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At the end of this topic you should be able to: Engineering Product
Design
Recognize various symbols used in GD&T
Explain the terms maximum material condition
(MMC) and least material condition (LMC) Part
Inspection
Explain the advantages of GD&T What has been
What is to be Compare product manufactured
manufactured with design
Engineering Product
Design
Part
Inspection
25 0.1
Tolerance on position
1
9.3 GD&T 9.3 GD&T
GD&T is a method of dimensioning and tolerancing GD&T is a method of dimensioning and tolerancing
a drawing with respect to the actual function or a drawing with respect to the actual function or
relationship of part features that can be most relationship of part features that can be most
economically produced economically produced
GD&T is used when:
(a) Features are critical to functionality of part
(b) Datum references are required to ensure
consistency between design, manufacturing
and inspection
20 1
20 1
2
Location tolerance of 1 creates tolerance zone for
hole center of 2 mm:
2
Consider what happens when two holes are involved: GD&T provides a diametrical (circular) tolerance
zone:
2
9.5 Definitions
3
Feature of size: One cylindrical or spherical surface 9.5 Definitions
or a set of two opposed elements or opposed parallel
Language of GD&T is a set of symbols, divided into
surfaces associated with a size dimension
five types of dimensioning control:
- form tolerance
- profile tolerance
- orientation tolerance
- location tolerance
- runout tolerance
18 mm 17.89 mm
??
0.055 mm
4
Example where
flatness control can
be applied:
Profile tolerance: States how far an actual surface Form tolerance for lines: Profile
or feature is allowed to vary from the desired form on
the drawing or vary relative to a datum 0.02
0.02
5
Orientation tolerance: States how far an actual
surface or feature is permitted to vary relative to a
datum
6
9.6 Material conditions
Maximum material condition (MMC): Condition in
which a feature of size contains the material within
its stated tolerance limits (Symbol M )
e.g. maximum material condition for pin:
7
Examples of different feature control frames:
Examples of different feature control frames (ctd.): Form tolerance for lines: Circularity
0.02
0.02
Form tolerance for surfaces: Flatness Form tolerance for surfaces: Cylindricity
0.05
0.05
8
Form tolerance for surfaces profiles
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ACTIVITY 2
Describe the type of tolerance control shown in the
figure
ACTIVITY 3
10
http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html FLATNESS
STRAIGHTNESS
Flatness is the condition
Straightness is the condition where
of a surface having all
all the points on a surface or an axis
points in one plane.
are in a straight line. A straightness
tolerance specifies a zone within
A flatness tolerance
which the surface or axis must lie. In
specifies a zone defined
the example the zone is bounded by
by 2 parallel planes. In the
two parallel lines 0.03 mm apart.
example shown the
When a diameter symbol is added to surface must lie between 2
the tolerance the derived axis of the parallel planes 0.18mm
feature must lie within a cylindrical apart and the surface must
tolerance zone of 0.03 mm diameter. be within the specified size
limits.
When a MMC modifier is added, the
tolerance zone is 0.03 diameter at
18mm diameter and the zone
increases as the feature decreases
from MMC. (http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
CYLINDRICITY
CIRCULARITY (ROUNDNESS)
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html) (http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html) (http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
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ANGULARITY PERPENDICULARITY
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html) (http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html) (http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html) (http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
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PARALLELISM ACTIVITY 4
Describe the type of tolerance control shown in the
figure
ACTIVITY 5
Describe the type of tolerance control shown in the
figure
TRUE POSITION
In the example shown, the center of the holes must lie within circles of
0.5 mm diameter when the holes are at 10.25 mm diameter.
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
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CONCENTRICITY CONCENTRICITY
Concentricity tolerance
specifies a cylindrical tolerance
zone whose axis coincides with
the datum axis.
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html) (http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
Circular runout provides control of circular elements of a In the example shown, each circular element of the surfaces
surface. It can be used to control the cumulative variations toleranced must fall within 0.04mm (Full Indicator Movement)
of circularity (roundness) and coaxiality. when the part is rotated 360 about the datum axis.
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html) (http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
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TOTAL RUNOUT
For surfaces perpendicular to a datum axis it includes:
Total runout provides composite Perpendicularity
control of all surface elements.
Flatness
For surfaces around a datum
axis, including: In the example shown, the entire surface must lie within the 0.04mm
wide (Full Indicator Movement) tolerance zone when the part is
Circularity (Roundness)
rotated 360 about the datum axis.
Straightness
Coaxiality
Angularity
Taper
Profile of a Surface
(http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html) (http://www.actphx.com/gd_and_t/gd_and_t.html)
Activity 5
Name the following symbols:
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