5.3 in designing structural members, all loads listed herein shall be considered to
act in the following combinations.
self-straining forces and The combination
effects that produces
arising from the most
contraction unfavourable
or expansion effect shall
resulting from
be used temperature
in design. changes, shrinkage, moisture changes, creep in component materials,
movement due to differential settlement, or combinations thereof.
1. windD
2. loadD+L
3. D+S
4. D + (W or E)
5. 0.9D + (W or E)
6. D + (H or F)
7. D + L + (H or F)
8. D+S+L
9. D + S + (W or E)
10
D + L + (W or E)
.
D + L + (H or F) + (W or E)
11
D + S + L + (H or F) + (W or
.
12 E)
.

Part 6
Structural Design
2.7.4.2 Stress Increase : Except as specified in Sec 1.5.5.(b) and elsewhere in this Code, the
maximum
permissible increase in the allowable stresses of all materials and soil bearing capacities
specified in this
Code for working (or allowable) stress design method, when load combinations (7) through
2.7. (11) in Sec 2.7.4.1
Combinations above
of Loads for isStrength
used, shall be 33%.
Design Method
5 When strength design method is used, structural members and foundations shall be designed
to have
strength not less than that required to resist the most unfavorable effect of the combinations of
factored loads listed in the following sections :
2.7.5.1 Load Combinations for Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Structures
1. 1.4D
2. 1.4D + 1.7L
3. 1.4 D + 1.4 S
4. 0.9D + 1.3 (W or 1.1 E)
5. 0.9D + 1.7 ( H or F)
6. 1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7 (H or F)
7. 0.75 [ 1.4D + 1.4S + 1.7L ]
8. 0.75 [ 1.4D + 1.4S+1.7 (W or 1.1E) ]
9. 0.75 [ 1.4D + 1.7L+ 1.7W ]
10
0.75 [ 1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7 (H or F) + 1.7 (W or 1.1E) ]
.
0.75 [ 1.4D + 1.4S + 1.7L + 1.7 ( H or F) + 1.7 (W or 1.1E) ]
11
1.4 (D+L+E)
.
12
2.7.5.2
. Load Combinations for Steel Structures
1. 1.4D
2. 1.2D + 1.6Lf + 0.5 (Lr or P)
3. 1.2D + 1.6 (Lr or P) + (0.5Lf or 0.8W)
4. 1.2D + 1.3W + 0.5Lf + 0.5 (Lr or P)
5. 1.2D + 1.5E + (0.5Lf)
6. 0.9D + (1.3W or 1.5E)
Exception :
The load factor on Lf in combinations (3), (4) and (5) shall be equal to 1.0 for garages, areas occupied as
places of
public assembly, and all areas where the live load exceeds 5.0 kN/m2.
When the structural effects of F, H, or S are significant, their factored values shall be considered
as 1.3F,
1.6H, and 1.2S and included with the above combinations to obtain the most unfavourable effect.
Also for buildings in Seismic Zone 3 and in Seismic Zone 2 having an Structural Importance
Coefficient, I
greater than 1.0, the following additional load combinations shall be considered :
7 1.2D + 0.5L +
. E
8 0.9D + E
2.7.5.3
. Load Combinations for Design using Other Materials : When structural members are
using thedesigned
strength design method and using a construction material not covered in Sec 2.7.5.1 and
2.7.5.2,
any other code or standard having load combinations applicable for that construction material
may be used provided that other requirements of Sec 2.7 are satisfied.
Related Appendix
Appendix Conversion of Expressions from SI to FPS

A Units
6-66
Chapter 2
Loads
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2.2. Weight of Materials and Constructions

2.2. Weight of Permanent Partitions

Weight Weight per

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-3

Floor Roof (contd.)

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-5

Type and Slope of Roof Distributed Concentrated

I Flat roof (slope = 0) 1.5 1.8

II 1. Pitched or sloped roof (0 < slope < 1/3) 1.0 0.9

IV 1. Pitched or sloped roof (slope 1.0) 0.6 0.9

V Greenhouse, and agriculture buildings 0.5 0.9

VI Canopies and awnings, except those with same as given in I through IV

2.3. Partial Loading and Other Loading Arrangements

Structural Member or Component Live

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-7

1. Handrails, parapets and supports

b) Staircases other than in (a) above, ramps, balconies : 0.35

2.3. Impact and Dynamic Loads

Equipment or Machinery Additional load due to impact as percentage

1. Lifts, hoists and related operating 100%

ii) Along the rail :

2.3. Reduction of Live Loads

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-9

Tributary (1) Live Load

1 a) Assembly areas with uniformly distributed

b) Live loads from machinery and equipment

c) Special roof live loads as specified in Sec

d) Printing plants, vaults, strong room and

3 a) Uniformly distributed live loads from all < 25 1.00

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-11

CANOPY : A roof adjacent to or attached to a building, generally not enclosed by

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-13

2.4. Symbols and Notation

V = basic wind speed, km/h

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-15

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-17

Basic Wind Basic Wind

Angarpota 150 Lalmonirhat 204

Bhola 225 Maheshkhali 260

Chittagong 260 Narail 222

Dhaka 210 Nilphamari 140

Gazipur 215 Pirojpur 260

Joypurhat 180 Satkhira 183

Khagrachhari 180 St. Martins Island 260

Kushtia 215 Teknaf 260

d) configuration and dynamic response characteristics of the building or

I Essential facilities 1.25

Height above Coefficient, Cz (1)

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-19

0-4. 0.36 0.801 1.19

where, = design wind pressure at height z ,

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-21

where, = total wind force on a building component perpendicular to the surface, kN

Height above Gh (2) and Gz

15.0 1.418 1.215 1.097

27.0 1.324 1.170 1.072

45.0 1.252 1.133 1.051

80.0 1.180 1.095 1.028

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-23

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-25

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-27