a1e362 CODE to joints in the precast system and coefficient of friction, 4 is 1.04, where 2s given in 11.6.4.3. At least one- halt of Ay shall be uniformly distributed along the length of the potential shear plane. Area of distributed reinforcement in topping slab shall satisty 7.12.2.1 in each direction, 21.11.9.4 — Above joints between precast elements in noncomposite and composite cast-in-place topping slab diaphragms, V, shall not exceed the limits in 11.6.5 where Ag is Computed using the thickness of the topping slab only. 21.11.10 — Construction joints All construction joints in diaphragms shall conform to 6.4 and contact surfaces shall be roughened as in 11.68. 21.11.11 — Structural trusses 21.11.1114 — Structural truss elements with compressive stresses exceeding 0.2f; at any section shall have transverse reinforcement, as given in 21.6.4.2 through 21.6.4.4 and 21.6.4.7, over the length of the element. 21.11.11.2 — All continuous reinforcement in structural truss elements shall be developed or spliced {or fy in tension, 21.12 — Foundations 21.12.1 — Scope 21.12.1.1 — Foundations resisting earthquake- induced forces or transferring earthquake-induced forces between structure and ground in structures assigned to SDC D, E, or F shall comply with 21.12 and other applicable Code provisions. 21.12.1.2 — The provisions in this section for piles, drilled piers, caissons, and slabs-on-ground shall supplement other applicable Code design and construction criteria. See 1.1.6 and 1.1.7. 21.12.2 — Footings, foundation mats, and pile caps 21.12.2.1 — Longitudinal reinforcement of columns and structural walls resisting forces induced by earth- quake effects shall extend into the footing, mat, or pile cap, and shall be fully developed for tension at the interface. 21.12.2.2 — Columns designed assuming fixed-end conditions at the foundation shall comply with 21.12.2.1 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE COMMENTARY Boundary reinforcement within the diaphragm was called chord reinforcement in ACI 318 before 2008. Although the Doundary reinforcement also resists flexural forces in the diaphragm, the reduction in the shear friction resistance in the tension zone is offset by the increase in shear friction resistance in the compression zone. Therefore, the area of boundary reinforcement used to resist shear friction need not be added to the area of boundary reinforcement used to resist flexural forces. The distibuted topping slab reinforce- ‘ment must conttibute at least half of the nominal shear strength, Its assumed that connections between the precast elements do not contribute to the shear strength of the topping slab diaphragm. Section 21.11.94 limits the maximum shear that may be ‘transmitted by shear friction within a topping slab diaphragm. R21.12 — Foundations R21.12.1— Scope Requirements for foundations supporting buildings assigned to SDC D, E, or F were added to the 1999 Code. They represent a consensus of a minimum level of good practice in designing and detailing concrete foundations including piles, drilled piers, and caissons. It is desirable that inelastic response in strong ground shaking occurs above the founda tions, as repairs to foundations can be extremely difficult and expensive. R21.12.2— Footings, foundation mats, and pile caps R21.12.2.2 — Tests’™ 5? have demonstrated that flexural ‘members terminating in a footing, slab, or beam (a Tjoint)‘STRUCTURAL CONCRETE BUILDING CODE/COMMENTARY CODE land, if hooks are required, longitudinal reinforcement resisting flexure shall have 90-degree hooks near the bottom of the foundation with the free end of the bars oriented toward the center of the column. 21.12.2.8 — Columns or boundary elements of special structural walls that have an edge within one- half the footing depth from an edge of the footing shall have transverse reinforcement in accordance with 21.6.4.2 through 21.6.4.4 provided below the top of the footing. This reinforcement shall extend into the footing, mat, or pile cap and be developed for fy in tension, 21.12.2.4 — Where earthquake effects create uplift forces in boundary elements of special structural walls ‘or columns, flexural reinforcement shall be provided in the top of the footing, mat, or pile cap to resist actions resulting from the design load combinations, and shall not be less than required by 10.5. 21.12.2.5 — See 22.10 for use of structural plain concrete in footings and basement walls. 21.12.38 — Grade beams and slabs-on-ground 21.12.3.1 — Grade beams designed to act as horizontal ties between pile caps or footings shall have continuous longitudinal reinforcement that shall be developed within or beyond the supported column or anchored within the ple cap or footing at all discontinuities. 21.12.3.2 — Grade beams designed to act as hori- zontal ties between pile caps or footings shall be proportioned such that the smallest cross-sectional dimension shall be equal to or greater than the clear spacing between connected columns divided by 20, but need not be greater than 18 in. Closed ties shall be provided at a spacing not to exceed the lesser of one- half the smallest orthogonal cross-sectional dimension and 12 in, 21.12.3.3 — Grade beams and beams that are part ‘of a mat foundation subjected to flexure from columns that are part of the seismic-force-resisting system shall conform to 21.5. 21.12.3.4 — Slabs-on-ground that resist seismic forces from walls or columns that are part of the selsmic-force-resisting system shall be designed as structural diaphragms in accordance with 21.11. The design drawings shall clearly state that the slab-on- ground is a structural diaphragm and part of the seismic-force-resisting system. a1ea63 COMMENTARY should have their hooks turned inward toward the axis of the ‘member for the joint to be able to resist the flexure in the ‘member forming the stem of the T. ‘R21.12.2.3 — Columns or boundary members supported close to the edge of the foundation, as often occurs near property lines, should be detailed to prevent an edge failure of the footing, pile cap, or mat, R2L.12.2.4 — The purpose of 21.12.24 is to emphasize that top reinforcement should be provided as well as other required reinforcement [R21,12.2.5 — Committee 318 recommends that foundation ‘or basement walls be reinforced in buildings assigned to SDCD, E, or R21.12.3— Grade beams and slabs-on-ground For seismic conditions, slabs-on-ground (soil-supported slabs) are often part of the lateral-force-resisting system and should be designed in accordance with this Code as well as other appropriate standards or guidelines, See 1.1.7 ‘R2L12.3.2 — Grade beams between pile caps or footings ccan be separate beams beneath the slab-on-ground or can be 4 thickened portion of the slab-on-ground. The cross- sectional limitation and minimum tie requirements provide reasonable proportions, R2L1233 — Grade beams resisting seismic Mexural stresses from column moments should have reinforcement dotails similar to the beams ofthe frame above the foundation, R2L12.3.4 — Slabs-on-ground often act as a diaphragm to hold the building together at the ground level and mini- mize the effects of out-of-phase ground motion that may ‘occur aver the footprint of the building. In these cases, the slab-on-ground should be adequately reinforced and detailed. The design drawings should clearly state that these slabs-on-ground are structural members so as to prohibit sawcutting of the sab.