Nama : Vera Veti Mena

Nim : 372013009

1. Phonology is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds
in a language. It is an effect, based on a theory of what every speaker of a language
unconsciously known about the sound patterns of the language.because of this
theoretical status, phonology is concerned with the abstract or mental aspect of the
sounds in language rather than with the actual physical articulation of speech sounds.
Phonology is about the underlying design, the variations in different physical
articulations of that sounds type in different contexts.
2. Phonemes each one of these meaning-distinguishing sounds in a language is described
as a phoneme. As essential property of a phoneme is that it functions contrasttively.
We know that there are two phonemes /f/, and /v/ in english because there are the only
basis of the contrast in meaning between the forms fat and vat, or fine and vine.
3. Phones and allophones while the phonemes is the abstract unit or sound-type (in the
mind), there are many different versions of that sound-type regularly produced in
actual speech (in the mouth). We can describe those different versions as phones.
phones are phonetic units and will appear in square brackets. When we have a set of
phones all of which are versions of one phoneme, we refer to them as the allophones
of that phoneme.
4. Distinctive features the characteristics of phonemes. In order for two phonetic forms
to differ and to contrast meanings, there must be some phonetic difference between
the subsituted sounds. The minimal pairs seal and zeal show that [s] and [z]
represented two contrasting phonemes in english. We know that the only difference
between [s] and [z] is a voicing difference; [s] is voiceless or [-voiced] and [z] is
voiced or [+voiced].
5. Complementary distribution when two or more sounds never occur in the same
phonemic context or environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.
The examples of the words and nonwords given on the preceding page illustrate the
complementary distribution of the oral and nasalized allophones of english phonemes.

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What is differences between phone and allophone?
Phones are phonetics units and will appear in square brackets.for example, the [t]
sound in the word tar is normally pronounced with a stronger puff of air than is
present in the [t] sound of the word star.